POLITICS OF MUGHAL EMPIRE

QUESTION

University of South Australia            School of Electrical and Information Engineering
EEET 2043 Analogue and Digital Electronic Fundamentals  2012sp2
Practical 3: FET circuits
1. Aim
The aim of this practical is to investigate two applications of FET devices, their use as an amplifier
and their use as a switch. The STP36NF06 NMOSFET is used in the hardware part of this practical
session. This is a 60V, 30A switching device. The datasheets are linked to this prac on learnonline
web page for this subject. Unfortunately Multisim does not have this device, but the IRFZ34N is
very similar.

2. Simulation
Use the first hour of the practical session to simulate all the circuits shown in Figures 1 to 4 on the
following pages. The measurements of voltage and current obtained from these simulations and the
calculated values resulting from them will be used to compare with the corresponding measured
results obtained in part 2 of this practical session.
Screen grabs can be used to record the sketches of the waveforms. Allow space in your prac. book
to insert them.

2.1. FET Amplifier
The FET amplifier shown in figure 1 is required. The amplifier is required to operate from a 15V
supply. For stability, the DC voltage across R2 is required to be about 1V and to obtain a large
voltage swing, an quiescent voltage of 8V is required at the drain of the FET. A 10 mA quiescent
current is required through the FET. Calculate the resistor values R1 and R2 which satisfy these
conditions. (Use the nearest standard resistor values in your circuit).

V1
20 V
1µF
V2
1 Vpk
1kHz
0°
C1
R4

Figure 1. MOS FET amplifier.
R1
R2R3
Vd=11V
Q1
IRFZ34N
Vs=1.5V
Practical 3: FET Circuits Page 1 of 4
University of South Australia            School of Electrical and Information Engineering
EEET 2043 Analogue and Digital Electronic Fundamentals  2012sp2
Use Multisim to plot the VI characteristic of the FET and hence determine the value of V

required to obtain the required quiescent voltage and current. (Insert the VI trace in your lab book).
Use a 100kΩ resistor for R4 and calculate the resistance required for R3 to obtain the desired gate
voltage. Use the nearest standard value in your circuit.
Set the amplitude of the signal source to 0.1mV and compare the measured voltages and current
with the design values.
Observe the drain voltage and increase the signal source amplitude until just after clipping of the
drain voltage occurs. Change R3 to using standard resistor values to check if the maximum output
amplitude can be increased. Using these optimized values, record the input and output waveforms
just before and just after clipping. What is the voltage gain at in input voltage half of that which
causes clipping. Use that input level for all the subsequent tests.
Vary the frequency of the signal source and find the upper and lower bandwidth frequencies
(where the output power is reduced to half, i.e. the voltage gain drops by 1/ √2).

2.2. FET Switch

Figure 2. MOS FET Switch.
Wire up the MOS FET as a switch. Note R3 provides a discharge for any static charge on the gate
and is required in the hardware part of the practical session, to protect the FET. For the simulation
it is required to match the hardware.
For the Drain voltage, determine the rise and fall times (10% to 90% of final values) and the
propagation delay (time to 50% of the final value). Note you may need to change the clock
frequency in order to be able to determine these values.

V1
15 V
V2
1kHz
10 V
R3
100kΩ
R1
4.7kΩ
Q1
IRFZ34N
X1
Probe
Practical 3: FET Circuits Page 2 of 4
gs
University of South Australia            School of Electrical and Information Engineering
EEET 2043 Analogue and Digital Electronic Fundamentals  2012sp2
3. Hardware Design and Measurement
WARNING MOS FET devices have a very high input impedance and can be damaged by
static electricity. Always protect your FET by firstly using a static protected workbench and
secondly to always have a resistor between the gate and source of the FET. (Note some FET’s
include protection diodes to prevent damage). If you wear Nylon or silk underwear, (which
can cause high static voltages) have your prac partner handle the FET’s. When changing R3,
switch off the power supply and first insert the new value of R3, before removing the old
resistor. That minimises the chance of FET damage.
Set the laboratory power supply to the 15V required and set the current limit to 50 mA to minimise
damage due errors. Set the oscilloscope to DC for measuring the Gate, Source and drain voltages.

3.1. FET Amplifier
Using the curve tracer, determine the VI characteristic of your FET. Note how the values obtained
differs from the ones used in Multisim and what changes would you expect that to have on the
amplifier that you simulated using Figure 1.
Using breadboard build the circuits of Figure1, using the resistor values that resulted in the
optimum output voltage swing in the simulation. Measure the gate, drain and source quiescent
voltages and compare that with the simulated values.
If needed change R3 to obtain the maximum output voltage swing. Measure and record the
corresponding relevant (Drain, Source, Gate) voltages.
Comment of your results in comparison with the simulation.
Change the frequency of the signal generator to determine the upper and lower bandwidth
frequencies. (If those frequencies are above or below the frequency range of the signal generator
note that in your prac book).

