1.0 Introduction

Technology has taken over our modern world, and in these digital times, there has never been a more acute need for technology-driven solutions within the employment sector. The increase in internet penetration, which was above 43% in 2023, has played a significant role in the relationship between job seekers and employers(Howcroft & Taylor,2023). The number of recruiting companies requesting accessible, transparent, and efficient means of carrying out recruiting processes increases. Elevate Workforce Solutions aims to shift its in-house work to the level of a job portal that is efficient and user-friendly(Raqee b,2024).

The software project aims to address several significant issues, including inaccessibility and the inability to have a centralized job listing to enhance efficiency in job applications (Shehu & Qafa, 2024). Through interactive and secure web application development, a company can expand its services to reach a broader audience, promote equal employment opportunities, and foster digital inclusion among individuals from diverse demographics. The World Bank states that through digitization, job placement efficiency can be augmented by increasing by up to 30%, and operational costs can decrease by almost 25% in employment services (Bailey, 2022).

The key features that will be embedded in the proposed application include user authentication mechanisms, job listings with pagination, company-related dashboards, and job application tracking (Wang et al., 2021). The system will not only help streamline the working processes of employers but also simplify the job search process for job applicants. Therefore, the system aligns with the mission of Elevate Workforce Solutions to modernize and improve employment services in Nepal.

1.1 Problem statement

Elevate Workforce Solutions, a well-known recruitment agency operating in Nepal, is still in the process of endorsing traditional, non-automated processes for linking job seekers with employers (Latif et al., 2022). Such archaic practices are hugely restrictive in a world that is quickly becoming digitized, making real-time access to information and the simplification of operations vital to competitiveness and inclusiveness. The absence of an integrated online system means that job seekers cannot find job postings relevant to them promptly, and employers cannot ensure the appropriate management of listings and the application process (Zhang et al., 2022).

The number of users resorting to online job searches in Nepal continues to increase, as internet penetration in Nepal has also risen to above 43% of the population as of 2023. Elevate Workforce Solutions does not have a virtual platform to adopt this trend (Al Sadawi et al., 2023). In the absence of a central job portal, accessibility is minimal, information penetration is low, and the chances of inappropriate communication between employers and job seekers are high. Manual data processing will expose the recruitment process to several errors, time wastage, and inefficiencies.

To keep competition at bay and expand its services, Elevate Workforce Solutions must have a secure, scalable, and easy-to-use web application. It must accommodate several fundamental operations, including posting jobs, registering users, logging in log, logging out, company dashboards, and job tracking (Tariq et al., 2023). Such challenges will also be addressed with the help of an effective web-based solution, not only modernizing the work of Elevate but also staying in line with the national digital transformation objective, leaving more people accustomed to the Job and increasing access to jobs across Nepal.

1.2 Aims and Objectives

• To develop a secure and user-friendly web application for managing job listings and applications
• To implement core functionalities such as user authentication, job posting, and application tracking using the MVC architecture and object-oriented programming principles.
• To enhance accessibility and transparency in the recruitment process through a centralized digital platform.

1.3 Study Question

• How can a job portal be designed to ensure both security and usability for job seekers and employers?
• What are the best practices for implementing MVC architecture and OOP in developing a scalable job portal application?
• In what ways can a centralized job portal improve accessibility and transparency compared to traditional recruitment methods?

1.4 Justification of the study

Creating a job portal for Elevate Workforce Solution is an important milestone in ensuring that the labor market in Nepal reduces the level of disparity between job seekers and employers. As more people increasingly use the internet and have digital literacy, particularly youths, the need to be able to access employment services online is increasing(Khanlou et al.,2023). However, most local employment agencies, as well as Elevate, continue to use old-fashioned and time-wasting job boards or even paperwork and online postings, which are ineffective and are not transparent.

This research is deemed necessary since it seeks to provide a long-lasting digital system that will enhance the accessibility, efficiency, and inclusiveness of job placement services (Milenkova & Lendzhova, 2021). The project will assist the firm in achieving its objective of promoting equal opportunity employment and minimizing administrative costs by developing a secure and interactive web application. A 2023 ICT report shows that organizations can improve service delivery and user engagement by 40% by digitizing core services using key transition enablers, as explained by the Ministry of Communication and Information Technology in Nepal (Arias López et al., 2023).

Furthermore, well-regarded software engineering concepts, such as object-oriented programming and MVC architecture, are applied in the study, which further makes the system scalable and sustainable (Morgan et al., 2023). The project will not only fulfill my internal responsibilities. However, it will also empower job seekers across the country, aligning with Nepal’s overall digital transformation agenda and the prioritization of creating a workforce.

2.0 Review of Risk

Efficient planning of any software program involves proper identification and substantial control of risks involved. In the Elevate Workforce Solutions job portal, there are certain aspects of risks that should be mitigated to ensure delivery on time, quality, and stability of its operation(Qiang,2024). Such risks include technical, operation, security, human, and project management risks.

• Technical Risks

The integration of the technologies and the tools is one of the significant risks. As the project is to be built employing MVC pattern and object-oriented programming, the issues associated with the deficiency in the expertise of these approaches may result in an ill-structured code, difficulty with its maintenance, and a performance problem(Javaid et al.,2022). Browser compatibility and responsiveness to different devices may be a factor, considering the diverse digital literacy and usage differences among various devices in Nepal.

•  Security Risks

The web application handling sensitive information, such as user credentials and job applications, can never be more than secure. SQL injection, cross-site scripting (XSS), cross-site request forgery (CSRF), and unauthorized access are some of the risks that can be reduced by properly validating input, managing sessions, encrypting data, and using secure coding practices (Nair, 2024). Neglect to take these precautions can result in information loss, legal penalties, and user distrust.

• Risks in the Project Management

This may occur by failure to plan the project well or poor communication among the staff, leading to a lack of deadlines, scope creep, or budget overruns. In the absence of clear milestones, version control, and documentation, the team may experience difficulties in monitoring the situation and controlling changes (Matti, 2021). Lack of enough time to be used in Testing and debugging may lead to a final product that is faulty and fails to satisfy the stakeholders.

• Risks in User Acceptance and Requirement

The inability to effectively define and permanently verify user and system requirements is quite risky. When designing new features without first grasping a good idea of the expectations of the user or the requirements of the workflow, the end product created can be irrelevant or even non-functional (McNally & Curran,2024). Users experience the system as tricky to navigate or confusing; chances are high to record low adoption rates, even though the deployment was successful.

• Resource and Skill Risk

The lack of the required resources, developers te, engineers, or hardware might slow the process of development. When members involved in team development are not experienced with the chosen language of programming, framework, or the technologies applied in accessing the database, the dangers of coding inefficiency or technical debt are inevitable(Hannousse et al.,2024). This risk should be reduced by training and skill-building.

