PART A
Basically, the designing o questions have been done manually by developing closed and open-ended sampled questions and transferred into a google form where the participants can access them via emails or any other social media platforms like FB and What’s up pages, (Bell, Bryman, and Harley, 2018). The question includes both demographic characteristics and research objective related questions. To develop a questionnaire for determining household preferences for popular brands of cold breakfast cereals, a google form is preferred given its accessibility and user-friendly, (Babin, and Zikmund, 2015). The questionnaires will range from demographics to objective-based questions. In addition, open-ended questions are to be developed. These questions include but not limited to questions on age, gender, education, marital status, and occupation. On the other hand, questions for determining household preferences for popular brands of cold breakfast cereals include but not limited to, are the household current using any brand, if so, which brands are commonly used within households, where are they obtained from, which other competing brands are being used by the households, and what circumstance leads to the use of brands of cold breakfast cereals than the other brands, (Babin, and Zikmund, 2015). To note, the following research questionnaires have been designed;
- What is your opinion on the most popular brand in the past few weeks? Explain.
- Are you or the household currently using any brand?
- Yes
- No
- Other
- If yes, list the brands that are commonly used by the household
______________________________________________________________
- Where do you obtained the brand___________________________?
- State other competing brands used by the household________________________
- Identify the circumstance leads to the use of brands of cold breakfast cereals than the other brands___________________________________________
- From your experiences, can you say that the popularity of the brands increased after freeing price reduction? Discuss in detail
- Have the increase or the decrease affected the brand popularity?
- Have you come across any developed new pricing strategies to encourage the client long-term use of the preferred brands?
- What are the major economic issues associated with the popularity of the brand?
- Do you think employment is a big challenge for households who have specific brands? Explain.
- In your opinion, discuss some of the probable solutions to combat the stated challenges identified.
- What can be put in place as a future plan to improve the customer’s demand for different brands for household utilization?
- Are there fliers and other information electronic communication channels for marketing the household brands?
- Are there any new strategies, policies, actions to improve the quality of services concerning the brands to maintain client satisfaction? Identify some of them?
- How can the manufacturing companies accommodate the new style of clients and overcome various barriers, such as brands’ dislike, and cultural differences affecting the production of the different brands?
Demographic characteristics
- What is your age________________?
- Identify your gender________________
- Male
- Female
- Intersex
- Refuse to say
- What is your highest level of education completed___________________?
- What is your marital status____________________?
- Married
- Single
- Separated
- Divorced
- Student
- Others
- State the occupation of your choice__________________?
Reasons why the questions have been designed:
First and foremost, the need to identify the opinion of the participants on the most popular brand in the past few weeks helps to establish where the customers are updated with different brands that are used within the household, (Ghoshal, 2018). In addition, finding out whether they are currently using any brand within the household plays an important factor while identifying different types of brands utilized by different households. Furthermore, there is a need to identify where the clients do obtain the brands since it will help to come up with the frequent suppliers and need for the brands.
Furthermore, stating other competing brands used by the household helps to know whether their other existing brands which in one way or the other may turn to be a threat in the market share. Furthermore, the identification of the circumstance leading to the use of brands of cold breakfast cereals than the other brands in one way or the other helps the manufacture to evaluate the product and its market share in general o that advancements can be made where necessary based on eh findings. In addition, there is need to identify popularity to know which brand is doing well in the market so that a benchmark can be done, and results scaled to other brands that are not likely to be doing well in the market.
Questions on the price changes, strategies of marketing the brands and economic challenges associated with brand helps to understand the general dynamics of the brand within the market share with stiff competition so that general improvements can be made based on the results of the surveys, (Lantos, 2015).
Finally, the demographic characteristics are required to help compare differences when it comes to the use of brands of cold breakfast cereals. For example, are there gender differences when it comes to the use of brands of cold breakfast cereals in households. As a result of these demographic characteristics, inferential statistics can easily be conducted, and the results help in drawing conclusions about the population.
