| Full Cite | Abstract | Theory/Findings |
| Bednar, S., Gicheva, D., & Link, A. N. (2019). Innovative activity and gender dynamics. Small Business Economics, 1-9. | We explore the innovative performance of firms resulting from their Phase II Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) research-funded projects in terms of the gender dynamics of the firms. Using commercialization as the relevant performance metric, we find that Phase II projects led by a female principal investigator (PI) have greater probability of being commercialized in female-owned firms than in male-owned firms. This result is consistent with the findings from other settings that females tend to perform better when working under a female supervisor. | |
| Business, S. Assisting Small Business Clients in Obtaining Funds. | In this article has been analyzed the development of investment funds, which are the main factor of the country’s financial market. In particular, the factors influencing the number of investment funds and the volume of assets in the US were discussed, an author’sconclusion was worked out. The tendencies of development of investment funds in the European countries have been analyzed. In addition, the author proposed recommendations on the development of household activity in the stock market | |
| Belz, A., & Zapatero, F. (2019). Impact of Government Grants on Venture Capital Funding of Deep Technology University Spinoffs. Mutual Funds. | Because both scientific research and startups contribute strongly to major economic outcomes, university spinoffs (USOs) have been the subject of great interest and new policies. Unfortunately, prior research on early steps as firms coalesce and make their first decisions has been sparse, in part because of the difficulty of identifying USOs at the time that the firm launches. We use a dataset of participating academic entrepreneurs identified through the National Science Foundation Innovation Corps (“I-Corps”) program to study newly formed USOs. We find a firm formation rate of roughly 60%; of those, roughly 2/3 apply for an SBIR award. We find that few of these firms migrate from the region of their home universities, negating the idea of a “brain drain” following experiential entrepreneurship training, and those that do move do not experience greater success in raising venture capital (VC). While a single SBIR award does not predict VC success, two or more SBIR awards generate an average marginal effect of 50% on the likelihood of raising venture capital. | |
| Carioscia, S. A., Linck, E., Crane, K., & Lal, B. (2019). Assessment of the Utility of a Government Strategic Investment Fund for Space. New Space, 7(4), 215-222. | A robust private sector in space can be instrumental in achieving major space policy goals, such as those promoted by the U.S. Government: fostering private space markets and reducing the cost and time required for the government to develop and procure space systems. Meeting these goals will likely require increased government attention to the challenges facing the private sector, as well as potential implementation of new or underutilized regulatory, policy, and economic mechanisms. This article focuses on a government strategic investment fund as a potential economic mechanism, which would make equity investments in companies pursuing activities of interest to the government, and offers examples of past and current funds both in the United States and internationally. This article then assesses the utility of such a fund in addressing the challenges with meeting these 2 policy goals; these challenges were identified through a literature review and interviews with >60 space experts, economists, and other stakeholders. We identified 5 major challenges to fostering the growth of private space markets and 4 challenges to reducing government costs and accelerating the development and procurement of space systems. Our analysis concludes that although a government strategic investment fund may be useful in select scenarios, it will not most effectively address the current challenges. | , we identified 5 main challenges related to fostering the growth of private space markets: 1. Insufficient or unproven demand for products and services inhibits upfront private investment. 2. Lack of commonality between government and private market requirements makes products more expensive than needed. 3. High costs of testing and evaluation prevent companies from bringing products to market. 4. Government funding timelines are not aligned with private approaches, making government support less useful. 5. Capital markets are not sufficient to encourage funding for promising ideas in space. Through the same process, we identified 4 challenges to reducing government costs and accelerating the development and procurement of space systems: 1. Cost-plus contracting increases costs, lengthens development times, and reduces incentives to innovate on cost. 2. Requirements for optimal solutions can lead to the exclusion of lower cost but ‘‘good enough’’ solutions. 3. Contracting requirements may discourage innovative nontraditional companies from submitting bids. 4. Insufficient demand for products from specialized suppliers makes products unnecessarily expensive. |