• Data and Legal Compliance Risk

The application should provide data protection by the laws and regulations, particularly the storage, access, and processing of personal data. Failure to observe such rules may invite lawsuits against the company and fines(Cofas,2023). Appropriate backup and recovery should be implemented to ensure that there is no data loss in the event of a system failure or cyberattacks. It is also essential to ensure that the project reaches its success by recognizing these risks and working on them proactively in the planning and development stages.

 Implementation of effective risk mitigation methods like secure coding standards, appropriate project management tools, constant feedback from users, and meeting with the legal standards will help the development team produce a solid and reliable job portal in Elevate Workforce Solutions(Shahid et al.,2022). Effective risk management will not only minimize the chances of failure but also the creation of a high-quality product that achieves both the needs of the users and the goals of the business.

System requirements

Functional requirements are those that specify the activities a system should be able to accomplish, i.e., the capabilities and functions a system must have. These include user registration, job posting, login login login/logout, and application tracking, which discuss how the system utilizes user inputs (Giray, 2021).

Non-functional requirements outline how the system’s functions are carried out. They address aspects such as performance, security, usability, scalability, and maintainability (Shahid et al., 2022). Functional requirements make the system functional; therefore, non-functional requirements make the system efficient, secure, and reliable. They are both critical in creating a high-quality application that meets the user’s needs and works under any conditions.

Functional requirements

Requirement ID	Functionality	Description
FR1	User Registration	Allows job seekers and employers to create accounts with secure credentials.
FR2	User LoginLoginLogin/Logout	Enables registered users to log in and log out securely.
FR3	Job Listing Display	Displays all available job listings with pagination support.
FR4	Job Search	Allows users to search for jobs by keyword, category, or location.
FR5	Job Posting	Enables employers to post new job vacancies through their dashboard.
FR6	Edit/Delete Job Post	Allows employers to update or delete their job listings.
FR7	Apply for Job	Allows job seekers to submit applications for listed jobs.
FR8	Application Tracking	Enables employers to view applicants for each job listing.
FR9	User Dashboard	Provides personalized dashboard for job seekers and employers with relevant data.
FR10	Admin Panel	Allows admin users to manage users, jobs, and maintain site content.
FR11	Email Notifications	Sends confirmation emails for registration, job applications, etc.
FR12	Data Validation	Ensures that all form inputs are validated to avoid errors or malicious input.

Non-Functional Requirements

Requirement ID	Non-Functional Requirement	Description
NFR1	Performance	The application must load pages and job listings in under 3 seconds.
NFR2	Scalability	The system should support increasing numbers of users and job listings over time.
NFR3	Security	All user data must be protected using secure authentication, input validation, and encrypted storage where necessary.
NFR4	Usability	The user interface should be intuitive and easy to navigate for both job seekers and employers.
NFR5	Availability	The job portal should maintain at least 99% uptime to ensure continuous access.
NFR6	Maintainability	The system should be modular and adhere to clean code practices to facilitate easy maintenance and updates.
NFR7	Portability	The application should be accessible on various browsers (Chrome, Firefox, Edge) and devices (desktop, tablet, mobile).
NFR8	Compatibility	The system must be compatible with the latest web standards and responsive on different screen sizes.
NFR9	Backup and Recovery	Daily automated backups should be in place to recover data in case of failures.
NFR10	Legal and Compliance	The system must comply with Nepalese data protection laws and general data privacy principles.

Literature Review

2.1 Background of the study

The trend of digital conversion of employment services is a well-known subject in recent literature. Agarwal and Narain (2021) explain that the inclusion of web technologies in job recruitment processes yields significant investment in efficiency. In emerging states such as Nepal, conventional job placement services often face constraints in terms of accessibility, information, and the immediate availability of job opportunities (Shrestha & Adhikari, 2020).

Employment services via web applications are on the rise globally. According to a study by the International Labour Organization (ILO, 2022), the placement success rates through the digitization of employment-based platforms can be increased by up to 35% when user-friendly interfaces and accessibility to real-time data are added to the framework. The use of design-specific software engineering models, such as the MVC (Model-View-Controller) and object-oriented design, also help to improve maintainability and scalability (as Sommerville (2019) confirms).

In the case of Elevate Workforce Solutions, the adoption of a web-based solution to replace manual processes is a long-overdue necessity. Based on the literature, technological solutions are claimed to modernize work by contributing to development and democratizing employment opportunities, which aligns with the scope of development and provides wider professional opportunities in Nepal’s expanding digital domain.

2.2 Evolution of software development

The evolution of software development has undergone a drastic change in the last few decades, as the development process has transitioned from the manual and rigid method of coding to a dynamic, user-centered, and automated approach. The earlier forms of software programs involved low-level languages and linear models, including the Waterfall Model, where each stage had to be completed before proceeding to the next. This usually led to spillages and rigidity in systems.

Notably, the emphasis in the 1990s shifted to iterative and incremental development, and models such as RAD (Rapid Application Development) and the Spiral Model were introduced, allowing for greater flexibility and user participation. Agile methodologies gained popularity in the early 2000s, encouraging people to collaborate, receive ongoing feedback, and release products more frequently. The current 2023 State of Agile Report reveals that more than 86 percent of all software teams worldwide currently employ some form of Agile practice.

Also, methodologies and systems have been developed to aid automation and scalability. Due to DevOps, Continuous Integration/Continuous Deployment (CI/CD) pipelines, and cloud-based development, software development and deployment have become more efficient for developers. The 2024 developer report by GitHub noted that the use of automated Testing has grown by 47% over the past three years.

Object-oriented programming (OOP) and design architectures, such as MVC (Model-View-Controller), are the driving forces behind code reusability, scalability, and maintainability. They have become the norm in the development of web and enterprise applications, and the transition has ensured that software programs are not only practical but also user-friendly, secure, and flexible, which is essential in projects such as Elevate Workforce Solutions’ job portal.

2.3 Related work

Web-Based Recruitment Systems

In line with their ease of accessibility, affordability, and flexibility, web-based job portals are gaining popularity. Singh and Singh (2021) note that online modes of recruitment have saved considerable time and effort by facilitating job matching. Their research on Indian job portals revealed that more than 70 percent of job seekers submitted online job applications rather than attending interviews. Bashir and Sadiq (2020) highlighted that centralized platforms played a crucial role in expanding the range of jobs, including those for marginalized groups.

 Usability and User-Centered Design

Usage functionality is not the only key to a successful job portal; user experience (UX) is also crucial. According to Nielsen (2012), usability heuristics will prove critical to the adoption of systems, including consistency, error prevention, and user control. To support this, a test conducted by Chen et al. (2019) found that systems with simple interfaces achieved 40% more engagement among first-time users of employment web applications. In the case of Elevate Workforce Solutions, an optimal user experience is crucial for developing a trustworthy relationship with job seekers and employers, thereby ensuring repeat business.

