QUESTION
Assignment
2:
Short
Paper
(1000
words)
This short
paper
is designed to test
your
knowledge at the halfway
point
of the semester.
You are asked to choose ONE of the topics below and to
write
a short essay.
You should
include at least 5 different scholarly/academic
peer
reviewed references in
your
essay.
(Sites
such as Wikipedia and other on-line encyclopaedias are not appropriate academic
references.) The
paper
must
be
written.in
the third
person,
with an introduction, a main
body and a
conclusion. You are required
to
provide
a
detailed Reference List using the
APA style.
‘
Topic 1: Explain how Form, Function and Experience might be used to classify events
(i.e.
typologies) and identify any
problems
associated with each approach. Give examples.
Topic 2: Why have
Planned Events become more
important
globally?
Do
you
agree or
disagree that they have become mainly income
generators
for those who
plan
and
execute them. Use examples to
illustrate
your
argument.
Topic 3: What
do
intrinsic
and extrinsic motivations have to do with event experience?
SOLUTION
What do intrinsic and extrinsic motivations have to do with event experience
Intrinsic motivation comes from within and not from outside. Such motivation enables one to enjoy the task or event for the sake of it rather than for the sake of extrinsic rewards. An intrinsically motivated individual enjoys the very process of the event or the task (Amabile, T. M., DeJong, W., & Lepper, M. R,1976).
So an individual driven by intrinsic motivation will enjoy an event, say a festival, for the sake of it rather than for an extrinsic award or reward linked to it (Reeve, J., & Deci, E. L,1996).
An intrinsically motivated person will choose to do an act if he feels that he will enjoy doing the task. However, it doesn’t mean that such a person will not seek or accept rewards. It is just that his or her first priority will be to get satisfaction or pleasure from the task or event itself. If he or she doesn’t derive this intrinsic satisfaction then he will not feel motivated enough to perform the task or participate fully in the event or experience (Amabile, T. M., DeJong, W., & Lepper, M. R,1976).
Extrinsic motivation is that which comes from outside of an individual. Such motivation comes from the rewards tied to the activity, event or task. An extrinsically motivated person doesn’t perform an activity or participate in an event for the sake of it, but for the sake of the rewards that come with that activity or event. Such an extrinsically motivated person is goal oriented rather than being process oriented.
An extrinsically motivated person may choose to perform a task or participate in an event even if he or she doesn’t enjoy that activity or event. Such persons will do a task if they feel motivated by the extrinsic rewards attached to the task. These rewards can be monetary or non-monetary (Bandura, A. 1986).
.
It doesn’t mean that extrinsically motivated persons do not get any enjoyment or pleasure from the activity or event. It is just that their priority lies in the extrinsic rewards which will come their way after performing the activity or task.
An extrinsically motivated person, because of his outward orientation, may not be able to enjoy an event, like a festival, as much as an intrinsically motivated person. This is because an event like a festival doesn’t carry any external rewards attached to it. Because of the absence of external rewards, externally motivated persons may not be adequately motivated to participate fully in the festival. This incomplete or partial participation hampers the ability of externally motivated persons to fully enjoy an event like a festival.
Intrinsically motivated persons, on the other hand, usually experience an event, like a festival more fully and holistically. Their process orientation enables them to enjoy and experience events like festivals much more thoroughly.
Abraham Maslow’s widely applicable hierarchy of needs pyramid has five rungs. At the bottom are those whose physiological needs have not been fulfilled. These physiological needs include physical needs like need for food, water, sex, sleep etc (Cianci, R., Gambrel, P.A,2003).
A rung higher than physiological needs is of safety or security needs. Once the physiological needs are fulfilled, the individual is interested in ensuring that there is security that his physiological needs will always be fulfilled.
The third rung is that of belonging or affiliation needs. Once the bottom two needs are fulfilled, individuals feel the need to affiliate socially. They actively seek social relationships like friendships (Cianci, R., Gambrel, P.A,2003).
Extrinsically motivated persons are usually in the bottom three rungs of the needs hierarchy viz. physical needs, social security and social affiliation.
Intrinsically motivated individuals are usually in the top two rungs of needs hierarchy pyramid, which are: self esteem and self actualization needs. Self-esteem needs are fulfilled when an individual feels a sense of achievement in accomplishing a task. Such an individual looks for ways to enhance his self-respect.
Self-actualization is fulfilling one’s inherent potential. Self-actualization is at the top rung of Abraham Maslow’s needs hierarchy pyramid. Individuals in this rung look for ways to realize their potential through creativity, ethical conduct, spontaneity, open mind and acceptance of facts (Bandura, A. 1986).
Intrinsic and extrinsic motivations have a lot to do with the quality and depth of experience of an event like a festival. The experience of an individual, participating in an event like a festival, is dependent on the level and intensity of his participation. This intensity of participation of is dependent on the kind of motivation that he or she feels for participating in that event (Reeve, J., & Deci, E. L,1996).
Motivation means something that moves an individual to do an act or participate in an event. Motivation drives an individual to put his full energy in an activity or event. The more motivated an individual is, the more will be his level and intensity of participation in an activity or event.
Intrinsic motivation, which comes from within, pushes an individual while extrinsic motivation which comes from outside acts as a pulling force. The cues in intrinsic motivation lie within the individual while in extrinsic motivation, the motivational cues lie outside him.
The depth of experience is usually more in intrinsic motivation than in extrinsic motivation. Intrinsically motivated individuals not only enjoy an event like a festival more than extrinsically motivated individuals but also learn better from such experiences.
Individuals who are driven by intrinsic motivations participate more effectively in events like festivals which give them an opportunity to celebrate. Extrinsically motivated individuals may find it difficult to celebrate for the sake of celebrations only.
The role of motivations cannot be understated in event experiences. Participation in a cultural or social event like a festival may be driven by an external motivation like tradition and the need for social conformity. Or it may be driven by an intrinsic need to participate, celebrate and experience creativity. And as empirical evidence suggests, intrinsic motivations are often more powerful than extrinsic ones (Skinner, B. F. 1953).
References:
Amabile, T. M., DeJong, W., & Lepper, M. R,(1976), Effects of externally imposed deadlines on subsequent intrinsic motivation, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, pg 77-82
Bandura, A. (1986). Social foundations of thought and action: A social cognitive theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice–Hall, pg 62
Cianci, R., Gambrel, P.A. (2003). Maslow’s hierarchy of needs: Does it apply in a collectivist culture. Journal of Applied Management and Entrepreneurship, pg 88
Reeve, J., & Deci, E. L. (1996), Elements of the competitive situation that affect intrinsic
Motivation, Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, pg 32
Skinner, B. F. (1953), Science and human behavior, New York: Macmillan, pg 184
LG93
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