Section B
The modification of questions ranges from open-ended to closed-ended questions especially when they are to be administered through telephone surveys. This is necessary to reduce time taken while explaining open-ended questions. In addition, by use of closed-ended questions, level of accuracy and validity is improved now that participants are given options to pick on. In addition, questions can be reduced to 5 only that are three demographic questions such as gender, age, and marital status and two questions covering the household preferences for popular brands of cold breakfast cereals. This is because, in telephone interviews, people tend not to have time to respond to many questions on phone and instead prefer direct questions which take short time to be answered. Moreover, some of the demographic questions like the level of education and religion may not auger well with the respondents through the phone interviews hence need to be removed from the previous questionnaires.
PART B
Question 1: Executive summary
To determine the workout among participants, various types of variables have been used. In addition, other variables were recorded like workout variables to generate means scores to test inferential statistics. In addition, both descriptive and inferential statistics like independent sample t-test have been used in the report. Nominal variables include Times workout per week, Time spent, Member of a health club, Primary reason for joining a health club, Gender and age because names have been attached to the variable responses including categorical variables like age and gender while Pleased with current facility, Advertising does not influence decision, Workout with partner, Workout with personal trainer, Workout with other students, Like working out, Importance – National Chain, Importance – Quality of group exercise classes, Location is important, Advertising does not influence decision, Workout with partner and High-quality workout facility and Annual Income are an ordinal variables since a Likert scale has been used and the responses on the variable can be arranged in an order. Moreover, variables like Evaluate Running, Evaluate Walking, Evaluate Weight Training, Evaluate Group Exercise Class, and Evaluate Swimming are numerical variables because they have been recorded by counting or measuring which can fit in any scale on interval or ratio variables. Descriptive results only explore, describe and summarize the results. However, the findings of the descriptive statistics cannot be used to make conclusions beyond the data we have analyzed or reach conclusions regarding any hypotheses we might have made. From the results of the independent sample t-test comparing mean differences in gender, The results indicate that on average female participants have a high preference to workout than their male counterparts, (M=3.13, SE=0.07, SD= 0.65, t(147)=3.942, p-value=0.0005<0.05). Finally, in the ANOVA results, there is a mean difference of workouts among the three age categories, (F=4.419, p-value=0.014<0.05, df=2).
Question 2
Explain whether the variables are Nominal, Ordinal, Interval or Ratio variables.
Times workout per week is a nominal variable by attaching categories to the variable. In addition, Time spent is also a nominal variable because time has been recorded into categories. On the other hand, the variables, Pleased with current facility, Advertising does not influence decision, Workout with partner, Workout with personal trainer, Workout with other students, Like working out, Importance – National Chain, Importance – Quality of group exercise classes, Location is important, Advertising does not influence decision, Workout with partner and High-quality workout facility and Annual Income are an ordinal variables since a Likert scale has been used and the responses on the variable can be arranged in an order. Moreover, variables like Evaluate Running, Evaluate Walking, Evaluate Weight Training, Evaluate Group Exercise Class, and Evaluate Swimming are numerical variables because they have been recorded by counting or measuring which can fit in any scale on interval or ratio variables. Furthermore, members of a health club, Primary reason for joining a health club, Gender and age are nominal variables because names have been attached to the variable responses including categorical variables like age and gender.
Descriptive statistics for all the variables.
The results show that the majority of the participants; 78 (52.0%) worked for 2-4 times per week followed by 27 (18.0%) and 19 (12.7%) of the participants who worked for one time a week and 5-6 times a week respectively. Furthermore, 16 (10.7%) of the participants worked for less than once a week while the least number of participants; 9 (6.0%) only worked for 7 times a week or more.