Employment Portal security.

As personal information passed during the job application process is sensitive, security is a significant consideration. Kalra and Vohra (2018) observed that work job portals should integrate secure login, encrypted data storage, and minutiae to prevent attacks like SQL injection and cross-site scripting (XSS). In their research, they found that 60% of applications on websites were vulnerable to common security breaches due to ineffective coding. Therefore, for the sake of reliability and credibility, it is crucial to integrate robust security measures into the Elevate platform.

Software Development Methodology

Selecting the appropriate development methodology has a significant impact on the success of software projects. Sommerville (2019) grouped development techniques into traditional (e.g., Waterfall) and modern (Agile, DevOps) types, arguing that modern methods are more flexible and better suited to the changing needs of users. Incremental development, in particular, can be performed through the Agile methodology, where features can be tested and adjusted continuously. VersionOne estimates that 86 percent of organizations worldwide use Agile in some form, and the report states that better flexibility and reduced time-to-market are among the key reasons.

Agile is also well-suited for projects such as the Elevate job portal, as it is iterative and can respond quickly to change requests and stakeholder input. Moreover, the design of object-oriented programming and the MVC (Model-View-Controller) architecture adhere to best practices in modular and scalable application design.

Existing Job Portals: Comparative Analysis

Several commercial job portals offer lessons in features and design. Platforms like LinkedIn, Glassdoor, and Indeed have transformed the recruitment industry. According to Jobvite (2022), 77% of companies use platforms like these for sourcing candidates. However, these systems often cater to global or corporate audiences. For localized platforms such as Elevate Workforce Solutions, the goal is to provide relevant listings, community-specific outreach, and simplified application processes.

NepalJobs and MeroJob are two leading job portals in Nepal. A study by Shrestha and Adhikari (2020) analyzed these platforms and found that while feature-rich, they often lacked mobile responsiveness and were not optimized for low-bandwidth users—an essential consideration for Nepal’s rural job seekers. Elevate’s system must bridge these gaps by offering a mobile-friendly design, a minimalist UI, and local language support where possible.

Impact of Digital Employment Systems

The International Labour Organization (ILO, 2022) has reported that digital employment systems can increase placement efficiency by up to 35% and lower operational costs by 25%. These systems enhance transparency, allow data-driven decision-making, and improve employer-employee matching through filters and search functionality.

In a developing country like Nepal, such platforms can play a crucial role in democratizing access to job opportunities. According to the Nepal Telecommunications Authority (2023), internet penetration reached over 43%, creating a fertile environment for online platforms to reach new demographics.

2.4 Conceptual framework

The functional schema of the job portal offered by Elevate Workforce Solutions is based on the connectivity of main system parts, users, and the technology stack framework, following the MVC (Model-View-Controller) architecture (Hong et al., 2023). Essentially, the system supports two key areas: job seekers and employers, each with distinct roles and privileges.

The Model layer concerns itself with the central data objects, which include users, postings, and application stations. It manages database interactions using Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) concepts of scaling and reusability. The view layer displays the user interface, including simple pages for job searches, registration, sending applications, and dashboards. It provides responsibility for different devices. The Controller layer serves as an interface, taking action and coordinating validation

 from the user, validating the view, and coordinating other modules, including authentication, pagination, search pages, search settings, and email notification settings, further compactification settings icons. Functions other than aspects beyondurity are more emphasized through the use of validated input inpucontrolsistent interface elements.

The conceptual framework is based on the emphasis on user-centered design, integrity of data, and modular development (Casquina & Montecchi, 2021). The system ensures that the platform is sound, sustainable, and efficient in addressing the divide between job seekers and employers in Nepal, thanks to the technicalities incorporated into the system, which align with the needs of users and best practices in software development.

2.5 Research gap

Although numerous studies have been conducted on the development of online job portals worldwide, a notable research gap remains in considering localized and inclusive employment systems, especially in developing countries such as Nepal. The reviewed literature suggests international platforms like LinkedIn and Glassdoor; however, these are often optimized for function in well-established, you-ban corporate settings. Shrestha, Adhiand Singh, and others (021) emphasize usability and functionality but less so on the issues encountered by low-bandwidth users or job seekers with a rural or semi-literate background, which is a crucial consideration in Nepal.

Additionally, although the majority of the literature discusses security procedures and software development frameworks (such as Agile and MVC), a limited portion of it is being applied to small and mid-range localized systems. This is characterized by the absence of focus on personalized user interfaces or functionality tailored to the regional employment market.

The other gap is the limited number of case studies regarding the implementation of government compliance, local recruitment agency workflows, and the offline-online hybrid plans within job portals. The platform provided by Elevate Workforce Solutions is expected to bridge this gap by engineering a secure, accessible, and contextual platform based on contemporary development practices, aligning with the actual requirements of Nepali job seekers and job creators.

Project Methodology

Adopted Methodology

In the creation of the Elevate Workforce Solutions job portal, it was chosen to utilize the Agile methodology due to its iterative approach, flexibility, and orientation user orientation. Agile encourages a constructive relationship between developers and stakeholders, allowing the team to respond quickly to changing requirements or feedbprojectlasting t projected mfomanaginto manageable ne to w, teach two regular tra, focusing onstonesrandposting, milestones including G keeping

caiandrint discuss keeping notifications and feedback were held by the end of each sprint, allowing the team to assess progress and make improvements for the next development stage. This process addresses the engineering cycle, and as a result, features are built, tested, and refined frequently without having to wait until the final stages of the project. Agile also promoted the use of daily task boards (through Trello), which increased transparency and accountability among team members.

The approach decreased the level of risks associated with late-phase modifications, enhanced communication, and made it more evident to comprehend understanding user requirements. Agile was also more effective than traditional models, such as Waterfall, in terms of accommodating real-time feedback feedback and project objective changes. Consequently, the end product was more aligned with the client’s vision, providing a flexible, scalable, and high-quality job portal to users in Nepal.

Comparison of Software Development Tools and Techniques

The creation of a job portal for Elevate Workforce Solutions will be a carefully considered approach to selecting a range of software development tools and processes, which should result in a secure, secure, expandable, and sustainable product (Batarlienė et al., 2024). This section contrasts different tools and techniques discussed throughout the research, supporting the selection of specific ones, as well as the preferred methodology for software development.

The comparison of programming languages (PHP, Python, and JavaScript)

PHP is a popular open-source scripting language, particularly suitable for web development, and can be implemented in HTML. It is more compatible with relational databases, such as MySQL, and adheres to both procedural and object-oriented programming paradigms (Batarlienė & Jarašūnienė, 2024).

Python is a general-purpose language due to its ease of use and readability. Web development is simplified with frameworks like Django and Flask, and Python is well-supported by a strong community.

