Numerous areas of innovation in materials as well as manufacturing of camshaft have been going on. Heat treatments following forming have been established to enhance performance of lobes to increase capacity of load bearing of various lobes. Radical designs with aid of segmented systems as well as hollow shafts are as well undergoing development.
In area of material, powder forged loves have come up as a significant feature of new designs of camshaft mostly low weight as well as hollow tubular systems. The main powder source meal lobes has been from Japan even though fluctuation rates of exchanges have resulted in complication of their use. Still, use of powder pressed and sintered lobe is debatable. Even though its wear resistance is notably superior to traditional steel lobes, surface porosity of lobes appear to result in machining problems. Reducing porosity need to minimize such challenge but attaining porosity reduction needs enhancements performed within compacting systems.
The appropriateness of use of powder metal as well appears to be linked to kind of follower adopted. When adopting a slider follower, the surface porosity might be of benefit as a result of its capability of oil retention resulting in enhancement of surface lubricity. Nevertheless, there has been general tendency of movement away from the slider flowers in direction of roller followers as a result of enhancement fuel economy, lower friction as well as reduced noise in engine (Li and Clever, 2017).
For all cast camshafts, most of production is performed in green sand moulds in as much as some shell moulding is as well adopted. The production of chilled camshaft is attained through casting against iron chills sited about cam nose. Steel camshafts are generally manufactured through forging using subsequent machining which is then followed by operations of hardening. Small production industries are as well established to be machining from solid bar stack in as much as such is relatively scarce (Brandolin et al., 2020).
Chilled grey iron cams tend to be rough ground at first and then finished ground. Harden able grey iron cams tend to be profile milled, induction hardened and thereafter ground to size of finish.
Manufacturing Methods
Casting
Chilled cast iron is mainly used in manufacture of camshaft. The development of automobile industry as well as engine power comes up with greater advanced requirements for the camshaft properties (Wallace, 2019). In process of casting, there are higher chances of casting defects for instance porosity, shrinking defect, cracks as well as inadequate pouring. Nevertheless, for higher loads in roller contact, cast camshaft having induction hardened cam lobes may be adopted.
Forging
Forged or even manufactured form steel bar camshaft is as well applied for given high loaded diesel engines. Such are manufactured on computer-controlled forging systems with integrated treatment of heat or machined from steel bar.
Machining
Machining is needed for giving the camshaft the final dimension. When applying casted or forged CAM, just final machining is needed to attain final size within needed tolerances. In process, casted or even forged CAM are in needed shape and form even though their size is kept by machining as well as finishing operation. In case of use of metal billet, the profile arm of camshaft is attained by removal of excess material from metal billet. In such process, machining is only need for the manufacture of camshaft (Cecchel et al., 2019).
Below is an elaborate explanation of process of mass manufacturing:
Turning and Drilling: The raw forging is inserting in machine and center drilling as well as turning on a single side is performed at such point.
Turning: Turning of six journals occurs at such place. Four tools are used in such turning processes including rough, left, neutral as well as left tool. Still, parting and grooving operation is carried out on the left side of shaft.
Drilling: The machine is used in drilling the diameter of 4.5 dowel hole that is adopted as a reference for further operations.
Grinding Journals: Grinding as well as finish grinding occurs at such point for the six journals. Carborundum wheels are applied in grinding (Sosa et al., 2019).
Grinding on face:- An angular grinding wheel is adopted for the purposes of face grinding operation. Inspection is carried out at such stage after every ten segments with aid of gauges (Kim et al., 2017).
Drill Drove Hole: Grinding of camshaft takes place at such stage. The dowel hole acts as reference in such case.
Lapping: Lapping is performed with aid of lapping paper on the camshaft as well as on the oil sea region to provide a super finish in microns (Anggraeni, Juniani and Rizal, 2018)
Surface treatments
Surface treatments may be isolated into two gatherings, those planned with a short life, and those with a long life. These are regularly alluded to as run-in and wear safe coatings separately.
Running-in coatings
Phosphating is generally manganese phosphate (Mn3 (PO4) 2) covering treatment did by drenching. The cycle may be completed by plunging for around 900 seconds at 80°C to100°C in a shower of phosphoric corrosive as well as fitting phosphates. Such cycle delivers a dainty glasslike surface layer which represses glue wear furthermore, advances wetting as well as spreading of oil on its surface and in such manner is useful if scraping wear is an issue.