| Times workout per week | |||||
| Frequency | Percent | Valid Percent | Cumulative Percent | ||
| Valid | Less than once a week | 16 | 10.7 | 10.7 | 10.7 |
| 1 time a week | 27 | 18.0 | 18.0 | 28.7 | |
| 2-4 times a week | 78 | 52.0 | 52.0 | 80.7 | |
| 5-6 times a week | 19 | 12.7 | 12.7 | 93.3 | |
| 7 times a week or more | 9 | 6.0 | 6.0 | 99.3 | |
| 6 | 1 | .7 | .7 | 100.0 | |
| Total | 150 | 100.0 | 100.0 |
On-time spent, the results show that majority of the participants; 44 (29.3%) and 43 (28.7%) and spent between 46-60 minutes and more than 60 minutes respectively. Moreover, 33 (22.0%) of the participants spent 30 minutes and below while one participant did not spend any amount of time.
| Time Spent | |||||
| Frequency | Percent | Valid Percent | Cumulative Percent | ||
| Valid | 0 | 1 | .7 | .7 | .7 |
| 30 minutes or less | 29 | 19.3 | 19.3 | 20.0 | |
| 31 – 45 minutes | 33 | 22.0 | 22.0 | 42.0 | |
| 46 – 60 minutes | 44 | 29.3 | 29.3 | 71.3 | |
| More than 60 minutes | 43 | 28.7 | 28.7 | 100.0 | |
| Total | 150 | 100.0 | 100.0 |
Furthermore, the majority of the participants; 44 (29.3%) agreed that they are pleased with the current facility. This is closely followed by 38 (25.3%) and 37 (24.7%) neutral and strongly agreed that they are pleased with the current facility respectively. On the other hand, approximately 31 (20.7%) of the participants were not satisfied with the current facility.
| Pleased with the current facility | |||||
| Frequency | Percent | Valid Percent | Cumulative Percent | ||
| Valid | Strongly Disagree | 4 | 2.7 | 2.7 | 2.7 |
| Disagree | 27 | 18.0 | 18.0 | 20.7 | |
| Neutral | 38 | 25.3 | 25.3 | 46.0 | |
| Agree | 44 | 29.3 | 29.3 | 75.3 | |
| Strongly Agree | 37 | 24.7 | 24.7 | 100.0 | |
| Total | 150 | 100.0 | 100.0 |
In addition, 80 (53.3%) which is more than half of the participants strongly disagreed that advertisements do not influence their decisions followed by 44 (29.3%) who had the same opinion meaning that advertisements do not influence their decisions. In other words, they confirmed that advertisements in one way or the other do influence their decisions. On the other hand, only 7 (4.6%) agreed that advertising does not influence their decisions.
| Advertising does not influence decision | |||||
| Frequency | Percent | Valid Percent | Cumulative Percent | ||
| Valid | Strongly Disagree | 80 | 53.3 | 53.3 | 53.3 |
| Disagree | 44 | 29.3 | 29.3 | 82.7 | |
| Neutral | 19 | 12.7 | 12.7 | 95.3 | |
| Agree | 5 | 3.3 | 3.3 | 98.7 | |
| Strongly Agree | 2 | 1.3 | 1.3 | 100.0 | |
| Total | 150 | 100.0 | 100.0 |
The results further show that 76 (50.7%) of the participants held the opinion that they have workout partners while 59 (39.3%) of the participants disagreed meaning that they were on contrary with their counterparts. However, 15 (10.0%) of the participants could not give their opinion on the workout with partners.
| Workout with partner | |||||
| Frequency | Percent | Valid Percent | Cumulative Percent | ||
| Valid | Strongly Disagree | 24 | 16.0 | 16.0 | 16.0 |
| Disagree | 35 | 23.3 | 23.3 | 39.3 | |
| Neutral | 15 | 10.0 | 10.0 | 49.3 | |
| Agree | 33 | 22.0 | 22.0 | 71.3 | |
| Strongly Agree | 43 | 28.7 | 28.7 | 100.0 | |
| Total | 150 | 100.0 | 100.0 |
On workout with a personal trainer, nearly more than half; 88 (58.6%) of the participants disagreed indicating that in one way or the other they do not have any workout relationship with the trainers. On the other hand, 43 (28.7%) of the participants agreed on the item while 19 (12.7%) of the participants scored neutral on the item of Workout with a personal trainer.
