IT assignment help essay on: knowledge management

Introduction

 Knowledge management is an emerging business model, which has knowledge within the framework of an organization as the focus. Knowledge Management is said to be rooted in many disciplines, which includes economy, psychology and information management. Knowledge, management involves people, process, technology overlapping. KM contains knowledge, which is accessible from outside resources, embedding of knowledge in business processes, in database and documents, promoting organization growth through transferring and sharing of knowledge across the organization. It involves the assessment of knowledge and its impact in the organization on a regular basis. It is the process of capturing and utilization of firm’s collective expertise in paper, documents, and databases or with people.Annotated Bibliography 1

Knowledge Management

McElroy, W, M, 2000, The New Knowledge Management, Knowledge Management Consortium international, Inc, vol1, no.1, pg 43-67

This article examines the actual meaning of Knowledge management. According to the CAS theory, knowledge evolves in the minds of the learners who sometimes attract each other based on the mutual interest. As result communities may be formed, which leads to the adoption of the knowledge by the entire organization. According to the author, knowledge begins in the minds of the individuals, and as they learn, they sense the communities and discontinuities. Later communication groups are formed and finally the community made knowledge is spread across the entire organization.Definition

Knowledge Management – “getting right information to the right people at the right time” (McElroy2000 p.no.128)

Knowledge Management –“Leveraging of collective wisdom to increase responsiveness and innovation” (Koulpoulos, n.d)

Here the McElroy’s definition considers KM as a process of getting the right information’s to the right people. The Koulopoulos ‘definition considers KM as utilizing knowledge of a community for responsiveness and for new ideas.

Similarities and Differences

1)      Both definitions deal with sharing of knowledge between people. Both definitions use the term collective which represents that Knowledge Management is the result of the combined contributions from all people2)      The Mc Elroy considers KM as a means to provide the correct information the interested people at the right time where as Koulopoulos’ definitions considers KM to be a means for innovation and for increased responsiveness.

Annotated Bibliography 2

Knowledge sharing

 Cummings, J, 2003, Knowledge Sharing: A review of Literature, The World Bank Operations Evaluation Department

The article deals with the efforts taken by the bank in improve the information’s systems and the paper tries to understand the literature that can affect the success of Knowledge sharing. The literature tries to identify five primary contexts, which affect the knowledge sharing implementations. The paper gives a brief overview of research in knowledge sharing from technology, strategic and innovation fields. Finally the report is synthesized to identify the key areas for the knowledge sharing efforts Knowledge Management comprises of the policies and procedure s used obtain knowledge from the organizations knowhow which is tacit .

Definitions

Knowledge sharing – Means by which an organization obtains access to its own and other organizations knowledge (Cummings 2003).

Knowledge sharing – the means by which an organization obtain to access to its own and other organizations

Similarities and Differences

Definitions

Here both definitions are focused on sharing of knowledge and its advantage.  Cummings definitions refer to the knowledge within the organization. The Hislop definition deals with the factors of knowledge sharing.

Routines: The forms, rules, procedures, conventions, strategies, and technologies around which organizations are constructed and through which they operate (Levitt March 1988).

Routines: Actions taken without census considerations of alternatives in response to recurring questions (Simon, 1945).

Similarities and Differences:

Here the Levitt & March definitions consider routines as different alternatives. The Levitt and March definition considers routines to be forms, rules, procedures, etc on which the functions of the organizations are based, where as Simon definition considers routines to be actions, which are response to a recurring situation.

