Epidemiology
- Observational design study
- Case control study. Measures of exposure effect is the most appropriate.
- Measure of relative risk.
- Current/past smokers are at greater risk of developing an acute myocardial infarction compared with never smokers.
- Survivor bias
- Case control study
- 0
- The cumulative incidence of asthma is higher in those with those with an inadequate intake of dietary zinc compared with those consuming an adequate intake of dietary zinc.
- cumulative incidence of asthma.
- internal validity.
- The absolute risk of death of those taking the ACE inhibitor is 255
- The absolute risk of death in those not taking the ACE inhibitor is 240.
- The relative risk of death in those taking an ACE inhibitor compared with those not taking an ACE inhibitor is 1.0625
- The reduction in the absolute risk of death in those taking an ACE inhibitor compared with those not taking an ACE inhibitor is 15.
- The relative risk reduction of death in those taking an ACE inhibitor compared with those not taking an ACE inhibitor is 0.025.
- 495 number of people with severe heart failure that need to be treated with ACE inhibitors for 2 years, to prevent one extra death.
- selection bias.
- Cases and controls results in comparison to access whether there were any differences in their past exposure to putative risk factors.
- To minimize the time used.
- non response bias.
References
- Miettinen O S. Theoretical epidemiology. NY: Wiley, 2010.
- Koepsell T D, Weiss N S Epidemiology methods: oxford university press, 2003.