| Workout with a personal trainer | |||||
| Frequency | Percent | Valid Percent | Cumulative Percent | ||
| Valid | Strongly Disagree | 50 | 33.3 | 33.3 | 33.3 |
| Disagree | 38 | 25.3 | 25.3 | 58.7 | |
| Neutral | 19 | 12.7 | 12.7 | 71.3 | |
| Agree | 28 | 18.7 | 18.7 | 90.0 | |
| Strongly Agree | 15 | 10.0 | 10.0 | 100.0 | |
| Total | 150 | 100.0 | 100.0 |
Consistently, 73 (48.7%) of the participants were on contrary to the item of the Workout with other students while 41 (27.3%) agreed that they have workout with other students. In addition, 36 (24.0%) of the participants were uncertain whether they have a workout with other students.
| Workout with other students | |||||
| Frequency | Percent | Valid Percent | Cumulative Percent | ||
| Valid | Strongly Disagree | 30 | 20.0 | 20.0 | 20.0 |
| Disagree | 43 | 28.7 | 28.7 | 48.7 | |
| Neutral | 36 | 24.0 | 24.0 | 72.7 | |
| Agree | 32 | 21.3 | 21.3 | 94.0 | |
| Strongly Agree | 9 | 6.0 | 6.0 | 100.0 | |
| Total | 150 | 100.0 | 100.0 |
Again, the results identified the like working out items. From the findings, 119 (89.4%) of the participants agreed that they like working out while only 15 (10.0%) of the participants disagreed.
| Like working out | |||||
| Frequency | Percent | Valid Percent | Cumulative Percent | ||
| Valid | Strongly Disagree | 9 | 6.0 | 6.0 | 6.0 |
| Disagree | 6 | 4.0 | 4.0 | 10.0 | |
| Neutral | 15 | 10.0 | 10.0 | 20.0 | |
| Agree | 76 | 50.7 | 50.7 | 70.7 | |
| Strongly Agree | 43 | 28.7 | 28.7 | 99.3 | |
| 6 | 1 | .7 | .7 | 100.0 | |
| Total | 150 | 100.0 | 100.0 |
In addition, the results show that 54 (36.0%) of the participants disagreed on the item of importance of the national chain whereas 51 (34.0%) of the participants agreed on the itinerary.
| Importance – National Chain | |||||
| Frequency | Percent | Valid Percent | Cumulative Percent | ||
| Valid | Strongly Disagree | 26 | 17.3 | 17.3 | 17.3 |
| Disagree | 28 | 18.7 | 18.7 | 36.0 | |
| Neutral | 44 | 29.3 | 29.3 | 65.3 | |
| Agree | 30 | 20.0 | 20.0 | 85.3 | |
| Strongly Agree | 21 | 14.0 | 14.0 | 99.3 | |
| 6 | 1 | .7 | .7 | 100.0 | |
| Total | 150 | 100.0 | 100.0 |
Similarly, 77 (51.4%) of the participants disagreed on the importance of quality of group exercise classes meaning that according to them, there is no quality of group exercises being conducted while 12 (8.0%) of the participants believed that there is Quality of group exercise classes and are important. Again, the majority of the participants; 61 (40.7%) of the participants were undecided and could not give their opinion on the same.
| Importance – Quality of group exercise classes | |||||
| Frequency | Percent | Valid Percent | Cumulative Percent | ||
| Valid | Strongly Disagree | 52 | 34.7 | 34.7 | 34.7 |
| Disagree | 25 | 16.7 | 16.7 | 51.3 | |
| Neutral | 61 | 40.7 | 40.7 | 92.0 | |
| Agree | 9 | 6.0 | 6.0 | 98.0 | |
| Strongly Agree | 3 | 2.0 | 2.0 | 100.0 | |
| Total | 150 | 100.0 | 100.0 |
Testing whether the location is important, the majority of the participants; 77 (51.3%) of the participants agreed that the location is indeed important while 28 (18.7%) of the participants were on the contrary. In addition, 45 (30.0%) of the participants were neutral on the importance of the location.
