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CASE STUDY on marketing

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1. View Case The study design used by Hinman et al is classified as:
A Descriptive
B Exploratory
C Experimental
Questions 1-21Questions 1-21 refer to the journal article: Hinman R, Heywood S, Day A: Aquatic PT for Hip and knee OA: Results of a single-blind randomized controlled Trial. Phys Ther 87(1), pg 32. (January 2007). Have this article with you when you answer these questions.
2. View Case This study can be classified as a:
A Quantitative study
B Qualitative study
C Phase IV clinical trial
D Retrospective study
3. View Case Which one of the following sets of variables ALL serve as dependent variables in this study? Please see Case for list of variables
A 1 and 2 only
B 1,2,3,and 4 only
C 5,6, and 7 only
D 1,2,3,4,5,6,7
4. View Case What one of the following sets of variables ALL serve as inclusion criteria for participation in this study? Please see case for list of variables
A 2, 3 and 4 only
B 2,3,4, and 6 only
C 1, 2, and 6 only
D 1,2,3,4,5, and 6
5. View Case Which one of the following sets of variables ALL serve as exclusion criteria for participation in this study? Please see case for list of variables.
A 1,2, and 3 only
B 1,2,3,4, and 5
C 3,4, and 5 only
D 1, 3, and 5 only
6. View Case What does the inclusion and exclusion criteria for this study tell you about the external validity (generalizability) of the findings?
A The findings are applicable across the full spectrum of patients with osteoarthritis of the hip or knee (early stage through late stage disease).
B The findings are primarily applicable to individuals at the stage where osteoarthritis of the hip or knee is beginning to interfere with function.
C The findings are primarily applicable to patients with osteoarthritis in multiple joints in addition to the hip or knee.
D The findings are primarily applicable to patients who have had at least one knee or hip joint replacement.
7. Was attrition at the end of the 6-week intervention a threat to the internal validity of the study?
A Yes
B No
C Insufficient information provided to make a judgment
8. View Case The authors indicate that subjects were randomly assigned to one of two groups. Random assignment to group is most effective in minimizing (‘controlling for’) which one of the following potential threats to internal validity of the study ?
A Instrumentation reliability
B Subject attrition
C Low statistical power
D Maturation
9. View Case The authors indicated that 241 of 312 volunteers considered for this study were not enrolled in the study because they were either ineligible for the study or declined to participate? Which ONE of the following threats to internal validity does this make you most concerned about? (Choose the ONE best answer):
A Increased risk that the control and experimental group will be different from each other at the beginning of the study.
B Increased risk that the subjects who participated in the study are not really representative of the ‘typical’ person with hip or knee OA
C Increased risk of attrition from pre-test to 6 week post-test re-assessment.
D Increased risk that testing effects will have a negative influence on the study.
10. View Case In this study, was assignment to group concealed?
A Yes
B No
C Cannot tell from the information provided
11. View Case The control group for this study best fits into which ONE of the following categories?
A No treatment
B Placebo treatment
C Comparison treatment
12. View Case Which ONE of the following research design strategies used in this study was most useful in decreasing outcome assessor bias?
A A standardized aquatic therapy program was carefully followed by the researchers
B Continuous level data was used to measure the outcomes
C The raters who measured outcomes did not know whether subjects had been assigned to the treatment or control group.
13. View Case Did at least one key outcome have acceptable reliability and validity?
A Yes
B No
C Cannot tell from the information provided in the study
14. View Case At baseline, were there any statistically significant differences between the characteristics of the control group and of the treatment group?
A No, there were no statistically significant differences between groups in any of the patient parameters at pre-test.
B Yes, the control group had a significantly higher AQoL score than the treatment group at pre-test
C Yes, the control group had a significantly higher 6 minute walk test score than the treatment group at pre-test.
15. View Case In this study, at the end of the 6-week intervention, was there a statistically significant difference between the experimental and control group on the ‘Timed Up and Go’ test?
A Yes
B No
C Cannot tell from the information provided in the study
16. View Case In this study, at the end of the 6-week intervention, was there a statistically significant difference in pain between the experimental and control group as measured by the 10 cm VAS movement pain scale?
A Yes
B No
C c. Cannot tell from the information provided in the study
17. View Case In this study, at the end of the 6-week intervention, is the difference in the score of the experimental versus control group on the ‘6-minute walk’ test clinically important?
A Yes
B No
C Cannot tell from the information provided in the study
18. View Case The article reports an odds ratio of 12.6 (95% CI = 4.0 – 39.4) for global improvements in pain. In this study, this odds ratio of 12.6 indicates that:
A There was no difference between groups in the likelihood of reporting global improvements
B Aquatic therapy subjects were LESS likely than the control group to report global improvements
C Aquatic therapy subjects were MORE likely than the control group to report global improvements
19. View Case In this study, the author’s report a 95% confidence interval of 4.0 to 39.4 for the global improvement in pain odds ratio of 12.6. This CI range tells you that you can be 95% confident that the true odds ratio for the population may be as low as 4.0 or as high as 39.4.