Annotated Bibliography 3

Knowledge Sharing Culture

Smith, A, H, McKeen, J, D, n.d, Instilling a Knowledge Sharing Culture, Queens University School of Business

There is increasing interdependencies between jobs and information in modern organizations that can result in interconnectivity and rapid change. Culture is said to be important in organizations as it influences the human behavior, is hard to change, and exerts influence in a numerous ways. Organizations are considered as communities of individuals and each enterprise has distinct culture that describes how people relate to one another, Cultures, which inhibit knowledge sharing, are said to be significant barriers to creating and leveraging knowledge assets. Knowledge sharing culture is important due to the importance of intellectual capital in organizations and due to the need for effective knowledge management practices. Instilling a knowledge sharing culture is important in organization organizations since it differentiates the companies from each other. In this paper, the cultural change and factors that help in knowledge sharing are discussed. The paper also discusses the knowledge sharing behaviors and key factors that motivate or inhibit these behaviors are examined. The paper also discusses some practices that facilitate knowledge sharing in organizations. Hence, a knowledge sharing culture is a prerequisite for companies for differentiating themselves. The paper gives an overview of literature related to the issues and practices for developing a knowledge sharing culture.

Definitions:

Knowledge Sharing Culture – “Culture where people share openly there is a willingness to teach and mentor others” (Smith & McKeen n.d).

Knowledge sharing culture – “Complex process involving the contribution of knowledge by an organization or its people and the collection, assimilation and application of knowledge by an organization or its people (Huysman& DeWit 2002).

Similarities and Differences

Here both definitions are based on the contribution by people.

Smith &McKeen n.d considers Knowledge Sharing Culture as one in which people show the willingness in sharing the knowledge to others where as Huysmadn & DeWit definition considers Knowledge sharing culture as a process and the collection and application of knowledge by the people of the organization.

Annotated Bibliography 4

 Tacit Knowledge

Spender J.C, 1996, Organizational Knowledge Learning and memory: Three concepts in search of a theory, Journal of Organizational Change, Vol9, Nol1, pg 63-78

The article deals with the importance of organizational knowledge and the associated concepts of organizational learning and memory. It is said that there is an underlying conceptual problem in most of the organizational learning literature, which is mostly positivist. It extends the distinction between explicit and implicit types of knowledge and the individual and social level of analysis using a two by two matrix of Knowledge types. The article also deals with the opportunities of the management in shaping the firm as a system of knowledge, learning and memorizing process. Organizational learning deals with cognitive and behavioral learning. Learning is related to the stimulus and response of an actor. The firm is reconceptualised as a practice community with institutional dimensions, which gives practices meaning, than as a system of tradable resources under control of the managers.

DefinitionsTacit knowledge – that which is gained experientially or stressing the privacy of personal experience in terms of in communicability (Spender 1996)

Tacit Knowledge- ‘as knowledge which stays trapped inside a human brain’ (Barquin 2001)

Similarities and Differences

Both definitions see tacit knowledge as that related to an individuals knowledge which is not been shared.

The Spender’s Definition considers knowledge to depend on the personal experience and the inability to communicate the knowledge.  The Barquin definition considers Tacit Knowledge to be, that which is confined to a human brain.

Annotated Bibliography 5

 Knowledge Exchange

Howlett RJ, 2010 Knowledge Exchange between UK Universities and Business, Innovation through Knowledge Transfer, Springer-Verlag

The article refers to the transfer of knowledge between universities and business in UK at different levels. Knowledge transfer is considered a part of the innovation agenda and a number of activities are considered which are capable of facilitating knowledge transfer. The Knowledge Transfer Partnerships, which is the Knowledge Transfer scheme in UK, is a widely accepted paradigm. The paper describes the knowledge transfer partnership methodology and two case studies to illustrate the theory. It has been concluded that the knowledge transfer partnership methodology is a framework that exhibits a number of features to facilitate innovation and knowledge transfer making the the scheme successful.

Definitions

Knowledge Exchange:Exchaning good ideas, research results, experiences and skills between universities and other research organizations, business, Government, the third sector and the wider community to enable innovative new products, services and policies to be developed.(Howlett2010)

Knowledge Exchange: Sharing of information and ideas among project participants representing difference science disciplines and institutional sectors (DeYoe & Hollstedt2004)

Similarities and Differences

Both definitions consider Knowledge exchange based on sharing of ideas

Both consider knowledge exchange as sharing between different institutions

Howlettt definition considers Knowledge Exchange to contribute to the enabling of new products, devices and policies where DeYoe and Kollstedt considers Knowledge exchange to be confined to just sharing of knowledge.

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