Literature Review with Annotated Bibliography

1. Fryer, D. and Stambe, R., 2014. Neoliberal austerity and unemployment. The Psychologist, 27(4), pp.244-248.
2. This paper discusses about the neo-liberal fiscal policies that reduces the public expenditure. It does so by means of cuts to the budget of the local and central governments, besides benefits, welfare services and privatization of the public resources. These results in job losses or unemployment. The articles questions the theoretical, empirical, methodological as well as the ideological grounds for relationships among unemployment, neoliberalism and psychology, as a discipline. It further states that unemployment is a part of neoliberalism rather than a result of the same.
3. This study is significant as it studies the austerity of neoliberalism that gives rise to situations of want, ignorance, disease, idleness and squalor. It paper brings to focus how the majority of population in the United Kingdom (U. K.) is affected by unemployment with a record of 2.51 million people suffering from the disease, called unemployment. This record was according to the statistics of the labor market, put forth by the U.K. Office for National Statistics in June 2013. It meant that for every one vacancy, there were almost five unemployed people, competing for the same. It also studies the psychological aspect of unemployment, emphasizing that the mass unemployment led to a revolution and creation of poorer mental health situations. Unemployment has a prolonged adverse effect on the mental health of a person, and many-a-times, forcing the person to take up minor jobs with a lower pay only to make his ends meet.
4. Mago, S., 2014. Urban youth unemployment in Africa: whither socio-economic problems. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, 5(9), p.33.
5. This article analyzes the future effects of unemployment of the urban youth on the political and socio-economic fundamentals in Africa. It reflects upon how the youth in Africa, located in the urban regions, too, lack enough opportunities for employment and growth. The paper conducts a qualitative research to study how the national crisis is set on a graph to further increase the number of unemployed youths in the urban regions of Africa. The paper further studies and concludes that the government needs to build strong strategies and look into the regional integration programs to incorporate a definite solution to this difficult situation. The crisis is evident and alarming as the data predicts the unemployment for the youth to be as high as twice that of the unemployed adults.
6. This study is significant as it brings out the fact that the majority of the population in Africa, that is, almost an average of ninety percent resides in the urban landscape. This results in a teething competition to get a job. This encourages the youth with an opportunity to entrepreneurship by developing innovative measures to promote employment for the youth. Technological unemployment is a serious issue as the scientific advancements have shifted the industries from a labor-intensive market to a capital-intensive market. Structural and Cyclical unemployment are other forms of unemployment. Structural unemployment is caused due to a gap between the knowledge and practical skills that affects both the new entrants and the terminal ones. While cyclical unemployment leads to the job loses that occurs during the peaks and lows in the business cycles of a company. Frictional unemployment, however, is another kind of unemployment that is inevitable where one looks forward to better job opportunities.
7. Nichols, A., Mitchell, J. and Lindner, S., 2013. Consequences of long-term unemployment. Washington, DC: The Urban Institute.
8. This paper discusses about the long-term effects of unemployment, the challenges to measuring these effects, the decline in the income, expenditure and savings, reduction in the status of reemployment and revision of wages, reduction in the social and human capital. It also oversees the impacts of unemployment on the future labor market, its effect on the physical as well as the psychological health, families, children and community as a whole.
9. It looks at the data and makes a significant observation about the unemployment, which has not risen above a number of thirty percent post the phase of Great Depression. The reduction in income or unemployment significantly affects the lifetime income and savings, reducing it by a considerable number. It also affects the social relationships and behavioral patterns and induces changes in the same. It also leads to the breakdown of the traditional arrangements in the family in case of persistent unemployment, typically for men, besides increasing the crime-rates in most of the situations. In both the developing and developed countries, the increase in crime rates owe majorly to the increase in the number of unemployed youths and those with liabilities or similar income burdens. This is a very significant angle to the situation as it leads to building a better society and living conditions for all. The society leads the foundation for the development of an individual. The effect of unemployment can be crucial to the situation as it has a spillover effect on the society when it comes to the behavioral changes that not only affects the individual who is unemployed but also the people associated with him or her, leading to the development of unhealthy familial and social situations. Loss of job affects a child in carrying out his or her education as well as medical expenses when the effect is on the parents, in the process of unemployment.
10. Rantakeisu, U., Starrin, B. and Hagquist, C., 1997. Unemployment: A double burden and a public issue. Social Justice Research, 10(2), pp.153-173.
11. This article looks as the European countries and the detrimental rise in mass unemployment in the Western countries of the Europe. It makes a clear analysis of unemployment as a private and public issue. In the personal domain, it creates significant impacts on the individual’s life and the beings dependent on this person. However, in the public domain, unemployment remains as a situation of shame, neglect and hardship not only for the unemployed youth but also for the family, as a whole.
12. The study makes a significant observation on the situation of unemployment, stating that more than twenty million people in Europe are unemployed. It also illuminates on the fact how unemployment affects both the internal and external life of an individual significantly. It leads to cutting the person off from both the sides, that is, restricting social communication and a social life besides carrying a sense of shame. This also hampers the mental stability of the person and drops down the morale of the person.

Summary

The situation of unemployment affects the individual and the society in various ways. It affects person’s psychological and physical wellness besides affecting the social ground of respect and reputation of the person. It affects not only the individual but also the family and people dependent on the person, financially. It often leads to involvement of a person in anti-social activities, growing crime rates and making the society a harmful place. This is not only a question of social shame in this scenario but transforms into a dangerous situation of crime and affects the safety levels in a society. The demands continue to exist for the basic needs of bread and shelter, above medical and educational responsibilities. Therefore, the study focusses on the stress imposed on not only the individual but also the harmony of the community that is disrupted in a situation of unemployment.

References

Fryer, D. and Stambe, R., 2014. Neoliberal austerity and unemployment. The Psychologist, 27(4), pp.244-248.

Mago, S., 2014. Urban youth unemployment in Africa: whither socio-economic problems. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, 5(9), p.33.

Nichols, A., Mitchell, J. and Lindner, S., 2013. Consequences of long-term unemployment. Washington, DC: The Urban Institute.

Rantakeisu, U., Starrin, B. and Hagquist, C., 1997. Unemployment: A double burden and a public issue. Social Justice Research, 10(2), pp.153-173.