JavaScript can be utilized on Node.js. It is event-driven and asynchronous, thus fitting applications that require high performance and maximum scalability.

Rationale: PHP has been heavily used to build applications taking advantage of sustained web development; unlike other frameworks, it is straightforward to use with MySQL, can be hosted on many servers, and is perfect when using the MVC pattern with frameworks such as Laravel or raw trivial implementation(Javaid et al.,2022). It is also compatible with the well-suited topetencurrent cy of the development team currently in

analogies: MySQL vs. PostgreSQL vs. MongoDB

MySQL is a relational database management system recognized for its performance, reliability, and compatibility with PHP.

PostgreSQL is a complex, open-source relational database that offers capabilities such as the ACID standard, full-text full-text search, and JSON architectures, which are intensive and adaptable to enterprise-level applications.

MongoDB is a NoSQL database that represents data sets in the form of documents, similar to JSON, and is best suited for implementing applications on unstructured data and data-intensive, scalable systems.

Rationale: MySQL was chosen because of its synchronous nature with PHP, which makes it fast and straightforward. It is supported, has been documented, and is designed to cater to the relational nature of the job portal (users, jobs, applications), where structured data and relationships are of paramount importance.

Laravel vs. Django vs. Express.js.

Laravel is a PHP web application framework that follows the MVC architecture. It also features built-in capabilities, including authentication, routing, session management, and templating, utilizing the Blade syntax.

Django uses Python and focuses on speed and clean, pragmatic design. It consists of an administration panel, an object-relational mapper, and in-built security.

Express.js is a lightweight and compact framework built on Node.js, providing the essential features for creating web applications and APIs.

Reasoning: Laravel is the chosen framework because it integrates seamlessly with PHP and offers out-of-the-box functions, which save time on development (Qiang, 2024). Its support of MVC, security, and ease of deployment can be well applied to medium-level web applications, such as the Elevate job portal.

Version Control: Git vs. SVN

Git is a non-centralized version control system that provides developers with the ability to monitor changes, collaborate, and maintain code across multiple branches. It can support GitHub, GitLab, and Bitbucket.

SVN (Subversion) is a centralized version control system that offers reasonable version control but lacks the distributed system of Git.

Rationale: Git will be used because it is flexible, widely adopted, and well-suited for team development. It is suitable for iterative development within the framework of the Agile approach, with a collaboration workflow, effortless branching, and code reversibility (Feukoun, 2021).

Project Management Tools: An Overview of Trello, Jira, and Asana

• Trello is an intuitive Kanban-based project management application that enables team members to manage projects using boards and cards.
• Jira is an extensive project management tool based on Agile principles. It provides sprint planning, backlog, and issue tracking.
• Asana is a task management service designed for planning work, monitoring progress, and facilitating teamwork.

Justification: Trello has been selected because it is simple, easy to use, and visually presented. Consequently, small to medium-sized teams will be sufficient, as Trello is insufficient for following the stages of development, allocating overwhelming complexity, and keeping schedules too complicated with many configuration details.

Front-End Tools: HTML/CSS/JavaScript vs. React.js vs. Angular

Web front-end development is primarily built using HTML, CSS, and JavaScript. They are lightweight, compatible with browsers, and easy to learn.

React.js: It is a Javascript library that allows the construction of component-based UI. It utilizes a virtual DOM, which enables it to perform better on large and interactive applications.

Angular is one of the powerful Google front-end frameworks. It is TypeScript-based and well-suited for enterprise-level applications with complex architectures.

Justification: For the Elevate job portal, simple HTML, CSS, and JavaScript (Bootstrap is used to make the application responsive) are chosen (Nair, 2024). These technologies are adequate, considering the project’s moderate complexity, and they enable rapid development since one does not have to develop an entire front-end framework.

Comparison Of Software Development Methodologies: Waterfall Development, Agile Development, DevOps

Waterfall is a sequential and linear development approach, where each stage (requirements, design, implementation, Testing, and deployment) must be completed in a sequential order. It suits projects with specific requirements.

Agile is a methodology that is iterative and incremental, focusing on constant feedback, teamwork, and flexible planning (Nair, 2024). It separates the work into sprints, promoting frequent Testing and updates.

DevOps is a culture and practice that unifies software development and IT operations, encouraging continuous integration, delivery, and automation.

Justification: The Agile methodology will be chosen as the most appropriate for this project. The nature of Agile provides it with the flexibility of iterative development and periodic updates, subject to stakeholder input. Since the requirements of the Elevate job portal may change during development, Agile can be used to make quick adaptations (Behie et al., 2023). Communication and collaboration are emphasized by Agile, which aligns with the topic of project delivery. Agile enables frequent Testing and validation, which contributes to a bug-free and complete release.

Testing Tools: PHPUnit vs. Selenium vs. Manual Testing

PHPUnit is a unit testing tool that helps developers test the correctness of logic used in PHP by testing individual functions and methods.

Selenium is a framework that automates communication between web browser users, making it applicable to the automation of the entire UI and handling of workflow processes.

Manual Testing is the process of testing an application manually through click-through workflows, where any visual or logical errors are spotted.

Justification: It is a hybrid approach (PHPUnit is used to test the backend code, plus manual performance of UI and workflows). Selenium is quite robust; however, it requires additional preparation and scripting. Manual Testing can be used to test the usability of this scale, whereas PHPUnit can be used to test the reliability of the back end (Tariq et al., 2023).

The analysis of various software tools and techniques has revealed that the most effective decisions are those made regarding the project scope, team skills, and business objectives. A stack composed of PHP with Laravel, MySQL, HTML/CSS/JavaScript (utilizing Bootstrap), Git, Trello, and Agile methodology is well-balanced, ensuring the system will be rock-solid, scalable, and maintainable (Al Sadawi et al., 2021).

These applications and processes provide the scalability, versatility, and organization needed to establish a professional employment portal for Elevate Workforce Solutions. Agile methodology, more precisely, ensures that stakeholder feedback is incorporated efficiently and within a short timeframe, making it the most suitable option for addressing the changing requirements of this application (Moroz, 2024).

Evaluation of the Solution

The business issue addressed in this project is that the traditional job-matching procedure employed at Elevate Workforce Solutions exhibits inefficiency and limited accessibility (Mindell & Reynolds, 2023). The job search has become a task relying on manual systems or isolated ads; they are not only slow, non-transparent, and unavailable to a significant part of potential users but also to those in rural or digitally less developed areas. The solution offered is an online job portal implemented as a central location that simplifies the recruitment process, prevents loss of access to opportunities, and digitalizes the company’s services (Lehtinen et al., 2023).

Several software tools and methods for constructing solutions were analyzed to develop an appropriate solution. The chosen tools, including PHP (with Laravel), MySQL, Git, Trello, HTML/CSS/JavaScript (with Bootstrap), and PHPUnit, were selected due to their compatibility and ease of use, which fit the context and scope of a specific project (Islam et al., 2024). All the tools must be critically significant for the solution to be functional, secure, scalable, and maintainable.