Oxidation: Ferrox cycle, planned for use on cylinder rings, creates an oxide covering by treating in steam at a temperature between 300°C to 600°C. Such treatment produces a covering giving protection from glue wear and scraping. The permeable nature of surface is to some degree like phosphating and is additionally liable to add to wetting and spreading of oil film on a superficial level (Hyung-Seok et al., 2020).
Tufftriding is a comparable cycle to Sulfinuz, with nitriding activity quickened by blowing in compacted air. A slender non-weak surface layer of carbon bearing epsilon FeN is delivered. The surface layer is less permeable what’s more, fairly harder (400 Hv to 700 Hv) in comparison with Sulfinuz with no sulfur construct up at surface. The surface geology is fundamentally the same as
Phosphating and Ferrox and advantages may likewise be inferable from such geology.
Acceptance and fire solidifying
Such cycle is utilized to expand surface hardness of dim, nodular what’s more, mouldable cast irons the carbon content is now sufficiently high to shape maternsite.
Camshaft Materials
A wide scope of materials is at present indicated for the creation of camshafts. Cast iron, which is modest and promptly accessible, is a broadly utilized material for huge volume creation, and steel, is utilized to a lesser degree, for the most part for low volume creation. The scope of cast irons utilized incorporate dark, nodular, pliant alongside chilled irons; their microstructures. Dark irons are ordinarily delivered by dome dissolving in Britain and by electric heater measure in America. In two cases essential quality limitation is the microstructure (Revathi et al., 2020).
Graphite pieces are controlled to ASTM detail for their sort and size. In USA a combination of type A and E, size 5 or more modest is typically determined (Dayanç, Karaca and Kumruoğlu, 2019). Irons are likewise produced containing controlled sums of chromium besides molybdenum to get carbides in structure. High phosphorus irons (containing 0.7 wt. %) are additionally utilized which brings a hard phosphide eutectic into network.
Camshafts are made of either steel or even cast iron. The starting material of steel camshafts is the rod material and thereafter precisely machined and hardened inductively on the surface in that order case-hardened. Cast iron camshafts are manufactured through casting an alloy of iron. The steel material applied for manufacture of camshafts tend to different from cast iron with regard to structure of material, mostly the content of carbon which is not more than 2.11%. Using carbon limit above such provided range shifts material to cast iron (Dayanç, Karaca and Kumruoğlu, 2019)
Both materials tend to show differences in structure respectively through the arrangement of atoms within crystal lattice and hence through various toughness as well as hardness. The manufacture of camshafts presents a challenged for precision and accuracy. Laser measurement is used in inspection of shapes of geometry of camshafts. Steel camshafts tend to deal with more mechanical loads in comparison with cast iron camshafts and may be compared to OE camshafts (Metcalf, 2020). Camshafts of hardened cast iron tend to bear harder surfaces even though such does not insinuate they need to be necessarily being having shorter lifespan. Their manufacture tends to be less expensive and they are as well therefore cheaper in long run.
Cast Irons
- Harden able Iron: Such refers to a Grade 17 cast iron having extra 1% chrome for the creation of 5% to 7% free carbide. Upon casting, the materials tends to be flamed or even induction hardened to provide a Rockwell hardness in range of 52 to 56 as measured on the C Scale. Hardened irons are not the most ideal material for the case of performance camshafts in overhead cam engines. Hardenable iron was developed in America in 1930s as part of low cost substitution for steel camshafts and tends to be majorly appropriate for applications in which there tends to be excessive oil meaning the camshafts are running in engine block which are splash-fed from sump.
- Spherical Graphite Cast Iron: Such is also known as SG iron. The material provides similar features to hardenable iron. The major limitation as a camshaft material lies in cast form that tends to be scuffing bearings in extreme conditions. The material would undergo heat treatment to 52 to 58 Rockwell C. Spherical Graphite Cast Iron was first used in 1980s by Fiat (Sung et al., 2019).
- Chilled Chrome Cast Iron: Chilled iron is part of Grade 17 cast iron having 1% chrome. Machined tool moulds the form as well as shape of cam lobe when camshaft is cast within foundry and is incorporate into mould. The iron hardens off quite quickly when poured resulting in cam lobe material forming carbide on the surface of cam lobe (Hyung-Seok et al., 2018). Chilled chrome cast iron is highly resistant to scuff and tends to be the only material for the production of mass OHC performance camshafts.