A True
B False
20. View Case One substantive limitations of this study is:
A The short follow-up period used for the study
B The method used for assigning subjects to a group
C The number of subjects who completed the study
D The level of patient adherence to the exercise program
21. View Case Which of the following statements is an accurate ‘take home’ message when the findings of the study are applied to appropriate patient groups?
A You can anticipate a large and clinically meaningful improvement in quadriceps strength with use of this intervention.
B You can anticipate a small yet clinically meaningful improvement in quadriceps strength with use of this intervention.
C You can anticipate a large and clinically meaningful improvement in pain with use of this intervention.
D You can anticipate a small yet clinically meaningful improvement in pain with use of this intervention.
Questions 22- 40 refer to the article Wagemakers H et al: Diagnostic Accuracy of History Taking and Physical Examination for Assessing Anterior Cruciate Ligament Lesions of the Knee in Primary Care. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2010;91:1452-9.
22. View Case What reference measure (gold standard) did this study use to establish the correct categorization of subjects as having an ACL lesion or not having an ACL lesion? (questions 22-40 refer to the article by Wagemakers: see VIEW CASE)
A History taking scores
B Anterior draw test
C MRI
D Present symptoms
23. View Case This study utilized a:
A Descriptive research design
B Exploratory research design
C Experimental research design
24. View Case In this study, the authors hypothesized that a combination of clinical measures rather than any one specific clinical measure would be better at correctly diagnosing patients with an ACL lesion. Considering the general trend of the findings of their study, are the authors generally justified in claiming that this hypothesis was supported by the findings of the study?
A Yes
B No
25. View Case The primary purpose of Tables 2 in this study is to provide a summary of the:
A association of each clinical test, individually, with the presence of an ACL lesion
B association of various clinical tests, in combination, with the presence of an ACL lesion
C general demographic information associated with this group of patients
D prevalence of ACL injuries among this group of subjects
26. View Case A patient is positive on one of the 3 history items and has a positive anterior drawer test (ADT). Based on the findings of this study, the sensitivity score for a complete lesion of the ACL for this combination of variables is:
A 64%
B 69%
C 81%
D 83%
27. View Case A patient reports a popping sensation at the time of her knee injury. The positive likelihood ratio value reported in this study associated with a positive score on this variable suggests:
A no increase at all in the likelihood that she has an ACL injury
B a small increase in the likelihood that she has an ACL injury
C a large increase in the likelihood that she has an ACL injury
D a large decrease in the likelihood that she has an ACL injury
28. View Case This study is best described as:
A Prospective
B Retrospective
C Cross-sectional
29. View Case About half of the subjects in this sample had a positive anterior drawer test (ADT).
A True
B False
30. View Case According to the findings of this study, a person with pain on passive knee extension is:
A much more likely to have an ACL injury than someone without pain on passive knee extension
B Is somewhat (moderately) more likely to have an ACL injury than someone without pain on passive knee extension
C Is a small amount more likely to have an ACL injury than someone without pain on passive knee extension
D Is no more likely to have an ACL injury than someone without pain on passive knee extension
31. View Case A negative score on the anterior drawer test (ADT):
A Is a reasonably good indicator that a person does NOT have an ACL lesion
B Tells us very little about the likelihood that a person has an ACL lesion
C Is a reasonably good indicator that a person DOES have an ACL lesion
32. View Case Which of the following are inclusion criteria for this study? Please choose the answer that identifies ALL inclusion criteria on the list. Please see case for list of variables.
A 1,2, and 3 only
B 1,2,3, 4, and 5 only
C 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9 only
D 8 and 9 only
33. View Case What of the following are exclusion criteria for this study? Please choose the answer that identifies ALL exclusion criteria on the list. Please see case for list of variables.
A 1,2, and 3 only
B 1,2,3, 4, and 5 only
C 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9 only
D 8 and 9 only
34. View Case In this study, physical examination data used to calculate outcomes was collected by a:
A General medical practitioner
B Physical therapist
C Orthopedic surgeon
D Nurse practitioner
35. View Case The reference standard used in this study is generally considered a reasonable gold standard for confirming the diagnosis of a complete ACL tear:
A True
B False
36. View Case The reference and target scores were determined by assessors acting:
A Independently but not blinded
B Blinded but not independent
C Both independent and blinded
37. View Case Given the purpose of this study, was the diagnostic test evaluated in an appropriate spectrum of patients.
A Yes
B No
38. View Case Did all subjects who participated in the study undergo the reference diagnostic test?
A Yes
B No
39. View Case Did the researchers repeat this study with a new set of subjects?
A Yes
B No
40. View Case In the Wagemaker study, the prevalence of an ACL lesion is calculated to be 21%. Using this prevalence rate as the pretest probability score and the nomogram you can view under ‘view case’, estimate the post-test probability of a complete ACL lesion based solely on a patient reporting that “My knee feels swollen all the time” (effusion):
A Approximately 3%
B Approximately 30%
C Approximately 60%
D Approximately 90%