Laravel, built on top of PHP, was chosen for the backend due to its clean code, MVC core, and robust libraries for authentication, routing, and security. Laravel focuses more on ease of use and enterprise capabilities when compared with other frameworks such as Django (Python) or Express.js (Node.js). It is also commonly used in web development and, therefore, widely supported by the community and documented (Leesakul et al., 2024).

The decision to use MySQL as a database management system was informed by its reliability and structure. Although PostgreSQL and MongoDB are more powerful and adaptable, MySQL will be perfect for the relational structure of the job portal, specifically for users, job listings, and applications. It is also compatible with Laravel, which enhances development speed.

HTML, CSS, JavaScript, and Bootstrap were selected for use with the front end due to their ease of integration, ease of use, and responsiveness (Wang et al., 2021). To bring dynamic UI features, React.js or Angular would create unnecessary complexity in the scale of this application. Bootstrap also assures that the platform can be accessed on multiple devices, in line with Elevate’s objective to target a broader demographic.

Git is the version control system of choice for managing code collaboration and tracking changes easily. Git features systematic merging and has a distributed architecture that enables developers to work independently, as compared to SVN (Bailey, 2022). It is also conveniently connected with such platforms as GitHub, which facilitates Agile practices.

The simplicity and visual follow-ups of tracking tasks made Trello the selection for project management. Compared to more sophisticated programs like Jira, Trello offers a simple-to-use Kanban interface that small and mid-sized development teams can operate without requiring intensive configuration or training.

The backend of the application is being tested using PHPUnit, and the UI behavior, as well as the system’s functionality, is being manually tested (Raqeeb, 2024). The Testing of the UI with the help of Selenium is provided; however, manual Testing is more realistic as the scope and scope of work allow.

The three development methodologies we considered were Waterfall, DevOps, and Agile; Agile was chosen as the most desirable methodology. Agile enables developers to take small steps, solicit input from stakeholders frequently, and adapt to evolving requirements (Howcroft & Taylor, 2023).

 This approach differs from the Waterfall approach, which has a rigid and phased structure that lacks flexibility. Although DevOps focuses on continuous integration and deployment, it implies a greater level of automation and infrastructure that is not immediately needed for this project.

Activity 2

SYSTEM DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT

3.0 Sequence diagrams

The sequence diagram is a type of UML (Unified Modeling Language) diagram that illustrates how objects interact within a specific scenario over a particular period. It focuses on the sequence of messages being transmitted between the system’s components to perform a particular task. In the case of the Elevate Workforce Solutions job portal, the process, such as user login, job application submission, or a job posting by a prospective employer, can be modeled as a sequence diagram. The diagram outlines the flow of interactions, starting with the moment a job seeker selects a job. The job seekers output the application form, and the system checks the data, stores it in the database, and subsequently acknowledges the submission to the user. The leading players are the user, the web interface (view), the controller, and the database (model).

This drawing helps developers become familiar with the system’s behavior, the timing of interactions, and the interdependence of components, making implementation and system debugging easier during the development process.

3.1 Class Diagram

A class diagram is one of the essential elements of the UML (Unified Modeling Language) structure in a system, used to model the system’s static structure. It specifies the classes of the system, their attributes, the methods, and the relationships among the classes. Within the framework of the Elevate Workforce Solutions job portal, a class diagram has been used to provide an outline of the system’s backend structure.

The major classes in the diagram are User, Job, Application, and Company. The user class can be composed of attributes such as userID, name, email, and role, whereas methods for user login login login, registration, and profile update will also be represented. The Job class has attributes such as jobID, title, description, and processes for creating, editing, and deleting jobs. The application class links the Job to the user, along with the characteristics, including the application, marking the status, and the application date.

Connectors are used to represent relationships where one end relates to many (e.g., one company posts many jobs). This diagram is essential for comprehending the flow of data, applying a structured approach, and guiding object-oriented development.

3.2 Activity Diagrams

An activity diagram is a UML behavioral diagram that visualizes the flow of activities or processes within a system. It is exceptionally efficient when used to model workflows, that is, to demonstrate the sequence of actions, points of decision, and parallel flows. Through the Elevate Workforce Solutions job portal, activities can be represented graphically as an activity diagram, which can include user registration, job application, or job posting.

The job application process begins with a user logging into the system, viewing job listings, selecting a job, and submitting an application. The system will then confirm the entry, store the information in the database, and give an entry confirmation. Decision nodes can make the app valid or say the consumer is allowed.

Such a diagram assists developers and stakeholders in grasping the logic and control of the system, pinpointing bottlenecks, and ensuring that the application meets user expectations, as the processes are well-defined and visualized.

3.3 Database design

Elevate Workforce Solutions. The design of the job portal’s database is organized according to the relational model, which promotes efficient storage, effective information querying, and data integrity. Some of the critical tables are Users, Jobs, Applications, and Companies. The tables have attributes associated with the entity to which they belong.

 Primary keys are applied to identify a whole uniquely, and foreign keys are used to determine associations among entities (applications to jobs and users). Normalization is performed to reduce data redundancy and ensure consistency throughout the dataset. The database will include some CRUD and support constraints such as the NOT NULL constraint, UNIQUE constraint, and the REFERENTIAL INTEGRITY constraint, ensuring that the system is reliable, secure, and efficient to all users.

3.8 Testing strategies.

This encompasses testing the system using valid credentials. This helps in testing the effectiveness of the applications. The system should give notifications when credentials are wrong and allow one to access the dashboard once login credentials are accurate.

Wrong credentials Admin

Activity 3

Critical Review of the Design, Development, and Testing Stages Including Risks

The Elevate Workforce Solutions job portal was developed using a well-structured software engineering life cycle that consisted of three major phases: design, development, and Testing. All these steps played a critical role in ensuring that the application met user requirements, operated effectively, and was of high quality. Evaluation of these stages is also vital, as it outlines some of the risks that were faced and overcome during the project’s implementation.

Design Stage

The requirements transformation was the focus of the design stage, aimed at providing a structured blueprint. The analysis began with the examination of the problem statement, followed by the identification of roles (including job seekers, employers, and administrators) and the creation of use case scenarios (Alenezi & Akour, 2023). UML diagrams, such as class diagrams and use case diagrams, have been constructed to show the system components, the relationships between different elements, and the interactions between these components. The architecture of the system was derived from the Model-View-Controller (MVC) pattern, which made a clean separation of concerns, providing better scalability and maintainability (Idroes et al., 2023).

Wireframes and mockups were also envisaged in the design to view possible user interfaces. The response to the information provided at this stage, before any action, showed that the first versions were not accessible to users with low digital literacy (Perumal & Aithal, 2024). The changes included the adoption of intuitive icons, reducing the number of form fields to a minimum, and utilizing Bootstrap to make the site responsive.