When making a selection on camshafts that are made from casting iron, it is recommended that enquiries are made into materials that have been used in production of such camshafts. While a chilled iron camshaft might be costly, it tends to be resistant to wear in any weather conditions, and by far exceeds any other kind of cast iron camshaft. Such then means it is advisable that one obtains chilled iron camshaft for his automobiles in order to realize enhance performance, reliability as well as durability (Sosa et al., 2019).
Steel Camshafts
- Carbon Steel-EN8 (BS970 080M40): Such was manly adopted in period between 1930 and 1945 and is at moment adopted in induction hardened camshafts alongside roller cam followers owing to extensive hardening features of material.
- Alloyed Steels- EN351 AISI 8620 & EN34: Used in A series as well as B Series engine and most approved when run against a chilled cam follower.
- Nitriding Steel- EN40B: Such has been rated as the best and most appropriate steel for use in manufacture of camshafts. It provides a surface hardness as well as finish that are similar to that of chilled iron when nitrided. Nitriding Steel is used when substituting chilled iron especially in sports or competition engines (Dahuri et al., 2018). Nitriding Steel is used on numerous of contemporary F1 engines.
Generally, steel is among the good and appropriate materials for the camshafts. The type of steel nevertheless has to be matched with cam follower with which it is to turn against as various grades of steel have various scuff characteristics.
References
Abd Halim Bin Mahat, M.H., Saleh, B. and Fauthan, M.A.B., 2018. Investigation and Failure Analysis for Camshaft
Anggraeni, I., Juniani, A.I. and Rizal, M.C., 2018, December. Penentuan Critical Waste pada Produksi Camshaft Menuju Lean Manufacturing Process. In Proceedings Conference on Design Manufacture Engineering and its Application (Vol. 2, No. 1, pp. 247-250)
Bansal, R. and Batish, A.G., 2017. Improvements in Design and Manufacturing of Camshafts for High HP Engines (Doctoral dissertation)
Brandolin, M.A., Williamson, R.W. and Franklin, M.W., Koyo Bearings North America LLC, 2020. Camshaft follower mechanism. U.S. Patent Application 16/741,102
Cecchel, S., Ferrario, D., Mondini, C., Montani, M. and Previtali, B., 2019. Application of Laser Metal Deposition for a New Model of Assembled Camshaft. Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance, 28(12), pp.7756-7767
Dahuri, S.M., Subri, N.H.A. and Noor, N.M., 2018. Stress Analysis of Engine Camshaft from Light Metal
Dahuri, S.M., Subri, N.H.A. and Noor, N.M., 2018. Stress Analysis of Engine Camshaft from Light Metal
Dayanç, A., Karaca, B. and Kumruoğlu, L.C., 2019. Improvement of Tribological Properties of Steel Camshaft by Plasma Nitriding. Acta Physica Polonica, A., 135(4)
Hyung-Seok, K.W.A.K., Jin-Hyeon, L.E.E., Kim, G.B. and Yeong-Cheol, J.O., Hyundai Motor Co and Kia Motors Corp, 2018. End piece for camshaft and method of manufacturing the same. U.S. Patent Application 15/818,594
Hyung-Seok, K.W.A.K., Jin-Hyeon, L.E.E., Kim, G.B. and Yeong-Cheol, J.O., Hyundai Motor Co and Kia Motors Corp, 2020. End piece for camshaft. U.S. Patent Application 16/923,019
Kavuri, P. and Ashok, D., 2018. Fracture, Fatigue Growth Rate And Vibration Analysis Of Camshaft In Railways
Kim, Y.K., Park, Y.S., Song, J.H., Kang, K.H. and Song, J.H., Seojincam Co Ltd, 2017. Concentric Camshaft and Method of Manufacturing Rotatable Cam and Fixed Cam for Concentric Camshaft. U.S. Patent Application 15/324,410
Li, H. and Clever, G.E., GM Global Technology Operations LLC, 2017. Method of manufacturing a sliding camshaft. U.S. Patent 9,828,650
Ma, J., Yang, L., Liu, J., Chen, Z. and He, Y., Evaluating the quality of assembled camshafts under pulsating hydroforming. Journal of Manufacturing Processes, 61, pp.69-82
Maksum, H., Purwanto, W., Putra, M.A. and Hasan, H., 2019. Analysis of Effect of Using Camshaft Racing on Power and Torque in Motorcycle
Metcalf, R.L., GM Global Technology Operations LLC, 2020. Sliding camshaft and method of manufacturing. U.S. Patent Application 16/222,079
Nitish, M.G. and Sangamesh, M., 2018. Geometrical Modelling and Analysis of Two Wheeler Camshaft by using Finite Element Method
