QUESTION
SOLUTION
Solutions with Explanations
Physics topic 5@6 001
1. Explanation of concrete and reinforcement placements.
The placement of the reinforcing steel in the concrete plays important role in deciding the strength of the performance of the structure. The steel rods are embedded passively in the mass of the concrete. This helps in increasing the capacity of the structure to work with the stresses applied on them.
Physics topic 5@6 002
2. Stress
Here, Load is the twice of the force with which the donkeys are pulling each other.
So, Load= 
KN = 2.2 KN
Area is the area of the cross-section of the rope=
= 0.453
Hence, Stress=
= 4.85 MN
Physics topic 5@6 003
3. Strain
Strain=
Change in length, x=10 mm= 0.01 m
Original Length, L= 4.2 m
Strain=
=0.00238
Clearly, strain is a dimension-less quantity as it is a ratio.
4. Elasticity
Elasticity= 
As we calculated in above, Stress is 4.85 MN
Similarly, Strain is 0.00238.
Thus, Elasticity=
= 2040MN= 2040Mpa (As 1Pa=1 N
)
Physics topic 5@6 004
Similar to the case above we find out the length of the rope as:
x=
As, P=3.2 KN, E=
MPa, A=
=0. 7065,L=30 m
Hence, x=
mm=33 mm
Physics topic 5@6 006
2.1.Section Modulus
Z=
Z=
= 1500000
=1500
Physics topic 5@6 007
New Z when the base and the height are changed=
=500
So the Z value is reduced by thrice.
For 175
75 beam1, Z=
= 382812.5
For 250 35 beam2, Z=
= 364583.3
From the BHP table for the 150 UB 18.0 
=117and
Physics topic 5@6 008
=17.9.
2.2. Second Area Moment
I=
So, I=
= 225000000
Physics topic 5@6 009
Again in an inverted position I=
= 25
Using the BHP Table, 
=9.06
and 
=0.672
Physics topic 5@6 010
2.3. Radius of Gyration
and its units are: mm
A= 4050
= 25.98 mm
=
= 683437.5
=12.99 mm
SR=
=
=3.46
=
=6.92
=
= 92.37
=
= 184.61
LF12
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