3.2. FET Switch
Wire up the circuit of Figure 2 and note the behaviour of the FET as a switch and if possible
determine the rise and fall times and the propagation delay. Comment of your results in
comparison with the simulation.

4. Logbook
Your logbook will be assessed based on the following sections.
Preparation (20%), Simulation (20%), Hardware Measurements (40%), Comments and
Practical 3: FET Circuits Page 3 of 4
University of South Australia            School of Electrical and Information Engineering
EEET 2043 Analogue and Digital Electronic Fundamentals  2012sp2
Conclusions (20%).
Marks will be based on the way each section is presented, quality of writing and correctness in
technical content.
5. Equipment List
Lab equipped with computers for using Multisim (1 Hour)
Signal Generator, Digital Oscilloscope.
Breadboard, 1µF capacitor, Various resistors. STP 36NF06 NMOS FET.
Practical 3: FET Circuits Page 4 of 4

SOLUTION

Introduction:

An empire is a state that is comprised of politico-military regiment of people who are segregated from the ruling ethnic group on the context of varying culture and ethnicity.

An empire, going by the political sense, means a geographically vast collection of people and states that are on the whole ruled by an emperor or an empress as under the system of monarchy or by a group of people who have been given the authority and power, as under the system of Oligarchy (Howe, 15).

The Latin word imperium which means power or authority is the word from which the word empire derives its literal meaning and origin. There are two ways as to how an empire is constituted and perpetuated. Firstly, the territory concerned can be conquered and thereafter controlled with force. In this case the use of direct and physical force is used to impose the demands of the emperor on the masses so as to meet the emperor’s desired goals (Bowden, 2009). Secondly the territory concerned can be conquered and ruled in an indirect at the behest of power. In this case there is a general apprehension among the masses that the ruler can enforce his desired goals, physically.

The history of the world bears testimony to the accomplishment, accent and then the downfalls of various empires all over the face of the globe. Each one of them distinct from the others in many ways as well as sharing some deep rooted resemblance is some features. Some of the most significant empires in the history of the world are the Mongol Empire, the Byzantine empire, the Russian empire, the American empire, the Delhi Sultanat, the Moghul Empire, the Japanese empire, the Chinese empire, the Ottoman empire, the British empire, the Spanish empire etc (Varharen, 958-973). The contribution these empires have made to the geographical area in which they operated has been immense and of great importance. History enthusiasts from all over the world, study about the power and the pursuits of all empires that, ruled some place or the other at some point of time. The contribution of these empires to the art, architecture, race, religion, trade, technology and wars etc have left an indelible mark of their uniqueness in the respective territory and still continues to make its presence felt even after eras of the downfall of the empires (Baber, 82-89).

One such empire was the Moghul Empire that is known world wide for its impact on the history of the world and specifically its impact on the history of the Indian subcontinent.

Moghul Empire Politics and Power:

The Moghul Empire, also known as the Mughal Empire or the Moguls were an imperial power in the subcontinent of India. They were descendents of the emperor of the Mongols, Genghis Khan and Timurids. In their greatest territorial extent they ruled over Baluchistan, Afghanistan and the Indian subcontinent. The advent of the Moghul Empire in the Indian subcontinent began in 1526 under the leadership of the great Mongol leader Zaheeruddin Muhammad Babur. This dynasty is sometimes referred to Timurid dynasty as Babur was descendent of the Timurids (Richard, 1993). He established his rule in India, when after four attempts; he finally defeated the last of the Sultans, Ibrahim Shah Lodi, in the 1^st battle of Panipat. The Mughal dynasty stayed active and ruled over almost all of India and Pakistan over the 16^th and the 17^th century. Soon Babur was succeeded by his son Humayun in 1530 but lost most of the territory they owned to Sher Shah Suri. The most glorious part of the Moghul rule began under the leadership of Jallaludin Muhammad Akbar, when he succeeded his father who died in an accident. At the tender age of 13 Akbar was sworn in the ruler and thereafter throughout his rule he expanded his Empire over various parts of the Indian subcontinent. After Akbar, the empire was ruled by Jahangir, Shah Jahan and Aurangzeb successively in that order. Finally the strength of the Moghul dynasty weakened and finally ended with the death of Emperor Aurangzeb in 1707. The contribution of the rule of the Moghuls in India was plenty and is still evident in various places all over India (Mukhia, 2004). The Moghuls had an aesthetic taste and immense love for art and architecture. History says that all Moghul rulers other than Aurangzeb were ardent lovers of architecture. The most evident style of architecture from the Moghul era was that of Persian style. Moghuls were deeply fascinated by Persian styles of art and architecture and that can be confirmed from the various forts, towers, mausoleums, palaces, minarets, gateways, halls and mosques that they built during their reign (Schimmel & Burzine, 2004). The intricate ornamentation of the buildings and other architecture showed the free use of both Indian and Persian Style. The brilliance of their work is evident in the world famous monuments of The Taj Mahal, the Red Fort, and Jama Masjid in India and Shalimar gardens of Lahore, which were keenly built under the rule of Shah Jahan. There was tremendous amount of literary activity during this rule. One of the most famous writers of this rule was Abul Fazl who was famous for his works Ain-I- Akbari and Akbarnamah. Various translation works were also carried out and books like Mahabharata and Ramayana were translated. This renewed the interest in the Indian Literature. Under the Mughal rule calligraphy got a rebirth. Under the patronage of Shah Jahan and Jahangir, many poems were composed and poetry flourished and received much adoration from all quarters. Under the Mughal rule, landscape gardening was introduced and the new trade routes to Arab and Turk were established (Malleson, 1986). All in all, the Moghuls made significant changes in the Indian subcontinent, contributed towards art, architecture and literature which are continually being appreciated even in the recent times.

A closer study of the Moghul Empire reveals the intricate fabric of their rule in the Indian subcontinent. Various other economic, social, cultural and religious events of great importance or relatively lesser importance happened during the Moghul rule which contributed towards making the Moghul rule one of the most famous Empires in the history of the world (Mukhia, 2004).

Over the centuries the Indian subcontinent has been exposed to various religions and is one of the oldest cradles that have nurtured religions to grow full fledged.

The overall religious policy of the Moghul rule was a tolerant one.

ISLAM:

The official state religion of the Moghuls was Islam as the Moghul rulers were Muslim. The Muslim Moghuls had established their rule in a Hindu majority nation, India. The Moghul Empire in India was a glorious phase for the Muslim India (Rahman, 1989). The Indian subcontinent was inhabited by majority of Hindus; as such Muslims had just become a minority group in India. But the onset of the Mughal rule in India changed the scenario placing the Muslims in a better and advantageous position. During this rule more than twenty five percent of the entire population converted into Islam. Islam was treated as just another religion under the rule of Akbar, who made sure that there was no bias on the basis of religion and the ruler being a Muslim and spreading Islam as superior to other religions. But soon after Akbar’s succession by his son, Jahangir and his descendents, the Mughal Empire came to be known as a Muslim Empire because of their intolerance of other religions (Robinson, 1996).

HINDUISM:

Hinduism is used to mean the entire range of Hindu religions that are found in India, based on Vedas. Hinduism had remained under strains and struggles under the rule of Babur and Humayun, who were staunch supporters of Sunnis personally. Thus the religious scenario during their rule was under pressure (Sarafan, 2011). And the situation lightened only during the reign of Akbar who was very tolerant of all other religions. During his rule he abolished the system of Jizya, the poll tax to be paid by the Non-Muslims. This earned him much respect and love from all quarters of the society. He also graded them under the status of Dhimmis, who were to be considered the responsibility of the state and thus their life and property was to be considered the responsibility of the state. The killing of cows was prohibited because Hindus considered cow to be treated with reverence. Temple building was undertaken on significant scale.

The Mughal period was one of those worth remembering times of the history of India, when the cohesion between the Hindus and the Muslims was one of a kind. The Muslims showed unusual tolerance towards the Hindus (Mukhia, 2004). There was cooperation and benevolence among them, under the rule of Akbar.

In fact, under the rule of Babur and Humayun, even though there was some amount of pressure on the ties between the Hindus and Muslims, still they were tolerant of other religions. But favorable situations started becoming consistent, only when Akbar’s thought process went through the process of evolution. Akbar believed that cultural unity of India was more important a priority than the religious divisions and thus he paid impatient hearing to all the religious experts and endeavored to bring about a sense of unity among people of different religions (Schimmel & Burzine, 2004). He knew that a Muslim Empire that did not treat Hindus with due respect could not survive on the Indian land.

