Short Descriptive paper on Project Management – Hypnosis and its history – Suggestibility vs. Effective technique

Q?? Define Hypnosis??

Solution The Question frames is::

Hypnosis

“Hypnosis may be defined as a social interaction in which one person, designated the subject, responds to suggestions offered by another person, designated the hypnotist, for experiences involving alterations in perception, memory and voluntary action” (Kihlstrom, 1985).”It is an alteration in internal perception, an altered state, that is initiates at the start of a unique process of communication evoked by an external stimulus that alerts the Subconscious Mind to pay attention” (Eimer, 2007). In short it can be defines as the deliberate use of a trance state of mind to enhance the sense of health and well being of a person (Box, 1996).

Suggestibility

In the context of hypnosis, suggestibility is the openness of a person to accepting ideas that are new and the willingness one have to absorb new information and perspectives. It is also a focused capacity that turns ideas in to suggested responses. It has the power to alter the experience of a person on the basis of its subject value. When there is a therapeutic interaction that the client in other words the person who is to be influenced to a certain degree suggestible and is ready to acquire new information that will help him/her to reduce the stress level experienced. In simple words it can be explained that a person tends to seek help from an experienced clinician who might be able to do or suggest things that would make a difference (Yapko, 2003)

History

The history western hypnosis was initiated in 1773 by Franz Mesmer. His belief was that a kind of fluid can be redistributed with the help of magnetic poles. Thescientific base for this was discredited and Mesmer denounced. The interest in this was later derived in the nineteenth century by James Braid and he was the person who used the term hypnosis. He suggested that Mesmer’s clients is in a trance state and this can be induced in a number of different ways like watching a pendulum or staring at a point or light for a long time. This was a term that was tagged neuro-hypnotism by Braid. This was derived from the Greek work ‘Hypnos’ which means sleep as he was convinced that the trance state is similar to sleep but different from that state. Later on a technique called hypo analysis for the purpose of treating neurosis. It has ever since gained its popularity in health care and is recommends for studies (Box, 1996).

Debate: Suggestibility versus an Effective technique

According to Hull suggestibility differs from hypnosis in four respects. They are the correlation with susceptibility to hypnosis, the relation shared by hypnosis to scholastic intelligence, the direction of the habituation effects, and the tendency that the hypnotic state of mind to heighten the concept of suggestibility (Young, 1934).On the other side According to Oakley and Halligan (2009), suggests that when there is a hypnotic induction it has instructions and suggestions that would reduce the awareness of exogenous stimuli and the hypnotised person tends to become absorbed in the words of the experimenter. There is also a huge amount of reduction where metacognition and alterations in attentions are concerned.

According to Hilgard (1965), suggestibility on highly hypnotisable participants has yield a wide array of interesting responses. Some of them include hallucinations and clinically significant degrees on pain reduction. The patients also tend to display amnesia, partial paralysis and a vastly reduced Stroop interface (Oakley, 2008). One can analyse that these patients are merely responding in compliance to the instructions that are given to them. This suggests that hypnosis is a suggestibility. But a person to be hypnotised will be aware that he/she is going to be hypnotized and they have the power to remain cognitively awake. This helps them to remain far from the concept of adhering to suggestions if they are favourable to their cognitive sense (Eimer, 2007).

According to Hilgard (1965), “hypnotic suggestion consists of hypnotic induction and a suggestion”.  The format adapted for hypnosis and suggestibility are same that are instruction that are given out for the purpose of relaxation accompanied by provision of relaxation of the patients (Miling et. al, 2010). The extent to which suggestibility and hypnosis work are highly dependent on the nature of the person and amount of trust the patient has on hypnotist (Eimer, 2007).

It can be said that all kinds of hypnosis are self-hypnosis. These are tools that are responsible for making positive changes in the life of a person. But this can only be possible when suggestions from the external source are accepted and made self-suggestions by the person who is being hypnotised. This is one of the major factors that differentiate hypnosis from suggestibility. But in the case of suggestibility and hypnosis and the person who tends to fall in a restful state where the person is relaxed and not asleep. The inner critic shut down gradually and the responds to the external suggestions become automatic. In order ways the doorway to the unconscious mind is opened with the help of a conscious mind. The differences are that once the information is received it cannot be ignored. (Eimer, 2007)

The effectiveness of hypnotism is depended on different factors some of the factors includecomfort of suggestions, willingness to be hypnotised and their belief that they will be hypnotised. It is only the combination of these three factors that hypnosis can be effective. The effectiveness of hypnosis ceases when there is no full compliance and openness of subject. It also tends to be more effective depending on the harmony between the personality and the method chosen for hypnotism. (Edwards, 2011)

An increase level of suggestibility in the person is extremely important to decide the effectiveness of hypnosis. Subjects are mutually exclusive from each other that the same method of hypnosis doesn’t work on them. The effectiveness of hypnosis is highly dependent on the suggestibility on a person which is why an initial test is done to determine the hypnosis rate in a person. This means that suggestibility and hypnosis are inter dependent.

A person cannot be convinced without his permission. It is important for the subject to want to be hypnotist for experiencing altered state of mind that is also highly necessary for highly hypnosis. The subject has the freedom to Inco operate. On the other side suggestibility can be more effective and drugs can be used for the purpose of inducing a state of mind that makes the subject ready for hypnosis. This makes suggestibility more effective than hypnosis (Eimer, 2007)

“Suggestibility is an attitude or set on the part of the individual which may be a temporary or chronic attitude, which my involve the whole organism and thus be what we call an expressive attitude or it may involve only a part of the individual’s personality and involve disassociation and, finally that this discussion may develop to such an extent that on shows a double personality.” (Morgan, 1924)

Unlike suggestibility, hypnosis has found its application in anaesthesia and surgery. It induces to our mind to focus on a subject matter taking the concentration away from all the surroundings. On the other side the theories of suggestibility falls into three main classes the first group of theories is based on the permanent and semi-permanent characteristics of a person who suggest and who accepts the suggestion. In this case the tendency to commit dissociation credulity, ignorance and stupidity is high. The second group of theories are dependent on the suggestee and the third type of theory also known as Ideomotor ensures that suggestions can be followed without fail by the suggestee. (Eyesenck, 1943). Suggestions can be useful for inducing hypnotic trance.

The importance of hypnotic suggestibility cannot be ignored. The way to the unconscious mind can only be open with the help of the external instructor that will allow the subject to experience an imaginary state of mind (Miling, 2010). The importance of this suggestibility is that it is stable, trait like and the individual difference variable is responsible for reflecting a general tendency in response to the various suggestions that are called. This ensures that suggestibility through cannot be equated with hypnosis, plays an integral role in effective completion of hypnosis just like the concept of hypnosis plays and important role in the successful completion of hypnosis. Hypnosis can only be effective after it surpasses the first stage of hypnotism which is hypnotic suggestibility.

 Conclusion

The gap between Suggestibility and hypnosis as an effective technique is highly dependent on hypnotisability of the subject. Hypnosis can be only induced with the cooperation of the subject. The success or the failure rate of hypnosis is highly dependent on the state of mind, willingness and preparedness to be hypnotised by the subject. The context of hypnotism is prevalent for the effectiveness of it. Hypnotism is similar to suggestibility but it differs on terms of correlation susceptibility, scholastic intelligence, habituation effects and the state of mind to accept the state of suggestibility. Hypnosis can be a highly effective technique used for inducing positivism in a subject depending on the level of trust, willingness and ability of them to open their mind with the permission of subconscious mind.

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