| Chatterji, A. K. (2018). The Main Street Fund: Investing in an Entrepreneurial Economy. Hamilton Project Policy Proposal, (2018-09). | The main objective of this study is to describe ethe importance of enterpreneurship on country’s economy. Different kinds of strategies which have been taken to help the economy grow have been discussed in this research paper. Due to observations, the Federal government would provide funds for any state that diverts money from its traditional economic incentives to invest in the foundations of a more competitive economy.Funding and new management training system have also been introduced for the new business holders and the new enterpreneurs. | For this research proposal, the findings may be termed as follows. It has been checked whether the states which have been selected are the right partners of the Main Street Fund or not. Whether reduction in state business incentives will put the United States at a competitive disadvantage relative to other countries, this fact was observed also. Another important finding was to see what are the factors which will prevent the states from misclassifying their incentives under Main Street Fund. |
| Dutta, S., Folta, T. B., & Rodrigues, J. (2020). DOES GOVERNMENT FUND THE BEST ENTREPRENEURIAL VENTURES? THE CASE OF THE SMALL BUSINESS INNOVATION RESEARCH PROGRAM. Academy of Management Discoveries, (ja). | Policy makers around the world are interested to increase the power of entrepreneurship and often develop government programs designed to do so. Whether governments can effectively identify and reward the most promising ventures is a topic of considerable debate. The selection capabilities of the largest such government program in the United States – The Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) grant was examined in this research paper. No prior work has systematically evaluated whether SBIR prioritizes the most promising technical and commercial ventures. We are able to do so by exploiting a quasi-natural experiment made possible by the sudden release of additional funds through the American Reinvestment and Recovery Act (ARRA). Therefore, it may be said that different effects of entrepreneurship and business on the economy of the country. | The U.S. Department of Energy’s clean energy initiative was created in 2005, but remained unfunded until 2009 when it received financing as part of the American Recovery and Reinvestment (also known as the Stimulus) Act. The Saudi government has spent many tens of billions of dollars seeking to promote venture capital activity in the Kingdom.5 These have included a wide variety of regulatory reforms and global venture capital investments. These were the findings and theories. |
| Gaster, R., Swearingen, W., Peterson, J., & Wallner, M. (2019). Estimating Outcomes and Impacts from Innovation Programs: The Case of Air Force and Navy SBIR/STTR Programs. Technology & Innovation, 21(1), 49-61. | The Air Force and Navy recently commissioned economic impact studies of their Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) and Small Business Technology Transfer (STTR) programs, which provide funding to U.S. small businesses to promote technological innovation. The studies focused on Phase II contracts completed during the 2000 to 2013 period. These were the first comprehensive economic impact surveys of any federal agency SBIR/STTR programs. The studies provided conclusive information on the outcomes of well over 90% of the Phase II contracts. IMPLAN software was applied to company survey results to estimate overall impacts on the U.S. economy. Analysis revealed that both programs have had impressive national economic impacts. However, these studies significantly understate their contribution to the national economy because a substantial portion of the total economic outcomes will occur in the future | In this part, past data have been used to estimate the future trends. Market demands are the most important thing t look into. In this research paper, the topics which would be reaching the market more. By different kinds of statistical methods like regression model and time series model fitting, the profits have been estimated. The amount of sales from the project which was being expected to meet the market demand was also estimated. |
| Giga, A., Graddy-Reed, A., Belz, A., Terrile, R., & Zapatero, F. (2019). Helping the little guy: The impact of government awards on small technology firms. Available at SSRN 3054809. | The Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) program provides federally funded research awards to companies with 500 or fewer employees. We explore the differential effects of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration SBIR program on firms of various sizes on their future patenting activity. Using propensity score matching, we construct comparable samples of selected and non-selected Phase II SBIR applicants by firm size. We then estimate the effect of selection for the matched sample on the probability of forward patent activity and conditional on any forward patenting, the count of patents within three years of the proposal. While firms with fewer than 10 employees, are least likely to patent, their probability of patenting is positively affected by receiving a Phase II award. We find no corresponding increase for larger firms. Nor do we find any evidence that a Phase II award impacts the conditional number of forward patents in the three years following the award. These data suggest that the Phase II award serves to advance the smallest teams “over the hump” to creating a potential source of competitive advantage. | In this research programme, positive effects of the SBIR programme have been shown. Using a data base provided by NASA, it has been studied how different innovations have been increased by using different tools and methods. By using proper methodologies, it has been shown that phase II award winners are more likely to be patent. |
