Urinalysis refers to the test of the urine of human in order to check the overall health condition of human body. A urinalysis is a set of tests that can be used to detect various health problem of the human body. The urinalysis can be used in detection of several problems of the human body such as problems in the kidney, liver disease and diabetic condition of the patients can also be detected by using this urinalysis. The results of the urinalysis tests can also be correlated with the vital signs of a patients. The increased blood pressure, body temperature, respiratory rate, pulse rate of a patient (Strasinger and Di Lorenzo 2014). Pulse rate is one of the major vital signs of most of the disease condition. Hence, this vital signs of the patient will be correlated with the urinalysis report of the patient. In this report, the urinalysis report of the patient named Bobbi will be discussed.
From the vital signs data of this patient it is observed that, the patient has the pulse rate of 56 which is below than that of the normal rate. In addition to this, the respiratory rate of this patient was 14/ min and the body temperature was also within the normal range. In case of the blood pressure, it is observed that, although it is fluctuating a little, still it is in the normal range. From the urinalysis report of the patient it is observed that, the patient has moderate level of leucocytes in his urine sample. Along with this, the pH level of his urine is almost pH 5.5 which is slightly acidic. Therefore in the urine sample of the patient presence of ketone, nitrite, protein, bilirubin, blood and glucose are not reported. The specific gravity at 45 seconds is almost 1.010. The presence of leucocytes in the urine is associated with the urinary tract infection (UTI). According to the study of Mody and Juthani-Mehta, (2014), it is reported that UTI is one of the most of common infection in the excretory system of human body. In this study it is reported that, in case of urinary infection, the presence of leucocytes in the urine is very common and it can be counted as an indicative signs of UTI among the patients. The urine pH of the patients is slightly acidic that is pH 5.5. This condition is associated with the increased acidity of the blood. Whenever, the blood acidity level increases, simultaneously, the acidity of the urine is also increased. However, presence of nitrites in the urine indicates presence of certain bacteria in the UTI. According to the urinalysis report of the patient it is observed that, the patient’s urinary pH is almost 5.5. The urine report of the patient indicates towards problem of chronic kidney disease or acute kidney injury. In such condition it is reported that, the renal function is declining and glomerular filtration rate is affected. The acidic blood of the patient cannot be filtered in the kidney in a well manner. Therefore, in various condition it is observed that, renal diseases are associated with increased chances of heart failure or other cardiac problems (McMurray et al. 2014). In such cases, as per natural phenomenon, it is observed that, the patient faces enhanced heart rate. It is reported that, the problem associated with the cardiovascular system is related to the renal diseases. The study of Schefold,et al. (2016) showed that, the problem of renal system can promote the risks of cardiovascular disease among the patients. Due to the acidic nature of blood, it is observed that, the human body faces ionic imbalance and due to such ionic imbalance of the body, the hemodynamic mechanism is activated (Chang and Leung 2014). This mechanism comprises of excessive salt and water retention of and this results in fluid overload in the body. As a result, the renal venous congestion take place and the amount of venous return increases. The filtration function of the human body of the human body is responsible for maintenance of fluid balance in body. Any disturbances in glomerular filtration rate of the body can alter the heart rate (McLafferty et al. 2014). GFR is mainly dependent on the filtration function and renal plasma flow. This plasma flow is associated with the pressure gradient between the Bowman’ space and capillaries. The GFR can only be maintained when there is an almost normal cardiac output. The constant cardiac output is only possible, when, the pulse rate is in the normal range. Lowering of the pulse rate will reduce the cardiac output and it will also disrupt the filtration process of the kidney. Lowering of the filtration rate will cause, disruption of the acid-base balance of body. This imbalance can cause renal tubule hypoxia and acute tubular necrosis. Therefore it can be said that, in such condition, the pulse rate should increase as the central venous pressure is increasing (Schefold,et al. 2016). However, in case of this patient, it is observed that, after all having the acidic urine which is the sign of ionic imbalance in the body, the patient has no signage of increased heart rate. This condition is not associated with the standard medical practice. In addition to this, it is observed that, the patient has specific gravity of 1.010. The normal range of urine specific gravity is almost 1.002 to 1.030 (Sharp, Lee, and Askeland 2014). So it can be said that, the patient has normal urine specific gravity. However, the specific gravity of urine is not at all related with the pulse rate of patients.
Hence,
it can be concluded that, the vital signs of the patient are within the normal
ranges in most of the cases. The alteration in the fluid balance of body can
affect the heart rate of the body in normal scenario. However, in this case
report, it is observed that, although
the acidic urine is present ,
still pulse rate decreases.
References
Chang, E.B. and Leung, P.S., 2014. Intestinal water and electrolyte transport. In The Gastrointestinal System (pp. 107-134). Springer, Dordrecht.
McLafferty, E., Johnstone, C., Hendry, C. and Farley, A., 2014. Fluid and electrolyte balance. Nursing Standard, 28(29).
McMurray, J.J., Packer, M., Desai, A.S., Gong, J., Lefkowitz, M.P., Rizkala, A.R., Rouleau, J.L., Shi, V.C., Solomon, S.D., Swedberg, K. and Zile, M.R., 2014. Angiotensin–neprilysin inhibition versus enalapril in heart failure. New England Journal of Medicine, 371(11), pp.993-1004.
Mody, L. and Juthani-Mehta, M., 2014. Urinary tract infections in older women: a clinical review. Jama, 311(8), pp.844-854.
Schefold, J.C., Filippatos, G., Hasenfuss, G., Anker, S.D. and Von Haehling, S., 2016. Heart failure and kidney dysfunction: epidemiology, mechanisms and management. Nature reviews Nephrology, 12(10), p.610.
Sharp, V.J., Lee, D.K. and Askeland, E.J., 2014. Urinalysis: case presentations for the primary care physician. American family physician, 90(8).
Strasinger, S.K. and Di Lorenzo, M.S., 2014. Urinalysis and body fluids. FA Davis.