 

 
QUESTIONS 41-50 ARE “STAND ALONE” QUESTIONS NOT ASSOCIATED WITH THE TWO ARTICLES USED IN QUESTIONS 1-40
41. View Case Which ONE of the following statements about Pubmed’s “clinical Query” feature is FALSE? “Clinical queries” allows you to limit your search to:
A one specific clinical category (therapy, diagnosis, prognosis, etc)
B higher quality clinical studies
C basic science (animal and cellular level) studies
D systematic reviews
42. View Case 1. The advantage of accessing pubmed by going through the website of a library you have electronic access to (like University of Montana) is that pubmed:
A Automatically expands its search to all books and newsprint available at that library.
B Formulates a PICO question for you.
C Provides a direct link to the full text of any articles available full-text at that particular library.
D Allows you to utilize “My NCBI”.
43. View Case CINAHL
A Is a database of critical appraisals of primary journal articles
B Is a database of nursing and allied health literature
C Contains only systematic review citations
D Contains a more powerful search engine than Pubmed
44. View Case The Pedro database:
A Gives a quality score to each research article in its database
B Includes all research studies regardless of the quality
C Provides a quality score for practice guidelines
D Includes studies applicable to nursing, medicine and rehabilitation
45. View Case The ‘O’ in PICO stands for:
A Odds ratio
B Option
C Objective
D Outcome
46. View Case The classic definition of EBP includes three central dimensions. Which one of the following is NOT one of these three dimensions?
A Cost effectiveness
B Use of best evidence
C Clinical expertise
D Patient preferences
47. View Case Which one of the following represents a primary source of information?
A Synthesis of original published works
B original published articles in journals
C Synopsis of a research study in a peer reviewed journal
D Computerized decisions support systems
48. View Case Effectiveness’ studies are typically described as studies that utilize:
A Real patients under typical clinical conditions
B Real patients under ideal clinical conditions
C Ideal patients under typical clinical conditions
D Ideal patients under ideal clinical conditions
49. View Case A clinician goes to the literature to search for the answer to the following question: “What is post polio syndrome?” What category of search question does this fall into?
A Foreground question
B Background question
50. View Case Which one of the following is a feature of pubmed’s ‘My NCBI’:
A For a small monthly fee, pubmed will store all your citations on the ‘my NCBI’ site.
B NCBI automatically stores user searches and deletes the searches every 2 weeks.
C a. NCBI allows you to insert citations into papers and format references in a variety of journal styles.
D Pubmed will regularly repeat a literature search you have saved to NCBI and email new citations to you

 

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