| Gray, D., McGowen, L., Michaelis, T. L., Leonchuk, O., & Rivers, D. (2020). A policy mix experiment to promote start-up success: exploratory evaluation of the NSF Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR)/Industry University Cooperative Research Center (IUCRC) membership supplement. The Journal of Technology Transfer, 1-37. | This paper investigates the outcomes of a policy experiment, the NSF SBIR/IUCRC Membership Supplement, designed to promote the success of small high-tech entrepreneurial ventures by providing subsidized memberships in university-based cooperative research centers (IUCRCs). Data collected via semi-structured interviews with representatives of 61 Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) firms indicated that SBIR firms who used the supplement to join an IUCRC reported multiple R&D benefits including research cost avoidance, research savings, and access to expensive equipment. A vast majority of SBIR firms also reported realizing or anticipated realizing commercial benefits (e.g., new investors, new products, and improvements to existing products). As suggested by social capital theory, SBIR firms reported that the policy mix experiment helped them make new connections with faculty and industry. | |
| Gustetic, J. L., Askey, D., Burkland, Z. J., Cordrey, A. B., Feinberg, M., Kvaternik, K., … & Ranaviraja, I. (2019). Making NASA More Business Friendly: A Small Business Innovation Research and Small Business Technology TransferCase Study. New Space 7(3), 151-178 | This paper investigates the outcomes of a policy experiment, the NSF SBIR/IUCRC Membership Supplement, designed to promote the success of small high-tech entrepreneurial ventures by providing subsidized memberships in university-based cooperative research centers (IUCRCs). Data collected via semi-structured interviews with representatives of 61 Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) firms indicated that SBIR firms who used the supplement to join an IUCRC reported multiple R&D benefits including research cost avoidance, research savings, and access to expensive equipment. A vast majority of SBIR firms also reported realizing or anticipated realizing commercial benefits (e.g., new investors, new products, and improvements to existing products). As suggested by social capital theory, SBIR firms reported that the policy mix experiment helped them make new connections with faculty and industry. Following our qualitative results, a structural equation model was applied to test the effect of social capital as an antecedent of SBIR firm R&D and commercialization outcomes. Results suggested that the SBIR firms who developed more social capital through interactions with faculty and industry members realized significantly more R&D and commercialization benefits. Further, commercialization benefits mediated the relationship between social capital and the SBIR firm’s perceived return on investment. | |
| Joshi, A. M., Inouye, T. M., & Robinson, J. A. (2018). How does agency workforce diversity influence Federal R&D funding of minority and women technology entrepreneurs? An analysis of the SBIR and STTR programs, 2001–2011. Small Business Economics, 50(3), 499-519. | SBIR and provide federal research and grants to technology ventures. A positive association has been found between agency workforce diversity and Phase II funding for Phase I guarantees, but the factors minority and women technology entrepreneurs are less likely to receive this funding than their non-minority and male counterparts. Agencies valuing the factors workforce ethnic diversity or leveraging gender homophily positively as these factors influence the likelihood of women technology entrepreneurs obtaining Phase II funding. Evidence based policies and profits have been discussed in this research paper. | |
| Lewis, C. R. (2017). Post-reauthorization SBIR technology infusion and commercialization. | ||