4.0 Risks during Design:

Unclear requirements: An issue with unclear requirements existed at the outset, posing a risk of scope creep. This was offset by ensuring that communication with stakeholders remained normal (Hong et al., 2023).

Over-engineering: The team suggested too many complicated features, but the idea was rescaled as the top priority within the set period.

Development Stage

The development phase included implementing the design into a physical script based on the previously selected technology stack: PHP, Laravel, MySQL, HTML, CSS, JavaScript, and Bootstrap. During development, sprints were implemented according to the Agile approach, enabling iterative progress, gathering feedback, and managing tasks effectively.

Backend programming was implemented to store data, authenticate users, post jobs, and monitor applications (Lanubile et al., 2023). Laravel made routing, middleware configuring, and database migration. Bootstrap enabled the establishment of a visually consistent and mobile-friendly front-end structure

. Front-end structures were tested after completion, and version control was implemented using Git to track changes and facilitate collaboration (Casquina & Montecchi, 2021). With Trello, tasks were broken down into manageable cards, making accountability and visibility of progress much easier.

4.1 Risks during Development

Skill gaps: The team had some members with no prior knowledge of Laravel, which posed a slight delay in learning. This was solved using tutorials on the internet and peer support.

Integration issues: The challenge involved integrating authentication, database models, and views, which yielded unforeseen bugs whenever multiple modules were linked. This was achieved through the regular Testing of smaller modules, as opposed to total integration.

Time: Since Agile involves an iterative process, time-related deadlines had to be flexible due to the changes necessitated by the feedback. The focus on key features further ensured that the project remained on track.

Testing Stage

A testing process was necessary to prove the viability, efficiency, and safety of the application. A combination of unit testing, manual functional Testing, and usability testing was used.

Unit Testing: These are performed using PHPUnit to test the backend logic, such as form validation, user login login login, and job submission functionality.

Manual Testing: This involved trying different methods of navigating the application, verifying links, and assessing the behavior and the responsiveness of the UI. Test cases were created based on anticipated user actions.

Usability Testing: This is conducted on a sample of users who are selected to represent both job seekers and employers. All of this resulted in some improvements to the interface, e.g., better labeling of buttons and post-job-application feedback.

Out through Testing, a few bugs and incompatibilities were identified, especially in:

• Job listings pagination that is not dynamically updating after deletion.
• Wrong redirection of roles upon login login login (e.g., job seekers directed to employer dashboards).
• Lack of missing form validations to accept blank submissions.
• Any critical issues were captured and addressed after being fixed.

Risks during Testing:

• Scanty test coverage: There was limited test coverage, as automated UI testing (e.g., Selenium testing) was not set up; therefore, some front-end interactions were tested manually.
• Incomplete feedback: Not all users completed full test flows during usability testing, resulting in limited feedback (Tkfeedback et al., 2024). The follow-up observations and moderator-guided sessions were used to address this.
• Screen compatibility: At the early stage of Testing, the layout was distorted when tested on old browsers. CSS modifications were made to provide support across browsers.

5.0 Conclusion

The process of designing, developing, and testing the Elevate Workforce Solutions job portal was not separated; instead, it was carried out concurrently in collaboration, employing the Agile methodology. Creating a design focused on user-centered user-centered structures and image interface elements, the development stage transformed the plans into a functioning system through repeated development and updates (Williamson et al., 2022). The testing phase ensured that the system operated as intended, met user expectations, and maintained its integrity regarding the stored data.

The project was completed despite a tight deadline, requiring good project planning, but was also hindered by two weather events and skills gaps. Additionally, installation and integration bugs were experienced. Proactive risk management strategies included training, feature simplification, and targeted visits based on feedback. Future releases can be made more reliable with improved Testing (automated test scripts and increased user testing), and fewer regressions will be able to be made when older versions become the new release. This systematic and flexible approach presupposed a proper basis for further development and expansion of the system.

6.0 Justification of Improvements Based on Feedback and Opportunities for Further Development 

The design of the Elevate Workforce Solutions job portal received constant feedback from peer reviews, test users, and stakeholders, which were crucial in shaping the final system. This agile process of feedback allowed us to identify areas of functional gaps, usability problems, and areas for improvement early in the development cycle, as per the Agile methodology (Hinderks et al., 2022). As a consequence, some modifications were made, along with some points mentioned regarding future enhancements.

6.1 Feedback-based Implementations of Improvements

The improvement of the user registration and the user login login login interface was one of the most notable ones. The preliminary comments emphasized that the forms were rather text-oriented and uninspiring. The design was hence simplified through the use of Bootstrap components and placeholders to test and validate errors, as provided by Zorzetti et al. (2024), to curb this issue. Improvement greatly benefited the user experience, especially for non-technical users.

The other essential enhancements included the addition of search filters and pagination on the job listing page. Test users complained that navigating an extensive list of jobs without any filtering took some time (OMERKHEL et al., 2023). To this effect, filters by job category, location, and keywords were introduced, simplifying job navigation

Moreover, making it easier.

The developers’ comments also reinforced the security. Secure encryption algorithms now protect hashed passwords; the input fields have been sanitized to prevent SQL injection and cross-site scripting (XSS) attacks (Jarzębowicz & Weichbroth, 2021). This helped to counter the issues of user privacy and its manipulation.

Another place that improved with the help of feedback was the company dashboard. Employers demanded increased job prerogative. To this effect, their capabilities were expanded to allow editing and revoking of job posts, as well as viewing their applicants and tracking job posting dates, which enhanced administrative efficiency (Almeyda et al., 2021).

6.2 Feedback Not Acted Upon

Necessary suggestions were delayed or outstanding due to either time constraints or other resource limitations. For example, some stakeholders suggested that SMS should be used to alert job applicants about their application process (Runsewe et al., 2024). Although this would attract more users, integrating third-party SMS APIs was quite cumbersome in terms of cost and time and thus was not utilized.

Multilingual support, especially in Nepali and other regional languages, was another recommendation that has not been implemented. Although this would make the portal more accommodating, the current version is limited to the English language (Ogundipe et al., 2024). Tdes provides added ideas and features found in incorporated language, which are included in the inter-version.

It was proposed to include resume parsing and automatic ranking of candidates. These include functions such as the use of intricate algorithms and AI integration, which exceed current needs but have great potential for further expansion in future releases (Almeyda et al., 2021).

6.3 Future work.

• Accessibility using mobile apps.
• Admin dashboard to monitor platform performance, as well as user activity.
• Suggesting Job engine based on user profile and behavior.
• Video interviews and uploading of CV.