Ragul, G., Kalivarathan, G., Jayakumar, V., Maruthur, P., Jacob, I. and Kumar, S.N., 2016. An Analytical Investigation on Design and Structural Analysis of Cam Shaft using Solid Works and Ansys in Automobiles. Indian Journal of Science and Technology, 9(36), pp.1-9
Revathi, D., Rao, N.S. and Bhushan, T.V.S.M.R., 2020, October. Analysis of camshaft for straight line six cylinder’s IC engine. In AIP Conference Proceedings (Vol. 2269, No. 1, p. 030024). AIP Publishing LLC
Sosa, J.I.C., Vázquez, M.A.V., Gloria, S.Á. and de la Peña, J.A.L., Arbomex SA de CV, 2019. Manufacturing process of camshaft with functional component as insert of assembly and camshaft obtained with it. U.S. Patent Application 16/316,376
Sosa, J.I.C., Vázquez, M.A.V., Gloria, S.Á. and de la Peña, J.A.L., Arbomex SA de CV, 2019. Manufacturing process of camshaft with functional component as insert of assembly and camshaft obtained with it. U.S. Patent Application 16/316,376
Sung, S.Y., Han, B.S., Kim, S.H., Shin, J.H. and Kim, J.P., Korea Automotive Technology Institute, 2019. Camshaft device and method for manufacturing camshaft device. U.S. Patent 10,480,356
Wallace, S.E., GM Global Technology Operations LLC, 2019. Adjustable camshaft. U.S. Patent Application 15/965,032
Zeyaullah Ansari, M.A. and Ahmed, M.Y., Finite Element Structural Analysis of Automobile Camshaft
Numerous areas of innovation in materials as well as manufacturing of camshaft have been going on. Heat treatments following forming have been established to enhance performance of lobes to increase capacity of load bearing of various lobes. Radical designs with aid of segmented systems as well as hollow shafts are as well undergoing development.
In area of material, powder forged loves have come up as a significant feature of new designs of camshaft mostly low weight as well as hollow tubular systems. The main powder source meal lobes has been from Japan even though fluctuation rates of exchanges have resulted in complication of their use. Still, use of powder pressed and sintered lobe is debatable. Even though its wear resistance is notably superior to traditional steel lobes, surface porosity of lobes appear to result in machining problems. Reducing porosity need to minimize such challenge but attaining porosity reduction needs enhancements performed within compacting systems.
The appropriateness of use of powder metal as well appears to be linked to kind of follower adopted. When adopting a slider follower, the surface porosity might be of benefit as a result of its capability of oil retention resulting in enhancement of surface lubricity. Nevertheless, there has been general tendency of movement away from the slider flowers in direction of roller followers as a result of enhancement fuel economy, lower friction as well as reduced noise in engine (Li and Clever, 2017).
For all cast camshafts, most of production is performed in green sand moulds in as much as some shell moulding is as well adopted. The production of chilled camshaft is attained through casting against iron chills sited about cam nose. Steel camshafts are generally manufactured through forging using subsequent machining which is then followed by operations of hardening. Small production industries are as well established to be machining from solid bar stack in as much as such is relatively scarce (Brandolin et al., 2020).
Chilled grey iron cams tend to be rough ground at first and then finished ground. Harden able grey iron cams tend to be profile milled, induction hardened and thereafter ground to size of finish.
Manufacturing Methods
Casting
Chilled cast iron is mainly used in manufacture of camshaft. The development of automobile industry as well as engine power comes up with greater advanced requirements for the camshaft properties (Wallace, 2019). In process of casting, there are higher chances of casting defects for instance porosity, shrinking defect, cracks as well as inadequate pouring. Nevertheless, for higher loads in roller contact, cast camshaft having induction hardened cam lobes may be adopted.
Forging
Forged or even manufactured form steel bar camshaft is as well applied for given high loaded diesel engines. Such are manufactured on computer-controlled forging systems with integrated treatment of heat or machined from steel bar.
