Answer 1
Vertical lines of energy levels and horizontal lines of observed changes of the hydrogen atom includes the Lyman, the Balmer ,the Paschen ,the Brackett , the P fund series.
The Balmer series consist of the following ranges: 380 nm , 384 nm, 389 nm, 397 nm, 410 nm, 434 nm, 486 nm, 656nm. Lambda minimum is 380nm. Lambda maximum is 656nm.
By=Hollas _Modern _Spectroscopy
The equilibrium of the system, absorption changes has a number i tends to f per unit time which should be equal to emission changes which has a number f tends to i per unit time. Relation of the process in which light matter is involved rate of absorption equilibrium is equal to rate of stimulated and spontaneous emission.
Bi f ρω0 Ni = Bf iρω0 N f + ANf
Wo=transition frequency of system
Ni = equal population of initial levels
Nf = equal population of final levels
Bif =Einstein B coefficient
Bfi = Einstein A coefficient
Pif = probability of absorption emission
Pfi = probability of stimulated emission
Pi f = Bi f ρω0 (A3.4)
Pf i = Bf iρω0
Bi f = Bf i = B (A3.7)
A/B=(hw0n3) /(∏2c03)
By An Introduction to the Optical Spectroscopy of Inorganic Solids
Wiley , Online Library,
Published Online – 22nd August 2005
Answer 2
i)
In this problem there should be differentiation and the whole problem can be solved according to the formula of differentiation given in books and internet.
Answer2
ii) Due to Doppler Effect, spectral lines can be broadened, which is known as Doppler Broadening can happen due to distribution of velocities of molecules and atoms. Frequency of spectral lines , mass of particles which emit , temperature of emitting particles are 3 important reasons due to which temperature of emitting body can be described end result.
iii)
(Source: http://www.monzir-pal.net/Instrumental%20Analysis/Problem%20Sets/PS8_files/image001.gif )
Pressure Broadening is divided into six parts.
1. Impact pressure broadening
2. Quasistatic Pressure Broadening
3. Linear Stark Broadening
4. Resonance Broadening
5. Quadrate Broadening
6. Vander Waals Broadening
Doppler Line Width
M0= mass of sodium=23 amu
Frequency==wavelength
Lifetime of excited state =16.2 ns
Temp=400 degree
W=589(1+v/3*10^8)
LA81
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