Several necessary changes emerged under the feedback-driven development strategy, particularly those related to usability, security, and functionality. Some of the ideas were not adopted in a short time; however, they are good to be realized as improvements in the future (Rahy & Bass, 2022). The project is non-restrictive, and it can be further developed in the future to enhance the platform’s support for Elevate’s mission and increase the number of inclusive and transparent employment services in Nepal.

References

Howcroft, D. and Taylor, P., 2023. Automation and the future of work: A social shaping of technology approach. New Technology, Work and Employment, 38(2), pp.351-370.

Raqeeb, A., 2024. Retention and Retention strategies in technology driven work context.

Bailey, D.E., 2022. Emerging technologies at work: Policy ideas to address negative consequences for work, workers, and society. ILR review, 75(3), pp.527-551.

Shehu, E. and Qafa, M., 2024. Technology Driven Inequality: An approch on Western Balkan Countries. Management, Enterprise and Benchmarking in the 21st Century, pp.189-201.

Wang, X., Yan, Z., Zhang, R. and Zhang, P., 2021. Attacks and defenses in user authentication systems: A survey. Journal of Network and Computer Applications, 188, p.103080.

Tariq, U., Ahmed, I., Bashir, A.K. and Shaukat, K., 2023. A critical cybersecurity analysis and future research directions for the internet of things: A comprehensive review. Sensors, 23(8), p.4117.

Al Sadawi, A., Hassan, M.S. and Ndiaye, M., 2021. A survey on the integration of blockchain with IoT to enhance performance and eliminate challenges. IEEe Access, 9, pp.54478-54497.

Latif, S.A., Wen, F.B.X., Iwendi, C., Wang, L.L.F., Mohsin, S.M., Han, Z. and Band, S.S., 2022. AI-empowered, blockchain and SDN integrated security architecture for IoT network of cyber physical systems. Computer communications, 181, pp.274-283.

Zhang, Z., Wen, F., Sun, Z., Guo, X., He, T. and Lee, C., 2022. Artificial intelligence‐enabled sensing technologies in the 5G/internet of things era: from virtual reality/augmented reality to the digital twin. Advanced Intelligent Systems, 4(7), p.2100228.

Khanlou, N., Khan, A., Vazquez, L.M. and Zangeneh, M., 2021. Digital literacy, access to technology and inclusion for young adults with developmental disabilities. Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities, 33, pp.1-25.

Milenkova, V. and Lendzhova, V., 2021. Digital citizenship and digital literacy in the conditions of social crisis. Computers, 10(4), p.40.

Khan, N., Sarwar, A., Chen, T.B. and Khan, S., 2022. Connecting digital literacy in higher education to the 21st century workforce. Knowledge Management & E-Learning, 14(1), pp.46-61.

Arias López, M.D.P., Ong, B.A., Borrat Frigola, X., Fernández, A.L., Hicklent, R.S., Obeles, A.J., Rocimo, A.M. and Celi, L.A., 2023. Digital literacy as a new determinant of health: a scoping review. PLOS Digital Health, 2(10), p.e0000279.

Morgan, A., Sibson, R. and Jackson, D., 2022. Digital demand and digital deficit: conceptualising digital literacy and gauging proficiency among higher education students. Journal of Higher Education Policy and Management, 44(3), pp.258-275.

Azzahra, N.F. and Amanta, F., 2021. Promoting digital literacy skill for students through improved school curriculum (No. 11). Policy Brief.

Charles, L., Xia, S. and Coutts, A.P., 2022. Digitalization and employment. International Labour Organization Review, pp.1-53.

Setiadi, D., Nurhayati, S., Ansori, A., Zubaidi, M. and Amir, R., 2023. Youth’s digital literacy in the context of community empowerment in an emerging society 5.0. Society, 11(1), pp.1-12.

Ambrogio, G., Filice, L., Longo, F. and Padovano, A., 2022. Workforce and supply chain disruption as a digital and technological innovation opportunity for resilient manufacturing systems in the COVID-19 pandemic. Computers & Industrial Engineering, 169, p.108158.

Moroz, M.А., 2024. Increasing the efficiency of personnel in e-commerce: approaches and methods (Master’s thesis, Sumy State University).

Mindell, D.A. and Reynolds, E., 2023. The work of the future: Building better jobs in an age of intelligent machines. Mit Press.

Behie, S.W., Pasman, H.J., Khan, F.I., Shell, K., Alarfaj, A., El-Kady, A.H. and Hernandez, M., 2023. Leadership 4.0: The changing landscape of industry management in the smart digital era. Process safety and environmental protection, 172, pp.317-328.

Batarlienė, N. and Jarašūnienė, A., 2024. Improving the quality of warehousing processes in the context of the logistics sector. Sustainability, 16(6), p.2595.

Javaid, M., Haleem, A., Singh, R.P., Suman, R. and Gonzalez, E.S., 2022. Understanding the adoption of Industry 4.0 technologies in improving environmental sustainability. Sustainable operations and computers, 3, pp.203-217.

Qiang, L., 2024, March. Report on the Work of the Government. In Delivered at the Second Session of the 14th National People’s Congress of the People’s Republic of China on March (Vol. 5, p. 2024).

Feukoun, J.P.N., 2021. Mitigate SQL Injection and Cross-Site Scripting Attacks on Web Applications (Master’s thesis, Utica College).

Nair, S.S., 2024. Securing against advanced cyber threats: a comprehensive guide to phishing, XSS, and SQL injection defense. Journal of Computer Science and Technology Studies, 6(1), pp.76-93.

Matti, E., 2021. Evaluation of open source web vulnerability scanners and their techniques used to find SQL injection and cross-site scripting vulnerabilities.

McNally, S. and Curran, K., 2024, September. Web Application Vulnerabilities. In 2024 8th International Symposium on Computer Science and Intelligent Control (ISCSIC) (pp. 359-366). IEEE.

Hannousse, A., Yahiouche, S. and Nait-Hamoud, M.C., 2024. Twenty-two years since revealing cross-site scripting attacks: A systematic mapping and a comprehensive survey. Computer Science Review, 52, p.100634.

Cofas, E., 2023. Management of personal data processing and protection. Scientific Papers Series Management, Economic Engineering in Agriculture & Rural Development, 23(3).

Shahid, J., Ahmad, R., Kiani, A.K., Ahmad, T., Saeed, S. and Almuhaideb, A.M., 2022. Data protection and privacy of the internet of healthcare things (IoHTs). Applied Sciences, 12(4), p.1927.

Giray, G., 2021. A software engineering perspective on engineering machine learning systems: State of the art and challenges. Journal of Systems and Software, 180, p.111031.

Romanko, O. and O’Mahony, M., 2022. The use of online job sites for measuring skills and labour market trends: A review. Economic Statistics Centre of Excellence (ESCoE) Technical Reports, (ESCOE-TR-19).