Machining
Machining is needed for giving the camshaft the final dimension. When applying casted or forged CAM, just final machining is needed to attain final size within needed tolerances. In process, casted or even forged CAM are in needed shape and form even though their size is kept by machining as well as finishing operation. In case of use of metal billet, the profile arm of camshaft is attained by removal of excess material from metal billet. In such process, machining is only need for the manufacture of camshaft (Cecchel et al., 2019).
Below is an elaborate explanation of process of mass manufacturing:
Turning and Drilling: The raw forging is inserting in machine and center drilling as well as turning on a single side is performed at such point.
Turning: Turning of six journals occurs at such place. Four tools are used in such turning processes including rough, left, neutral as well as left tool. Still, parting and grooving operation is carried out on the left side of shaft.
Drilling: The machine is used in drilling the diameter of 4.5 dowel hole that is adopted as a reference for further operations.
Grinding Journals: Grinding as well as finish grinding occurs at such point for the six journals. Carborundum wheels are applied in grinding (Sosa et al., 2019).
Grinding on face:- An angular grinding wheel is adopted for the purposes of face grinding operation. Inspection is carried out at such stage after every ten segments with aid of gauges (Kim et al., 2017).
Drill Drove Hole: Grinding of camshaft takes place at such stage. The dowel hole acts as reference in such case.
Lapping: Lapping is performed with aid of lapping paper on the camshaft as well as on the oil sea region to provide a super finish in microns (Anggraeni, Juniani and Rizal, 2018)
Surface treatments
Surface treatments may be isolated into two gatherings, those planned with a short life, and those with a long life. These are regularly alluded to as run-in and wear safe coatings separately.
Running-in coatings
Phosphating is generally manganese phosphate (Mn3 (PO4) 2) covering treatment did by drenching. The cycle may be completed by plunging for around 900 seconds at 80°C to100°C in a shower of phosphoric corrosive as well as fitting phosphates. Such cycle delivers a dainty glasslike surface layer which represses glue wear furthermore, advances wetting as well as spreading of oil on its surface and in such manner is useful if scraping wear is an issue.
Oxidation: Ferrox cycle, planned for use on cylinder rings, creates an oxide covering by treating in steam at a temperature between 300°C to 600°C. Such treatment produces a covering giving protection from glue wear and scraping. The permeable nature of surface is to some degree like phosphating and is additionally liable to add to wetting and spreading of oil film on a superficial level (Hyung-Seok et al., 2020).
Tufftriding is a comparable cycle to Sulfinuz, with nitriding activity quickened by blowing in compacted air. A slender non-weak surface layer of carbon bearing epsilon FeN is delivered. The surface layer is less permeable what’s more, fairly harder (400 Hv to 700 Hv) in comparison with Sulfinuz with no sulfur construct up at surface. The surface geology is fundamentally the same as
Phosphating and Ferrox and advantages may likewise be inferable from such geology.
Acceptance and fire solidifying
Such cycle is utilized to expand surface hardness of dim, nodular what’s more, mouldable cast irons the carbon content is now sufficiently high to shape maternsite.
Camshaft Materials
A wide scope of materials is at present indicated for the creation of camshafts. Cast iron, which is modest and promptly accessible, is a broadly utilized material for huge volume creation, and steel, is utilized to a lesser degree, for the most part for low volume creation. The scope of cast irons utilized incorporate dark, nodular, pliant alongside chilled irons; their microstructures. Dark irons are ordinarily delivered by dome dissolving in Britain and by electric heater measure in America. In two cases essential quality limitation is the microstructure (Revathi et al., 2020).
Graphite pieces are controlled to ASTM detail for their sort and size. In USA a combination of type A and E, size 5 or more modest is typically determined (Dayanç, Karaca and Kumruoğlu, 2019). Irons are likewise produced containing controlled sums of chromium besides molybdenum to get carbides in structure. High phosphorus irons (containing 0.7 wt. %) are additionally utilized which brings a hard phosphide eutectic into network.