| Location is important | |||||
| Frequency | Percent | Valid Percent | Cumulative Percent | ||
| Valid | Strongly Disagree | 19 | 12.7 | 12.7 | 12.7 |
| Disagree | 9 | 6.0 | 6.0 | 18.7 | |
| Neutral | 45 | 30.0 | 30.0 | 48.7 | |
| Agree | 39 | 26.0 | 26.0 | 74.7 | |
| Strongly Agree | 38 | 25.3 | 25.3 | 100.0 | |
| Total | 150 | 100.0 | 100.0 |
Furthermore, the results of the indicator testing the high-quality workout facility, majority of the participants; 62 (41.4%) believed that there are high-quality facilities while only 38 (25.3%) of the participants believed otherwise. Unfortunately, a significant number of the participants; 50 (33.3%) could not identify their stand on the quality of the workout facilities.
| High-quality workout facility | |||||
| Frequency | Percent | Valid Percent | Cumulative Percent | ||
| Valid | Strongly Disagree | 27 | 18.0 | 18.0 | 18.0 |
| Disagree | 11 | 7.3 | 7.3 | 25.3 | |
| Neutral | 50 | 33.3 | 33.3 | 58.7 | |
| Agree | 40 | 26.7 | 26.7 | 85.3 | |
| Strongly Agree | 22 | 14.7 | 14.7 | 100.0 | |
| Total | 150 | 100.0 | 100.0 |
The results also present descriptive statistics. According to the findings, the variables of evaluating weight training had the highest means scores of 28.17 and a standard deviation of 21.52 closely followed by the variable evaluate running whose means scores; 25.39 with a standard deviation of 22.53. Moreover, the variables evaluate walking and evaluate swimming scored a mean of 19.77 and 14.60 with a standard error of 1.86 and 1.49 respectively. The least variable evaluates group exercise class had the lowest means scores of 10.81 with a standard error of 1.10.
| Descriptive Statistics | |||||||
| N | Range | Minimum | Maximum | Mean | Std. Deviation | ||
| Statistic | Statistic | Statistic | Statistic | Statistic | Std. Error | Statistic | |
| Evaluate Running | 150 | 80 | 0 | 80 | 25.39 | 1.839 | 22.526 |
| Evaluate Walking | 150 | 100 | 0 | 100 | 19.77 | 1.856 | 22.728 |
| Evaluate Weight Training | 150 | 90 | 0 | 90 | 28.17 | 1.757 | 21.515 |
| Evaluate Group Exercise Class | 150 | 85 | 0 | 85 | 10.81 | 1.095 | 13.411 |
| Evaluate Swimming | 150 | 70 | 0 | 70 | 14.60 | 1.489 | 18.232 |
| Valid N (listwise) | 150 |
Furthermore, the results on the membership of a health club show that the majority of the participants; 84 (56.0%) do not belong to any membership club while only 64 (42.7%) were in any membership club.