CHRISTIANITY:

Christians are the followers of Christ. They believed in the teachings of Jesus. There has been no mention of Christians in Babur’s book of Memoirs. Babur was of genial temper and showed no aggression against other religions. But in his spirit he believed in jihad, that is the war against the unbelievers. But in his book, he shows no awareness about Christians. It was during Akbar’s rule that Christianity got a spurt of equal representation. Akbar invited Christian missionaries from the Portuguese settlement in Goa to come to Agra and enlighten him on the basic tenets of Christianity (Neill, 103). Akbar wanted to learn about all religions and thus he set up the Fatehpur Sikri that served as a commonplace for experts from all religions to come and share their knowledge with Akbar. Murals of Christ, his mother and Christian saints were painted on the walls of the palace and Moghul tombs. Owing to the orthodoxy of the Moghul ruler Shah Jahan, Christianity lost its favor. It was a relatively new religion at that point of time and its religious influence was making headway. Shah Jahan had bitter relationship with Christians and under his reign the Christian missionaries in Agra were living in a hostile environment. Strong reservations against the spread of Christianity were also imposed and tough steps were taken to stall the works of missionaries (Malleson, 1986).

ZOROASTRIANISM:

The philosophies and the religion based on the principles and teaching of the prophet Zoroaster is known as Zoroastrianism. The Zoroastrian Parsi inhabitants in the medieval times had occupied the Gujarat portion of Indian subcontinent.  During his rule, Akbar incorporated the motifs of Zoroastrians into his Din-i-ilahi cult. During this period Iranian dasturs visited the court of Akbar and continued to be a source of interest to him (Rahman, 1989). Zoroastrian calendar names were also used. Akbar had invited the chief dastur from Navsari to Delhi to give him some knowledge about the Zoroastrian tenets.

JUDAISM:

Judaism is the religion followed by the Jews. The Jewish community comprised of the courtiers and merchants of the Moghul period. The most influential of the Jews during the Moghul era was Sa’id Sarmad. He wrote Persian quatrains. He had formed a liberal alliance against the emperor Shah Jahan and his son Aurangzeb. Eventually he was beheaded by Aurangzeb. The Jews were never really incorporated into the Indian culture and they mostly remained inclined to their own Jewish practices (Richard, 1993). They observed Sabbath as a rest day and often recited prayers on any occasion that would seem appropriate.

Conclusion:

The Mughal era was more of a glorious phase during the rule of Akbar, who believed that all religions must be treated equally and with tolerance and it must be the duty of the ruler to ensure that people from all sorts of religious groups are given the same amount of dignity and respect and are heard out (Malleson, 1989). Akbar, drawing from his rationale, introduced the system of Din-i-Ilahi, as a new form of state religions and this was to be followed by all as long as his rule remained active in the Indian subcontinent. Din-i-ilahi was considered to be the religion of God, and intended to organize the Hindus, Muslims, Christians, Jews, Jains and Zoroastrians as one (Mukhia, 2004).

REFERENCES:

1. Bowden, B. “The Empire of Civilization: The Evolution of an Imperial Idea”, University of Chicago Press, (2009).
2. Howe, S. “Empire”. New York: Oxford University Press. (2002);  pp; 15
3. Verharen, C. Charles. “Philosophy against Empire”. Journal of Black Studies, (2006). Vol 36, 6, pp; 958-973.
4. Malleson, G. B. “Akbar and the rise of the Mughal empire”. Oxford : Clarendon Press. (1986).

1. Rahman, H.U. “A Chronology of Islamic History, 570-1000 CE”. Boston: G.K. Hall & Co., (1989).
2. Robinson, F. “The Cambridge Illustrated History of the Islamic World. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, (1996).
3. Sarafan, G. “Muslim Hindu Religious Interactions in the Mughal Empire”. Sensible Reson, (2011). Retrieved from http://sensiblereason.com/muslim-hindu-religious-interactions-in-the-mughal-empire-the-birth-and-death-off-a-cohesive-culture/
4. Neill, S. “A History of Christianity in India”. Cambridge University Press. (2004), pp; 103.
5. Baber, Z. “The Science of Empire: Scientific Knowledge, Civilization, and Colonial Rule in India”, State University of New York Press, (1996), pp. 82–9
6. Mukhia, H. “The Mughals of India”, New Delhi: Wiley-Blackwell (2004).
7. Schimmel, A. & Burzine K. Waghmar. “The Great Empire of the Mughals: History, Art and Culture”, London: Reaktion Books (2004).
8. Richard, F, John. “The Mughal Empire”. Vol. I, Part 5, of the New Cambridge History of India. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, (1993).

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