| Mann, J., Loveridge, S., & Miller, S. Factors Influencing Selection of Minority-and Woman-owned Firms for SBIR Awards. | The Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) program is entering its 35th year, and has issued over 150,000 awards totaling nearly $44 billion. Most literature on the SBIR program is primarily focused on three of the four program priorities, summarized here as: (1) stimulating innovation; (2) increasing private sector commercialization from federal R&D; and (3) meeting federal R&D needs. However, we identified and discussed the handful of recent studies that considered the remaining priority area, fostering participation in innovation and entrepreneurship by woman and socially and economically disadvantaged persons. Building on this second body of literature, we empirically examine regional influences on minority-owned and woman-owned firms that got SBIR awards relative to the base firm type, white, male-owned firms. We developed a “revealed choice” modeling framework, where agencies that participate in the SBIR program make award decisions based on range of factors that include regional, geographic, and demographics factors. For our empirical specification, we constructed a multinomial logistic regression panel model that includes a spillover term, and report the average particle effects (APE). Three sets of results are highlighted in the summary and conclusion. First, there is variation across agencies in terms of selecting different firm types for SBIR awards, which is consistent with the prior literature we reviewed. Next, regional factors appear to only influence phase I award selection under our revealed-choice framework. Finally, spillovers and knowledge flows appear more important for minority-owned and woman-owned firms in terms of getting SBIR awards, and compared to base firms. | |
| McGill, K., & Turner, E. (2020). Return on Investment Analysis of Private Sector Facilitation Funds for Rwandan Agribusinesses. RTI Press, 16651. | This study analyzes the return on investment for an agribusiness facilitation fund implemented in Rwanda.In this study, project monitoring data has been combined with supplementary surveys and interviews of recipient agricultural businesses. A positive return on investment was found in terms of farmer income generated per dollar spent by the US government. To determine the commercial viability of the investments, we estimate the payback period and find the median time it will take a firm to recoup the entire investment through profits is 3.7 years. We estimate the net present value of the entire fund portfolio to be $12.5 million. | |
| Narayanan, D., & Weingarten, M. (2018). An Introduction to the National Institutes of Health SBIR/STTR Programs. In Medical Innovation (pp. 87-100). Academic Press. | In this article, information about how the program is managed at NIH, eligibility criteria, application and review process and elements of a successful application have been provided. It has also been describde how the NIH incorporates both funding and non-funding resources to reduce the barriers to commercialize and accelerate the translation of technologies to the clinic which are present in the country. | |
| Narayanan, D., Canaria, C. A., Pond, M., & Weingarten, M. (2019). Engaging SBIR Resources for Development of Surgical Innovations in Oncology. In Success in Academic Surgery: Innovation and Entrepreneurship (pp. 195-204). Springer, Cham. | Funding and non-funding resources arre being provided by the devolopment centre SBIR which has been targetted at translating technologies to the clinic to help cancer patients and providers. In this article, the analysis has been done on the cancer patients in the years 2009nto 2018 and different technique which were adopted were observed. | |
| National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. (2020). Review of the SBIR and STTR Programs at the Department of Energy. National Academies Press. | The integration of immigrants into their host societies is one of the most salient and controversial issues in many Western countries. Both the European refugee crisis in 2015 and the American presidential elections in 2016 positioned the topic of immigration at the center of political and public discourse. Unfortunately, participants in these debates frequently lack factual evidence to support their claims and tend to base their reasoning on emotional grounds instead. Reliable data derived from scientific research is therefore strongly needed. | An interesting feature of the analysis concerns the spatial dimension of integration (Chapter 5). While the metropolitan areas of traditional gateway states (e.g. New York, Texas, California) still remain significant targets for immigration, the post1965 ‘new immigration’ trends show an increased orientation towards new states (e.g. Alabama, Nebraska, South Carolina), as well as towards rural areas; the latter especially in the case of Latin American immigrants. The positive outcome of leaving traditional enclaves – where cultural and institutional support is ensured – is exit from segregated areas and the discovery of new opportunities, indicating that ‘social and spatial mobility presumably go hand in hand’ (p. 209). However, the lack of institutional support and the higher probability of encountering anti-immigrant attitudes in the new destinations are among the risk factors.An interesting feature of the analysis concerns the spatial dimension of integration (Chapter 5). While the metropolitan areas of traditional gateway states (e.g. New York, Texas, California) still remain significant targets for immigration, the post1965 ‘new immigration’ trends show an increased orientation towards new states (e.g. Alabama, Nebraska, South Carolina), as well as towards rural areas; the latter especially in the case of Latin American immigrants. The positive outcome of leaving traditional enclaves – where cultural and institutional support is ensured – is exit from segregated areas and the discovery of new opportunities, indicating that ‘social and spatial mobility presumably go hand in hand’ (p. 209). However, the lack of institutional support and the higher probability of encountering anti-immigrant attitudes in the new destinations are among the risk factors. |