| Member of a health club | |||||
| Frequency | Percent | Valid Percent | Cumulative Percent | ||
| Valid | 0 | 1 | .7 | .7 | .7 |
| Yes | 64 | 42.7 | 42.7 | 43.3 | |
| No | 84 | 56.0 | 56.0 | 99.3 | |
| 3 | 1 | .7 | .7 | 100.0 | |
| Total | 150 | 100.0 | 100.0 |
| The primary reason for joining a health club | |||||
| Frequency | Percent | Valid Percent | Cumulative Percent | ||
| Valid | 85 | 56.7 | 56.7 | 56.7 | |
| Better weight-training equipment than the Rec Center | 1 | .7 | .7 | 57.3 | |
| Build muscle mass | 1 | .7 | .7 | 58.0 | |
| Do aerobics with friends | 1 | .7 | .7 | 58.7 | |
| Doctor recommended it | 1 | .7 | .7 | 59.3 | |
| Dr. recommended I incorporate regular exercise into my lifestyle | 1 | .7 | .7 | 60.0 | |
| Everyone says the guys here are hot | 1 | .7 | .7 | 60.7 | |
| Gain strength back after my wreck. Insurance ran out for physical therapy. | 1 | .7 | .7 | 61.3 | |
| Get back into shape | 1 | .7 | .7 | 62.0 | |
| Get back into shape after having a baby | 1 | .7 | .7 | 62.7 | |
| Getting a little flabby | 1 | .7 | .7 | 63.3 | |
| Gina joined and she talked me into doing their 2-for-1 special. | 1 | .7 | .7 | 64.0 | |
| Great place to meet cute guys | 1 | .7 | .7 | 64.7 | |
| Great place to show off my body and meet girls | 1 | .7 | .7 | 65.3 | |
| Health problems. My knees aren’t good and the Dr. says I should lose lbs. | 1 | .7 | .7 | 66.0 | |
| Health reasons | 1 | .7 | .7 | 66.7 | |
| I am in the middle of the free trial. I think I will join you for real. | 1 | .7 | .7 | 67.3 | |
| I am meeting my fiance’s parents at Easter and I have to look awesome | 1 | .7 | .7 | 68.0 | |
| I didn’t really join; I am just doing the 30-day free trial | 1 | .7 | .7 | 68.7 | |
| I have to stay active and here I can swim, workout, and dance | 1 | .7 | .7 | 69.3 | |
| I just turned 40 | 1 | .7 | .7 | 70.0 | |
| I like hanging out with the guys while I do my routine | 1 | .7 | .7 | 70.7 | |
| I liked their pool | 1 | .7 | .7 | 71.3 | |
| I need to do something to stay in shape after working all-day | 1 | .7 | .7 | 72.0 | |
| I need to get healthier. I have no strength and I’m overweight | 1 | .7 | .7 | 72.7 | |
| I want my six-pack to be an eight-pack! | 1 | .7 | .7 | 73.3 | |
| I want to increase my strength and endurance | 1 | .7 | .7 | 74.0 | |
| I want to look and feel good and exercise helps me do that | 1 | .7 | .7 | 74.7 | |
| I want to look better | 1 | .7 | .7 | 75.3 | |
| I want to lose 15 pounds for my wedding | 1 | .7 | .7 | 76.0 | |
| I want to lose weight | 1 | .7 | .7 | 76.7 | |
| I want to maintain my weight and stay healthy and make new friends! | 1 | .7 | .7 | 77.3 | |
| I wanted to sculpt by body | 1 | .7 | .7 | 78.0 | |
| Improve flexibility | 1 | .7 | .7 | 78.7 | |
| It’s fun to work out with friends | 1 | .7 | .7 | 79.3 | |
| Like I’m really going to tell you that. Mind your own business. | 1 | .7 | .7 | 80.0 | |
| Lose weight, what else would make me endure this hell | 1 | .7 | .7 | 80.7 | |
| My husband and I joined together on the 2-for-1 deal so we could exercise | 1 | .7 | .7 | 81.3 | |
| My sister made me | 1 | .7 | .7 | 82.0 | |
| My wife made me join | 1 | .7 | .7 | 82.7 | |
| New Year’s resolution | 1 | .7 | .7 | 83.3 | |
| Not that’s any of your business but I wanted to keep an eye on my husband | 1 | .7 | .7 | 84.0 | |
| Physicians said I was a candidate for a heart attack unless I lost weight | 1 | .7 | .7 | 84.7 | |
| Promised my wife I would join and workout with her | 1 | .7 | .7 | 85.3 | |
| Seemed like a good idea at the time | 1 | .7 | .7 | 86.0 | |
