Biology Assignment help Essay writing Analysis online: Blood transfusion in hospital
Biology Assignment help Essay writing Analysis Review online: Blood transfusion in hospital
Introduction
The blood transfusion is an important method of treatment called hematology. There are four main groups of blood called ABO group along with their Rh categories which comprise of Rh positive or negative. Hence, Including the Rh categorization there are eight different blood groups. As the blood groups are not always compatible to each other a care has to be taken to the type of blood of the donor and the patient. There are different stocks of blood available in the hospital because the shelf life of the blood is 35 days and the different blood types are only available in random percentages.
The Task
The task of the assignment involves the analysis of the availability and the requirements of the different blood groups. The objective is to propose the daily and the 35-day period inventory for the blood. The 35 days correspond to the shelf life of the blood. The some of the blood types are compatible to each other while others are not. The O- blood type is universal donor but it’s availability is scarce.
Assumptions
We have made certain observations based on the raw data provided to us. The data is based on the research done by a hospital. The following assumptions were made in order to make the calculations and the deductions easier:
- Each of the different ids of the patients represents an individual patient.
- The row of data which corresponds to the incomplete data has been kept out of the demographic calculations.
- There are only four blood groups with each blood group comprising of Rh factor Positive or Negative. Hence, there are 8 different groups of blood.
- The gender of the patients has been demarcated as “1” for the male patients and “2” for the female patients.
- The requirements of the blood are in normal conditions with a few cases of emergency. Thus, the data only comprises of the requirements which can be met in a routine treatments and not the epidemic situations.
- There are cases where the reasons has been given to cases in which the patients had been given O-blood to a different blood group, so these are the cases in which cross-matching blood transfusion was done.
- We assume the given data is correct and reliable for the statistical purposes.
Observations
- Distribution of the Blood Types in the hospital
The distribution of the different blood types in the hospital is shown in the graph below. The graph has been obtained on the based of the calculations on the raw data provided by the hospital. It can be seen that:
- The patients are mainly of the O- blood category.
- The next group of patients consists of the O+ and B- type.
- There is no patient with AB blood group.
Figure1. The distribution of the blood type of patients according to the data of the hospital.
- The Emergency Conditions
As we can see in the data there are 18 cases in total 244 patients who needed the O- blood. It can be seen that during the emergency the requirement of the O- blood was significantly increased. This has been graphed as follows in the pie chart.
As can be seen in the pie chart, the emergency situation was arrived in 7% of the total cases. We would be discussing the daily and the 35-day period minimum and the maximum conditions in order to have the safe limits for the emergency.
Figure2. The emergency situations in which the O- blood was given to the cross-matched according to the data of the hospital.
- Daily requirement Limits of O negative blood
The daily requirements of the O negative blood group have been shown as a line graph, with the points showing the edges in the curve. The sub-part of the raw data which was used in arriving to the graph can be found in the point b of the appendix.
When we calculate the average or the mean requirements of the data, we find that the average daily unit of 5.90 is required with the standard deviation of 3.36. The standard deviation of the data is low, which is good. If the hospital goes with a minimum of 12.6 units of blood then the 95% of the cases can be handled and 15.98 units of blood would help in avoiding 99% of the cases.
- The 35 day period of the blood requirements
The shelf life of the blood is 35-days, after which it expires. We have collected the aggregate requirements of the blood units as needed throughout the year. The maximum calculated value goes for 135 units in the period of 15th April to 20th May while the minimum calculated value goes as 8 units during 7th October to 11th November. We have not assumed any reduction in the actual shelf life of the blood due the testing of the diseases related to the blood.
The average requirement of the blood is 51.63 units of blood while the standard deviation of the data of the data being 39 units. Thus there is high fluctuation in the requirements of the blood.
Figure4. The 35-day period of the Demand of the aggregate blood requirements.
Demographics Observations
- The histogram plot shows the large number of patients fall in the range of 70 to 90 years of age.
The percentage of the males and females as well as the missing persons is shown in the pie charts. The females lag behind the males by few percentages. While the data, regarding the sex of the patients are not available in 3% of the cases.
Figure6. The Sex of the patients.
- The Reason for the blood requirement.
We have basically three cases in which the given to the O negative blood was given to the patient which are coded as N, X and Z, while the other situations are commonly labeled as normal.
Figure 7. Reason for the O negative Transfusion
- The global distribution of the blood groups.
Figure 8. Global distribution of the Blood Types.
The data regarding this can be found out in the in the table 4 of the appendix.
Appendix-I
- Table Distribution of the Blood Types in the hospital.
| Blood Type | Count Of Patients | Percentage |
| O+ | 47 | 19.58 |
| O- | 147 | 61.25 |
| A+ | 3 | 1.25 |
| A- | 3 | 1.25 |
| B+ | 7 | 2.91 |
| B- | 33 | 13.75 |
The O negative blood requirement.