Camshafts are made of either steel or even cast iron. The starting material of steel camshafts is the rod material and thereafter precisely machined and hardened inductively on the surface in that order case-hardened. Cast iron camshafts are manufactured through casting an alloy of iron. The steel material applied for manufacture of camshafts tend to different from cast iron with regard to structure of material, mostly the content of carbon which is not more than 2.11%. Using carbon limit above such provided range shifts material to cast iron (Dayanç, Karaca and Kumruoğlu, 2019)
Both materials tend to show differences in structure respectively through the arrangement of atoms within crystal lattice and hence through various toughness as well as hardness. The manufacture of camshafts presents a challenged for precision and accuracy. Laser measurement is used in inspection of shapes of geometry of camshafts. Steel camshafts tend to deal with more mechanical loads in comparison with cast iron camshafts and may be compared to OE camshafts (Metcalf, 2020). Camshafts of hardened cast iron tend to bear harder surfaces even though such does not insinuate they need to be necessarily being having shorter lifespan. Their manufacture tends to be less expensive and they are as well therefore cheaper in long run.
Cast Irons
- Harden able Iron: Such refers to a Grade 17 cast iron having extra 1% chrome for the creation of 5% to 7% free carbide. Upon casting, the materials tends to be flamed or even induction hardened to provide a Rockwell hardness in range of 52 to 56 as measured on the C Scale. Hardened irons are not the most ideal material for the case of performance camshafts in overhead cam engines. Hardenable iron was developed in America in 1930s as part of low cost substitution for steel camshafts and tends to be majorly appropriate for applications in which there tends to be excessive oil meaning the camshafts are running in engine block which are splash-fed from sump.
- Spherical Graphite Cast Iron: Such is also known as SG iron. The material provides similar features to hardenable iron. The major limitation as a camshaft material lies in cast form that tends to be scuffing bearings in extreme conditions. The material would undergo heat treatment to 52 to 58 Rockwell C. Spherical Graphite Cast Iron was first used in 1980s by Fiat (Sung et al., 2019).
- Chilled Chrome Cast Iron: Chilled iron is part of Grade 17 cast iron having 1% chrome. Machined tool moulds the form as well as shape of cam lobe when camshaft is cast within foundry and is incorporate into mould. The iron hardens off quite quickly when poured resulting in cam lobe material forming carbide on the surface of cam lobe (Hyung-Seok et al., 2018). Chilled chrome cast iron is highly resistant to scuff and tends to be the only material for the production of mass OHC performance camshafts.
When making a selection on camshafts that are made from casting iron, it is recommended that enquiries are made into materials that have been used in production of such camshafts. While a chilled iron camshaft might be costly, it tends to be resistant to wear in any weather conditions, and by far exceeds any other kind of cast iron camshaft. Such then means it is advisable that one obtains chilled iron camshaft for his automobiles in order to realize enhance performance, reliability as well as durability (Sosa et al., 2019).
Steel Camshafts
- Carbon Steel-EN8 (BS970 080M40): Such was manly adopted in period between 1930 and 1945 and is at moment adopted in induction hardened camshafts alongside roller cam followers owing to extensive hardening features of material.
- Alloyed Steels- EN351 AISI 8620 & EN34: Used in A series as well as B Series engine and most approved when run against a chilled cam follower.
- Nitriding Steel- EN40B: Such has been rated as the best and most appropriate steel for use in manufacture of camshafts. It provides a surface hardness as well as finish that are similar to that of chilled iron when nitrided. Nitriding Steel is used when substituting chilled iron especially in sports or competition engines (Dahuri et al., 2018). Nitriding Steel is used on numerous of contemporary F1 engines.
Generally, steel is among the good and appropriate materials for the camshafts. The type of steel nevertheless has to be matched with cam follower with which it is to turn against as various grades of steel have various scuff characteristics.