| Sitting too much at work. Need to lose my love handles | 1 | .7 | .7 | 86.7 | |
| So I can Dance and stay fit | 1 | .7 | .7 | 87.3 | |
| So I could exercise really early when the Rec Center is closed | 1 | .7 | .7 | 88.0 | |
| Stay in shape now that I am out of school and have a new job | 1 | .7 | .7 | 88.7 | |
| Stay in shape, build muscle. | 1 | .7 | .7 | 89.3 | |
| The doctor recommended I join and do the low-impact aerobics | 1 | .7 | .7 | 90.0 | |
| The first month was free | 1 | .7 | .7 | 90.7 | |
| The staff is very good at recommending routines for toning muscle | 1 | .7 | .7 | 91.3 | |
| They have more convenient hours than the Rec Center | 1 | .7 | .7 | 92.0 | |
| To exercise on my schedule when it is convenient. This place is open 24/7 | 1 | .7 | .7 | 92.7 | |
| To exercise with my friends | 1 | .7 | .7 | 93.3 | |
| To get into shape | 1 | .7 | .7 | 94.0 | |
| To meet Mr. Right! | 1 | .7 | .7 | 94.7 | |
| To stay in shape | 1 | .7 | .7 | 95.3 | |
| To stay in shape. Plus, I have met a lot of cute guys. BONUS!!! | 1 | .7 | .7 | 96.0 | |
| Tone my body and stay in shape | 1 | .7 | .7 | 96.7 | |
| Tone my body and watch the babes! | 1 | .7 | .7 | 97.3 | |
| Tone my body for swimsuit season! | 1 | .7 | .7 | 98.0 | |
| Too much beer and too little exercise has made me fat. | 1 | .7 | .7 | 98.7 | |
| Train for weight-lifting competitions | 1 | .7 | .7 | 99.3 | |
| Trainers provide personal assistance to help me reach my goals | 1 | .7 | .7 | 100.0 | |
| Total | 150 | 100.0 | 100.0 |
On gender, the results show that the majority of the participants; 79 (52.7%) were females while male counterparts accounted for 70 (46.7%) of the total participants. From the results, there is evidence that female participants outweigh their male colleagues in the study.
| Gender | |||||
| Frequency | Percent | Valid Percent | Cumulative Percent | ||
| Valid | Female | 79 | 52.7 | 52.7 | 52.7 |
| Male | 70 | 46.7 | 46.7 | 99.3 | |
| 3 | 1 | .7 | .7 | 100.0 | |
| Total | 150 | 100.0 | 100.0 | ||
| On age category, the majority of the participants 86 (57.3%) are aged between 20-22 years followed by 50 (33.3%) who are aged 23 years and above. The youngest participants aged 18-19 years accounted for only 14 (9.3%).Age | |||||
| Frequency | Percent | Valid Percent | Cumulative Percent | ||
| Valid | 18-19 | 14 | 9.3 | 9.3 | 9.3 |
| 20-22 | 86 | 57.3 | 57.3 | 66.7 | |
| 23+ | 50 | 33.3 | 33.3 | 100.0 | |
| Total | 150 | 100.0 | 100.0 |
| Annual Income | |||||
| Frequency | Percent | Valid Percent | Cumulative Percent | ||
| Valid | Less than $5,000 | 38 | 25.3 | 25.9 | 25.9 |
| $5,000-9,999 | 34 | 22.7 | 23.1 | 49.0 | |
| $10,000-19,999 | 46 | 30.7 | 31.3 | 80.3 | |
| $20,000+ | 29 | 19.3 | 19.7 | 100.0 | |
| Total | 147 | 98.0 | 100.0 | ||
| Missing | System | 3 | 2.0 | ||
| Total | 150 | 100.0 |
Finally, the results on the annual income show that the majority of the participants; 46 (30.7%) and 38 (25.3%) had an annual income of 10000-19999 USD and less than 5000 USD respectively. Only 29 (19.3%) of the participants had an income of 20000 and above USD. AT least 34 (22.7%) of the participants had an annual income of between 5000 to 9999 USD.
Question 3: Visual representation of data
In summary, the means scores of all the Likert scale indicators had been presented by the use of the histogram below. From the results, the variables, like working out, pleased with current facility and location is important are among the variables with the highest means scores while the variables advertisement does not influence decisions are among the variables with the lowest means scores.