| Packard, K., Goodman, D., & Whittington, J. (2016). NASA Johnson Space Center Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) Successes, Infusion and Commercializations and Potential International Partnering Opportunities. | Many SBIR/STTR successes have flown on Space Shuttle missions, Space X Dragons, and other spacecraft. By proposing new jobs on their websites, portals and all, the company has commercialized their own profit. In addition, this paper will explore the opportunity for international partnership with US SBIR/STTR companies as up to 49% of the makeup of the company is not required to be American owned. In this paper, these things have been discussed. | Success have been large and small in scale. They have been complex systems and amazing firsts. They have expanded our knowledge and technical expertise, and some have been integral to the safety of crewmembers. NASA needs to afford attention to the obstacles preventing these successes from becoming public. While NASA as a whole has encouraged international partnering over the past two decades, the SBIR program would be strengthened by allowing for more foreign partnership opportunities. Addressing these concerns is good for the continuing health of NASA SBIR. |
| Packard, K., Goodman, D., & Whittington, J. (2016, July). NASA Johnson Space Center (JSC) Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) Successes, Infusions and Commercializations and Potential International Partnering Opportunities. 46th International Conference on Environmental Systems. | Space Shuttle missions, Space X Dragons, and other spacecraft have helped in SBIR successes. By proposing new jobs on their websites, portals and all, the company has commercialized their own profit. In addition, this paper will explore the opportunity for international partnership with US SBIR/STTR companies as up to 49% of the makeup of the company is not required to be American owned. In this paper, these things have been discussed. | Success have been large and small in scale. They have been complex systems and amazing firsts. They have expanded our knowledge and technical expertise, and some have been integral to the safety of crewmembers. NASA needs to afford attention to the obstacles preventing these successes from becoming public. While NASA as a whole has encouraged international partnering over the past two decades, the SBIR program would be strengthened by allowing for more foreign partnership opportunities. Addressing these concerns is good for the continuing health of NASA SBIR.Success have been large and small in scale. They have been complex systems and amazing firsts. They have expanded our knowledge and technical expertise, and some have been integral to the safety of crewmembers. NASA needs to afford attention to the obstacles preventing these successes from becoming public. While NASA as a whole has encouraged international partnering over the past two decades, the SBIR program would be strengthened by allowing for more foreign partnership opportunities. Addressing these concerns is good for the continuing health of NASA SBIR. |
| Padmore, E. W., & McMahon, M. J. (2019). Fostering Diversity and Inclusion in the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute’s Small Business Program. Ethnicity & disease, 29(Suppl 1), 71. | The National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute has developed a strategic approach to fostering diversity and inclusion of the busines holders and the share holders in the market. The three central goals of the approach can be written as : 1) Increase awareness of NHLBI’s support for small businesses; 2) Identify and eliminate barriers to entry into small business funding programs and entrepreneurial activities for minority and female applicants through specific, targeted training and support; and 3) Expand diversity and inclusivity within the business networks and make space for the small business owners and the entrepreneurs. | The diversity in different kinds of medicines and translational research and medicines has been evaluated in this part. History of a small business program, like how the program may be bulit, how profit may be made in business and the other facators which may influence a business have been discussed theere. Gender diversity and the diversity in inclusion strategy framework has also been disvussed in this topic. |
| Pattni, K., Saladino, C., & Brown, W. E. (2020). Small Business Innovation Research & Small Business Technology Transfer Programs in Nevada. | In this paper, it is being highlighted how Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) and Small Business Technology Transfer Programs (STTR) operate in Nevada. The data is drawn from the Small Business Administration (SBA) website. | In this paper, I has been shown how SBIR and STTR funding cases are issued in different areas and how they are havibg different phases. Number of STTR and sBIR awards in different places like Nevada, Arizona, Colorado and other places. |