Bessa, I., Joyce, S., Neumann, D., Stuart, M., Trappmann, V. and Umney, C., 2022. A global analysis of worker protest in digital labour platforms (Vol. 70). International Labour Organization.

Vahdat, S., 2022. The role of IT-based technologies on the management of human resources in the COVID-19 era. Kybernetes, 51(6), pp.2065-2088.

Manduva, V.C., 2024. Current State and Future Directions for AI Research in the Corporate World. The Metascience, 2(4), pp.70-83.

Hinderks, A., Mayo, F.J.D., Thomaschewski, J. and Escalona, M.J., 2022. Approaches to manage the user experience process in Agile software development: A systematic literature review. Information and Software Technology, 150, p.106957.

Zorzetti, M., Signoretti, I., Salerno, L., Marczak, S. and Bastos, R., 2022. Improving agile software development using user-centered design and lean startup. Information and Software Technology, 141, p.106718.

OMERKHEL, Q., YUSOP, O.M., ISMAIL, S.A. and AZMI, A., 2023. Exploring Strategies for Overcoming Issues of User Involvement in Agile Software Development: a Systematic Literature Review. Journal of Theoretical and Applied Information Technology, 101(19).

Jarzębowicz, A. and Weichbroth, P., 2021. A qualitative study on non-functional requirements in agile software development. IEEE Access, 9, pp.40458-40475.

Almeyda, S., Zapata Del Río, C. and Cohn, D., 2021. Integration of user experience and agile techniques for requirements analysis: a systematic review. In International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction (pp. 187-203). Springer, Cham.

Rahy, S. and Bass, J.M., 2022. Managing non‐functional requirements in agile software development. IET software, 16(1), pp.60-72.

Almeyda, S., Zapata Del Río, C. and Cohn, D., 2021. Integration of user experience and agile techniques for requirements analysis: a systematic review. In International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction (pp. 187-203). Springer, Cham.

Ogundipe, D.O., Odejide, O.A. and Edunjobi, T.E., 2024. Agile methodologies in digital banking: Theoretical underpinnings and implications for customer satisfaction. Open Access Research Journal of Science and Technology, 10(02), pp.021-030.

Runsewe, O., Osundare, O.S., Olaoluwa, S. and Folorunsho, L.A.A., 2024. End-to-End systems development in agile environments: Best practices and case studies from the financial sector. International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, 20(08), pp.522-529.

Alenezi, M. and Akour, M., 2023. Digital Transformation blueprint in Higher Education: A case study of PSU. Sustainability, 15(10), p.8204.

Perumal, R. and Aithal, P.S., 2024. ABCD Analysis of Stakeholder Perspectives on the Conceptual Model: Unveiling Synergies between Digital Transformation and Organizational Performance in Manufacturing. International Journal of Applied Engineering and Management Letters (IJAEML), 8(1), pp.15-38.

Idroes, R., Subianto, M., Zahriah, Z., Afidh, R.P.F., Irvanizam, I., Noviandy, T.R., Sugara, D.R., Mursyida, W., Zhilalmuhana, T., Idroes, G.M. and Maulana, A., 2023. Digital Transformations in Vocational High School: A Case Study of Management Information System Implementation in Banda Aceh, Indonesia. Journal of Educational Management and Learning, 1(2), pp.48-54.

Casquina, J.C. and Montecchi, L., 2021, September. A proposal for organizing source code variability in the git version control system. In Proceedings of the 25th ACM International Systems and Software Product Line Conference-Volume A (pp. 82-88).

Lanubile, F., Martínez-Fernández, S. and Quaranta, L., 2023, May. Teaching MLOps in higher education through project-based learning. In 2023 IEEE/ACM 45th international conference on software engineering: software engineering education and training (ICSE-sEET) (pp. 95-100). IEEE.

Hong, S., Zheng, X., Chen, J., Cheng, Y., Wang, J., Zhang, C., Wang, Z., Yau, S.K.S., Lin, Z., Zhou, L. and Ran, C., 2023. Metagpt: Meta programming for multi-agent collaborative framework. arXiv preprint arXiv:2308.00352, 3(4), p.6.

Williamson, E.P., Wikle, O.M., Becker, D., Seiferle-Valencia, M., Doney, J. and Martinez, J., 2022. Using static web technologies and git-based workflows to re-design and maintain a library website (quickly) with non-technical staff. College & Undergraduate Libraries, 28(2), pp.129-147.

Ugwueze, V.U. and Chukwunweike, J.N., 2024. Continuous integration and deployment strategies for streamlined DevOps in software engineering and application delivery. Int J Comput Appl Technol Res, 14(1), pp.1-24.

Tkalich, A., Klotins, E., Sporsem, T., Stray, V., Moe, N.B. and Barbala, A., 2025. User feedback in continuous software engineering: revealing the state-of-practice. Empirical Software Engineering, 30(3), p.79.

Mindell, D.A. and Reynolds, E., 2023. The work of the future: Building better jobs in an age of intelligent machines. Mit Press.

Lehtinen, J., Locatelli, G., Sainati, T., Artto, K. and Evans, B., 2022. The grand challenge: Effective anti-corruption measures in projects. International Journal of Project Management, 40(4), pp.347-361.

Islam, R., Ansari, M.E., Dewan, M.A., Sultana, S. and Rivin, M.A.H., 2024. Supply Chain Management Analysis and Design for a Variety of Economic Scenarios, Including Data and System Administration. Journal of Software Engineering and Applications, 17(10), pp.770-785.

Leesakul, N., Oostveen, A.M., Eimontaite, I., Wilson, M.L. and Hyde, R., 2022. Workplace 4.0: Exploring the implications of technology adoption in digital manufacturing on a sustainable workforce. Sustainability, 14(6), p.3311.

 Bashir, A. & Sadiq, M. (2020). Centralized Job Portals and Access to Employment Opportunities. Journal of ICT Studies, 8(2), 45-53.

Chen, Y., Liu, H., & Zhang, X. (2019). Evaluating Usability of Employment Web Applications. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, 128, 78-89.

International Labour Organization (ILO). (2022). Digital Employment Platforms in Asia-Pacific: Opportunities and Challenges.

·  Jobvite. (2022). Recruitment Statistics Annual Report.

·  Kalra, P., & Vohra, M. (2018). Security Assessment of Online Job Portals. Journal of Cybersecurity, 5(1), 20-32.

·  Nepal Telecommunications Authority. (2023). Annual ICT Report 2023.

Nielsen, J. (2012). Usability Heuristics for User Interface Design. Nielsen Norman Group.

 Shrestha, R., & Adhikari, S. (2020). Analyzing User Experience of Nepali Job Portals. Nepal ICT Review, 6(1), 12-19.

 Singh, A., & Singh, R. (2021). Digital Recruitment Platforms and Youth Employment. Journal of Modern Workforce Solutions, 4(2), 34-41