| Date | Units of blood required |
|
4-Feb |
6 |
|
4-Mar |
5 |
|
6-Mar |
6 |
|
2-Apr |
5 |
|
1-May |
8 |
|
2-May |
5 |
|
3-May |
6 |
|
2-Jun |
6 |
|
3-Jun |
4 |
|
4-Jun |
6 |
|
2-Jul |
2 |
|
5-Jul |
4 |
|
6-Jul |
7 |
|
1-Aug |
4 |
|
5-Aug |
4 |
|
1-Sep |
8 |
|
3-Sep |
4 |
|
4-Sep |
8 |
|
6-Sep |
4 |
|
2-Oct |
4 |
|
3-Oct |
12 |
|
4-Oct |
4 |
|
2-Nov |
8 |
|
3-Dec |
20 |
|
5-Dec |
12 |
|
2-Dec |
9 |
|
13-Mar |
8 |
|
13-May |
4 |
|
13-Mar |
2 |
|
14-May |
4 |
|
15-Mar |
4 |
|
15-May |
4 |
|
16-Jan |
2 |
|
16-Mar |
4 |
|
16-Apr |
4 |
|
16-Jun |
4 |
|
17-Jun |
5 |
|
18-Feb |
4 |
|
18-Mar |
4 |
|
18-May |
14 |
|
18-Jun |
8 |
|
19-May |
10 |
|
20-Mar |
6 |
|
20-May |
8 |
|
20-Jun |
8 |
|
20-Feb |
4 |
|
20-Jun |
4 |
|
21-Mar |
2 |
|
21-Jun |
4 |
|
22-Feb |
4 |
|
23-Feb |
10 |
|
24-Jan |
6 |
|
25-Mar |
6 |
|
27-Jan |
4 |
|
27-Apr |
4 |
|
28-May |
4 |
|
29-Apr |
8 |
|
29-Jun |
2 |
|
30-Mar |
2 |
|
30-Apr |
14 |
|
30-Jun |
2 |
|
31-Mar |
8 |
The 35 day period of the blood requirements
| Date | Blood Units |
|
1-Jan |
0 |
|
5-Feb |
82 |
|
11-Mar |
45 |
|
15-Apr |
91 |
|
20-May |
135 |
|
24-Jun |
81 |
|
29-Jul |
27 |
|
2-Sep |
26 |
|
7-Oct |
44 |
|
11-Nov |
8 |
ABO and Rh blood type distribution by nation (population averages)
| Country | Population |
O+ |
A+ |
B+ |
AB+ |
O- |
A- |
B- |
AB- |
| Australia |
21,262,641 |
40% |
31% |
8% |
2% |
9% |
7% |
2% |
1% |
| Austria |
8,210,281 |
30% |
33% |
12% |
6% |
7% |
8% |
3% |
1% |
| Belgium |
10,414,336 |
38% |
34% |
8.5% |
4.1% |
7% |
6% |
1.5% |
0.8% |
| Brazil |
198,739,269 |
36% |
34% |
8% |
2.5% |
9% |
8% |
2% |
0.5% |
| Canada |
33,487,208 |
39% |
36% |
7.6% |
2.5% |
7% |
6% |
1.4% |
0.5% |
| Denmark |
5,500,510 |
35% |
37% |
8% |
4% |
6% |
7% |
2% |
1% |
| Estonia |
1,299,371 |
30% |
31% |
20% |
6% |
4.5% |
4.5% |
3% |
1% |
| Finland |
5,250,275 |
27% |
38% |
15% |
7% |
4% |
6% |
2% |
1% |
| France |
62,150,775 |
36% |
37% |
9% |
3% |
6% |
7% |
1% |
1% |
| Germany |
82,329,758 |
35% |
37% |
9% |
4% |
6% |
6% |
2% |
1% |
| Hong Kong SAR |
7,055,071 |
40% |
26% |
27% |
7% |
0.31% |
0.19% |
0.14% |
0.05% |
| Iceland |
306,694 |
47.6% |
26.4% |
9.3% |
1.6% |
8.4% |
4.6% |
1.7% |
0.4% |
| India |
1,166,079,217 |
36.5% |
22.1% |
30.9% |
6.4% |
2.0% |
0.8% |
1.1% |
0.2% |
| Ireland |
4,203,200 |
47% |
26% |
9% |
2% |
8% |
5% |
2% |
1% |
| Israel |
7,233,701 |
32% |
34% |
17% |
7% |
3% |
4% |
2% |
1% |
| Netherlands |
16,715,999 |
39.5% |
35% |
6.7% |
2.5% |
7.5% |
7% |
1.3% |
0.5% |
| New Zealand |
4,213,418 |
38% |
32% |
9% |
3% |
9% |
6% |
2% |
1% |
| Norway |
4,660,539 |
34% |
42.5% |
6.8% |
3.4% |
6% |
7.5% |
1.2% |
0.6% |
| Poland |
38,482,919 |
31% |
32% |
15% |
7% |
6% |
6% |
2% |
1% |
| Portugal |
10,707,924 |
36.2% |
39.8% |
6.6% |
2.9% |
6.0% |
6.6% |
1.1% |
0.5% |
| Saudi Arabia |
28,686,633 |
48% |
24% |
17% |
4% |
4% |
2% |
1% |
0.23% |
| South Africa |
49,320,000 |
39% |
32% |
12% |
3% |
7% |
5% |
2% |
1% |
| Spain |
40,525,002 |
36% |
34% |
8% |
2.5% |
9% |
8% |
2% |
0.5% |
| Sweden |
9,059,651 |
32% |
37% |
10% |
5% |
6% |
7% |
2% |
1% |
| Taiwan |
24,000,000 |
43.9% |
25.9% |
23.9% |
6.0% |
0.1% |
0.1% |
0.01% |
0.02% |
| Turkey |
76,805,524 |
29.8% |
37.8% |
14.2% |
7.2% |
3.9% |
4.7% |
1.6% |
0.8% |
| United Kingdom |
61,113,205 |
37% |
35% |
8% |
3% |
7% |
7% |
2% |
1% |
| United States |
307,212,123 |
37.4% |
35.7% |
8.5% |
3.4% |
6.6% |
6.3% |
1.5% |
0.6% |
|
(total population = 2,261,025,244) |
36.44% |
28.27% |
20.59% |
5.06% |
4.33% |
3.52% |
1.39% |
0.45% |
|
MC46
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