| Rao, G. N., Williams, J. R., Walsh, M., & Moore, J. (2017). America’s seed fund: How the SBIR/STTR programs help enable catalytic growth and technological advances. Technology & Innovation, 18(4), 315-318. | In order for America to maintain its innovative and technological competitive advantage, it is imperative that current policy design favor high growth formation through the catalytic means of institutional financing. With the help of geology, artificial intelligence, internet things and other aspects, the american company have started to make their profit. | The maian finding here in this project was different sectors were helping the economy ti grow and aiantain its profit percentage. How innovative ideas different innivations are helping public policies, that aso haave been shown. |
| Rao, G. N., Williams, J. R., Walsh, M., & Moore, J. (2017). America’s seed fund: How the SBIR/STTR programs help enable catalytic growth and technological advances. Technology & Innovation, 18(4), 315-318. | In order for America to maintain its innovative and technological competitive advantage, it is imperative that current policy design favor high growth formation through the catalytic means of institutional financing. With the help of geology, artificial intelligence, internet things and other aspects, the american company have started to make their profit. | The maian finding here in this project was different sectors were helping the economy ti grow and aiantain its profit percentage. |
| Smith, D. (2020). The Effects of Federal Research and Development Subsidies on Firm Commercialization Behavior. Research Policy, 49(7), 104003. | This paper deals with the longer term causal impact of federal research and development subsidies on firms’ behavior of commercialization. The time which has been considered here is 14 years. The data of the small firms which applied to the Advanced Technology Program (ATP) competitions was taken from 1998 to 2000. A variant of the research design had been designed by Hackman in 1979 which allows for selection bias to be controlled for. Commercialization behavior is operationalized as the number of new product announcements related to the technology a firm mentions in its ATP proposals and research. | |
| Standaert, T., & Manigart, S. (2018). Government as fund-of-fund and VC fund sponsors: effect on employment in portfolio companies. Small Business Economics, 50(2), 357-373. | The economical and financial inflluence of the small busines companies in a bigger economy has been shown in this research article. The external investors were also present in this kind of investment, which were selected by the government fund-of-fund. The employment portfolio of 108 different companies have been shown in this research paper. | In this paper, the impact of hybrid early stage VC funds on employment growth in their portfolio companies was investigated mainly. Focusing on employment growth, as this is one of the main goals of most government VC programs was the main purpose. In particular, the main objetive was to differentiate between investments made by hybrid independent VC funds, hybrid captive VC funds, and hybrid government VC funds. |
| Van Norman, G. A., & Eisenkot, R. (2017). Technology transfer: from the research bench to commercialization: part 2: the commercialization process. JACC: Basic to Translational Science, 2(2), 197-208. | Technology transfer (TT) encompasses a variety of activities that move academic discoveries into the public sector. Part 1 of this 2-part series explored steps in acquisition of intellectual property (IP) rights (e.g., patents and copyrights). Part 2 focuses on processes of commercialization, including the technology transfer office, project development toward commercialization, and licensing either through the establishment of startup companies (venture capital–backed or otherwise) or directly to industry. In private industry, TT often occurs through the sale of IP, products, or services, but in universities, the majority of TT occurs through the licensing of IP. | In this study, ;number of patients, cumulative number of patients till the year 2012, different questionnaire which were asked in the unversity level were listed and studied in this part. The main objective of this part was to find out the effeciveness of different activities in the academic discoveries. |