References
Abd Halim Bin Mahat, M.H., Saleh, B. and Fauthan, M.A.B., 2018. Investigation and Failure Analysis for Camshaft
Anggraeni, I., Juniani, A.I. and Rizal, M.C., 2018, December. Penentuan Critical Waste pada Produksi Camshaft Menuju Lean Manufacturing Process. In Proceedings Conference on Design Manufacture Engineering and its Application (Vol. 2, No. 1, pp. 247-250)
Bansal, R. and Batish, A.G., 2017. Improvements in Design and Manufacturing of Camshafts for High HP Engines (Doctoral dissertation)
Brandolin, M.A., Williamson, R.W. and Franklin, M.W., Koyo Bearings North America LLC, 2020. Camshaft follower mechanism. U.S. Patent Application 16/741,102
Cecchel, S., Ferrario, D., Mondini, C., Montani, M. and Previtali, B., 2019. Application of Laser Metal Deposition for a New Model of Assembled Camshaft. Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance, 28(12), pp.7756-7767
Dahuri, S.M., Subri, N.H.A. and Noor, N.M., 2018. Stress Analysis of Engine Camshaft from Light Metal
Dahuri, S.M., Subri, N.H.A. and Noor, N.M., 2018. Stress Analysis of Engine Camshaft from Light Metal
Dayanç, A., Karaca, B. and Kumruoğlu, L.C., 2019. Improvement of Tribological Properties of Steel Camshaft by Plasma Nitriding. Acta Physica Polonica, A., 135(4)
Hyung-Seok, K.W.A.K., Jin-Hyeon, L.E.E., Kim, G.B. and Yeong-Cheol, J.O., Hyundai Motor Co and Kia Motors Corp, 2018. End piece for camshaft and method of manufacturing the same. U.S. Patent Application 15/818,594
Hyung-Seok, K.W.A.K., Jin-Hyeon, L.E.E., Kim, G.B. and Yeong-Cheol, J.O., Hyundai Motor Co and Kia Motors Corp, 2020. End piece for camshaft. U.S. Patent Application 16/923,019
Kavuri, P. and Ashok, D., 2018. Fracture, Fatigue Growth Rate And Vibration Analysis Of Camshaft In Railways
Kim, Y.K., Park, Y.S., Song, J.H., Kang, K.H. and Song, J.H., Seojincam Co Ltd, 2017. Concentric Camshaft and Method of Manufacturing Rotatable Cam and Fixed Cam for Concentric Camshaft. U.S. Patent Application 15/324,410
Li, H. and Clever, G.E., GM Global Technology Operations LLC, 2017. Method of manufacturing a sliding camshaft. U.S. Patent 9,828,650
Ma, J., Yang, L., Liu, J., Chen, Z. and He, Y., Evaluating the quality of assembled camshafts under pulsating hydroforming. Journal of Manufacturing Processes, 61, pp.69-82
Maksum, H., Purwanto, W., Putra, M.A. and Hasan, H., 2019. Analysis of Effect of Using Camshaft Racing on Power and Torque in Motorcycle
Metcalf, R.L., GM Global Technology Operations LLC, 2020. Sliding camshaft and method of manufacturing. U.S. Patent Application 16/222,079
Nitish, M.G. and Sangamesh, M., 2018. Geometrical Modelling and Analysis of Two Wheeler Camshaft by using Finite Element Method
Ragul, G., Kalivarathan, G., Jayakumar, V., Maruthur, P., Jacob, I. and Kumar, S.N., 2016. An Analytical Investigation on Design and Structural Analysis of Cam Shaft using Solid Works and Ansys in Automobiles. Indian Journal of Science and Technology, 9(36), pp.1-9
Revathi, D., Rao, N.S. and Bhushan, T.V.S.M.R., 2020, October. Analysis of camshaft for straight line six cylinder’s IC engine. In AIP Conference Proceedings (Vol. 2269, No. 1, p. 030024). AIP Publishing LLC
Sosa, J.I.C., Vázquez, M.A.V., Gloria, S.Á. and de la Peña, J.A.L., Arbomex SA de CV, 2019. Manufacturing process of camshaft with functional component as insert of assembly and camshaft obtained with it. U.S. Patent Application 16/316,376
Sosa, J.I.C., Vázquez, M.A.V., Gloria, S.Á. and de la Peña, J.A.L., Arbomex SA de CV, 2019. Manufacturing process of camshaft with functional component as insert of assembly and camshaft obtained with it. U.S. Patent Application 16/316,376
Sung, S.Y., Han, B.S., Kim, S.H., Shin, J.H. and Kim, J.P., Korea Automotive Technology Institute, 2019. Camshaft device and method for manufacturing camshaft device. U.S. Patent 10,480,356
Wallace, S.E., GM Global Technology Operations LLC, 2019. Adjustable camshaft. U.S. Patent Application 15/965,032
Zeyaullah Ansari, M.A. and Ahmed, M.Y., Finite Element Structural Analysis of Automobile Camshaft1498481 Zeyaullah Ansari, M.A. and Ahmed, M.Y., Finite Element Structural Analysis of Automobile Camshaft
Zeyaullah Ansari, M.A. and Ahmed, M.Y., Finite Element Structural Analysis of Automobile Camshaft