Question 4: Inferences
From the results of the independent sample t-test comparing mean differences in gender, The results indicate that on average female participants have a high preference to workout than their male counterparts, (M=3.13, SE=0.07, SD= 0.65, t(147)=3.942, p-value=0.0005<0.05).
| Group Statistics | |||||
| Gender | N | Mean | Std. Deviation | Std. Error Mean | |
| workout habits on average | Female | 79 | 3.1316 | .65154 | .07330 |
| Male | 70 | 2.7157 | .63260 | .07561 |
Independent sample t-test
| Levene’s Test for Equality of Variances | t-test for Equality of Means | |||||||
| F | Sig. | t | df | Sig. (2-tailed) | Mean Difference | Std. Error Difference | ||
| workout habits on average | Equal variances assumed | 2.921 | .090 | 3.942 | 147 | .000 | .41593 | .10550 |
| Equal variances not assumed | 3.950 | 145.756 | .000 | .41593 | .10531 |
ANOVA Statistical tests to compare means of workout and age categories
| Report | ||
| workout habits on average | ||
| Age | Mean | Std. Deviation |
| 18-19 | 3.0714 | .73005 |
| 20-22 | 3.0419 | .67046 |
| 23+ | 2.7080 | .61240 |
| Total | 2.9333 | .67224 |
| ANOVA Table | |||||||
| Sum of Squares | df | Mean Square | F | Sig. | |||
| workout habits on average * Age | Between Groups | (Combined) | 3.819 | 2 | 1.909 | 4.419 | .014 |
| Within Groups | 63.515 | 147 | .432 | ||||
| Total | 67.333 | 149 |
From the ANOVA results, there is a mean difference of workouts among the three age categories, (F=4.419, p-value=0.014<0.05, df=2).
The findings below indicate that the workout habits on average had a mean of 2.93 with a standard deviation of 0.67. in addition, the maximum and minimum workout habits on average is 4.5 and 1.4.
| Descriptive Statistics | |||||
| N | Minimum | Maximum | Mean | Std. Deviation | |
| workout habits on average | 150 | 1.40 | 4.50 | 2.9333 | .67224 |
| Valid N (listwise) | 150 |
Distribution of workout habits on average and gender.
Income and average workouts:
| ANOVA | |||||
| Annual Income | |||||
| Sum of Squares | df | Mean Square | F | Sig. | |
| Between Groups | 43.293 | 20 | 2.165 | 2.146 | .006 |
| Within Groups | 127.075 | 126 | 1.009 | ||
| Total | 170.367 | 146 |
From the ANOVA output, there is a relationship between annual income and workout habits on average since the p-value is 0.006<0.05.
This finding is demonstrated below:
Question 5: Limitations
Normally, it is not possible to draw a conclusion about population-based by only analyzing the descriptive statistics. However, descriptive results only explore, describe and summarize the results. Through descriptive results, different frequency distributions can be used to establish if there are some associations within the study variables, (Daniel, and Cross, 2018). Therefore, the findings of the descriptive statistics cannot be used to make conclusions beyond the data we have analyzed or reach conclusions regarding any hypotheses we might have made, (Maxwell, Delaney, and Kelley, 2017).
References
Babin, B.J., and Zikmund, W.G., 2015. Essentials of marketing research. Nelson Education.
Babin, B.J., and Zikmund, W.G., 2015. Exploring marketing research. Cengage Learning.
Bell, E., Bryman, A. and Harley, B., 2018. Business research methods. Oxford university press.
Daniel, W.W. and Cross, C.L., 2018. Biostatistics: a foundation for analysis in the health sciences. Wiley.
Ghoshal, G., 2018. Emerging Food Processing Technologies. In Food Processing for Increased Quality and Consumption (pp. 29-65). Academic Press.
Lantos, G.P., 2015. Consumer behavior in action: Real-life applications for marketing managers. Routledge.
Maxwell, S.E., Delaney, H.D. and Kelley, K., 2017. Designing experiments and analyzing data: A model comparison perspective. Routledge.