| Yigitcanlar, T., Sabatini-Marques, J., da-Costa, E. M., Kamruzzaman, M., & Ioppolo, G. (2019). Stimulating technological innovation through incentives: Perceptions of Australian and Brazilian firms. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 146, 403-412. | Innovation has been the main driver of economic growth as it plays an increasingly central role in firm performance. Incentivising innovation by governments is essential to stimulate investment by companies, covering part of their R&D costs, and minimising their financial risks. There is, however, limited understanding of how innovation incentives are perceived by the companies. This paper examines the perceptions of technology firms, and the views of key actors about public incentive schemes for innovation in Australia and Brazil. The study finds that: (a) Direct incentives are perceived as critical for increasing innovation capabilities of firms; (b) Where tax incentive and infrastructure development schemes are the most preferred incentive programs among the firms; (c) However, despite the former two findings, effectiveness of existing incentive programs has been marginal in fostering innovation significantly in the studied countries. These findings imply that Australian and Brazilian governments should further focus on the design, promotion, and delivery methods of the innovation support mechanisms | This research applied a case study method for the empirical investigation. The method was considered appropriate for this research because it allows to define the topic more broadly (i.e., to identify the perception of technology firms) by taking into account contextual issues in each case and relying on multiple sources of evidence (Yin, 2011). The two most common approaches of case study research include inductive approach based on the Grounded Theory (Glaser & Strauss, 1967) and deductive/testing approach (Yin, 2003). The basic difference between the approaches is that while the Grounded Theory relies on data to generate new theories (there is no initial preconceived framework of concepts and hypotheses), the other approach develops a theory at the beginning of the research and focuses on testing and validating the theory in case settings. Another approach proposed by Eisenhardt (1989) lies in-between these two approaches—i.e., aligns with the Grounded Theory approach—that is inductive, but there are elements that follow a more planned approach. Given the rich literature on the role of incentives on innovation, this research follows the deductive approach to test the perceptions of technology firms on innovation incentives. |
| 1.Lazarsfeld and Merton (1954, p. 23) wrote: “Perhaps we shall be allowed, therefore, to summarize the fifteen-word phrase, ‘a tendency for friendships to form between those who are alike in some designated respect’ by the single word homophily …”. 2.More detailed discussions of the history of the SBIR program are in Link and Scott (2012) and Leyden and Link (2015). 3.To be eligible for an SBIR award, the firm must be: organized and operated for profit, with a place of business in the United States, which operates primarily within the United States or which makes a significant contribution to the U.S. economy through payment of taxes or use of American products, materials, or labor; more than 50% owned and controlled by one or more individuals who are citizens or permanent resident aliens of the United States; and has not more than 500 employees, including affiliates. Eleven agencies currently participate in the SBIR program: the Environmental Protection Agency, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, the National Science Foundation, and the Departments of Agriculture, Commerce, Defense, Education, Energy, Health and Human Services (which includes the National Institutes of Health), Transportation, and, most recently, Homeland Security. 4.When the SBIR program was reauthorized in 1992, this purpose statement was changed to read: “to provide for enhanced outreach efforts to increase the participation of socially and economically disadvantaged small business concerns, and the participation of small businesses that are 51% owned and controlled by women.” The data that we analyze below are for the years 1992 through 2010. There is not, however, and increasing trend in the percent of Phase II awards to women-owned firms over this time period. These results are available from the authors on request. 5.Currently, Phase I awards generally do not exceed $150,000 for six months. 6.Currently, Phase II awards generally do not exceed $1,000,000 for two years. 7.See Leyden and Link (2015) for a chronological history of the reauthorization of the SBIR program. 8.The Small Business Technology Transfer Act of 1992 established the STTR program. The STTR program is modeled after the SBIR program, and it has the following goal, as stated in the 1992 Act: “[T]o facilitate the transfer of technology developed by a research institution through the entrepreneurship of a small business concern.” 9.The data from the 2005 NIH survey are fully described in National Research Council (2009), and the data from the 2014 NIH survey are fully described in National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (2015). 10.To the best of our knowledge, ours is the first paper to examine statistically any of the 2014 data collected by the NRC. 11.Others (e.g., Siegel and Wessner, 2012; Audretsch and Link, 2018) have examined various output measures, such as patents or publications, associated with a SBIR-funded Phase II project using data from the 2005 NRC survey. We refrain from referring to such output measures as performance measures or even success measures because they are not a legislatively-defined purposeful outputs from a Phase II project. Our performance measure of commercialization is directly related to purpose statement (4) of the SBIR program as noted above. 12.We do not know if there was a female PI involved in any of the previous Phase II awards. |
