Society assignment help on: Development of society
Social Justice is a concept that revolves around the basic idea of developing a society, which collectively understands the value of human rights and also which works on the grounding principles of equality and harmony. Social Justice is the basic concept which every democratic society should intrinsically possess to assure the dignity of each human being. This social conception circumscribes the human rights and the basic needs of the public in any domain ranging from economic impartiality through advanced taxation to property and income redistribution. More than a theoretical concept it is an action in accord with the obligation of some law. Irrespective of that fact that from where these rules come whether from public consensus or the norms that the society follow the regulations ensure that all members of the society receives a warm and equal treatment (Leigh and Blackeley 2009). The conflicts may arise in different spheres that are related to the concept of Justice, because what government may think is just for the society might actually be a problem for them, whereas what the public think to be their right might not be in agreement with the policy of the government. Such cases require negotiation or compromise, instead of going against the other.
Relating this concept of social justice to the literary theory of ‘Deconstruction’ by the famous French philosopher Jaques Derrida, who brings that law is active as a body only when it exercises justice, but at the same time he probes that no law can completely enact justice, as according to him each law is historically identified and is conditional, it is adaptable to the temporal requirements and therefore it is deconstructible. Once the same law enacts justice, then it shows that law is something which is not strict and can be easily reformed. Since, it is supported by such literary illustrations it is acceptable that the social workers need to have a liberal outlook towards social justice. According to him, deconstruction isn’t about going against the tradition, but also reconstructing something new on the basis of the old. Thus, this literary theory of development not negates a concept the way it has been followed, but questions its complexities and tries to resolve the conflicts, to achieve balance and harmony among different spheres (Mansfield 2011).
The quality of living in present determines the characteristics of how the future is going to be. Be it an individual, a group, a community or a state, these entities follow a particular ideology that guides their motives and shapes their identity in a society. It would be important to remember that it’s a two way process, when these elements come in contact with the ruling party .i.e. the government. The citizens as a constitutional rule elect the leader of their state thus the actions taken in present determine the future of the inhabited system(Devenney 2011). Once the lead is in hands of the governing body definitely the idea of justice would solely depend on their part, and on the other hand, the citizens hold a set of expectations from the elected members of the law. Each such group or community has its basic needs and they are required to be fulfilled by the government. In case, they aren’t entertained by the government there can occur sensation among those groups which makes them react against the functioning of the government. The sensation can be called a corollary of the ignorance at the part of the governing body. But, if the needs of the public are justified and yet they don’t get acknowledged by the government then that it is the denial of the human rights by the rule (United For Human Rights 2012).
In order to protect the human rights, there is a need to locate different types of justice in a given social context. The first one is Distributive Justice which is also known as economic justice that believes in giving a ‘fair-share’ to each member of the society. Though, the idea seems acceptable, but many have criticized this type of justice according to whom this is an ‘ideal’ situation, when nobody can clearly budget out that ‘fair share’. The second type of Justice is Procedural, aimed at producing a ‘fair-treatment’ to an existing individual in a society. The lawyer has to exercise his actions on the others following the fair procedure that is prescribed. This way the quality of the justice passed is intact as the relationship that is formed with the other id unbiased (Lotter 2011). The people of the law are neutral in this case, and the ones who are being affected by the decisions taken for them, should also possess the right to speak or present their views when needed. The thirds type is more reactive in its substance; it asserts that the people should be treated in the same way in which they treat the others. This law clearly means punishment for the wrongdoing or injustice done in the past. This type of justice is also undesirable after a limit as this promotes the idea of revenge at each side of the social system. According to the critics this type of Justice is not at all empathetic to people because it is more destructive and doesn’t initiates peace. Since, this type is popular across many nations, following this is the restorative justice which constitutes as the fourth type of social justice. As a result of retributive justice if there occurs any violence or crime against an individual then this justice works upon that case to restore peace and harmony in that individual’s life (Rice 2012).
Social reform can vary from economic, political, individual or legal interests of the public that obviously should work only for molding the present for a better future. Hence, there is no need to count spheres for any justice related to economic, political or any such interests as different entities because there are hierarchies among these systems making each sphere inter-related to the other (Leigh and Blackeley 2012). To reflect upon the importance of not creating different departments to allocate these social spheres is that it would strengthen the unity among public and would promote collective development of the society. Certainly this system is more productive in its approach because it has one aim to balance the justice being done to each aspect at the social, political, economic level. This approach ensures a state of equilibrium where the success and justice done to one sphere would positively affect the other sphere and certainly there would be no injustice done to any social sphere.
Violence against women has been a ubiquitous issue which has not justified its origin as yet. The idea of violence itself is so dehumanizing because this act doesn’t seem to be a rational one. Violence against women, flourishes out of the basic issue of patriarchy across each nation-state, its habitant culture, sub-cultures and relationship with the other gender. Social justice in that case should be an active agent that should indulge in resolve such matters. The way to non-violence is the key to understand the importance of individuality and being empathetic towards women. Social Justice as the basic fundamental should be guided by a single aim, that is the value of human rights, but unfortunately, the situation is inverted because there is a line drawn between ‘human rights’ and the ‘rights of the women’. One can find the classification which the society has made, by dividing the two as completely separate entities. Thus, the concept of Social Justice is not justified, because women so far have never been considered a part of human civilization or social beings. Whenever there has been any discussion about the status of the women in the society regarding the rights of the women, it has always been important to throw light upon Mary Wollstonecraft’s, A vindication of the Rights of Woman, it advocates that women are not inferior or lesser in any aspect if seen with respect to males. She brings that it is obvious in the observable sense that a woman can be inferior to strength, to the male, but that does not mean that she is inferior intellectually. This degree of physical superiority should not be seen as a perk to males, which would mean that they can dictate these physically weak beings. In her treatise she elaborately has talked about that an equal status is what they deserve when it comes to a collective survival. Violence is a crude concept and can only get refined once the patriarchy stricken psychology gets improved. Violence against women: prohibited education, female foeticide, women trafficking, commodification, character assassination and degraded attitude towards their sexuality, are a few examples of their subjugation to the periphery in the society. This problematic can be practically seen in illustrating the life of an average black woman and the atrocities to which they have been subjected. The treatment which they have been given is brutalizing which has been recorded as a literature by many popular African-American writers like Alice Walker and Toni Morisson. The expression was a denied faculty to women, and they were only considered as machines that produced babies and were solely put to earth to get exploited.Zora Neal Hurtson was the first woman precursor of the black cultural identity who through her poetry and intellectual leadership promoted the fellow women of talent who were until then suppressed and debasedin the South America. This literary movement helped another social sphere of politics, where immigration rights were also granted to the African-Americans. Such movements have fostered development in the United States, which can be emphasized through another developmental example: “Human progress is neither automatic nor inevitable… Every step toward the goal of justice requires sacrifice, suffering, and struggle; the tireless exertions and passionate concern of dedicated individuals.” said the American activist and prominent leader Martin Luther King, Jr. The quote itself makes it explicit for anyone who is a responsible citizen of a nation-state that justice is that important status of any nation-state which cannot be acquired, but earned. The quoted leader born in Atlanta, Georgia proved him to be the social precursor of the Civil Rights Movement. This social movement that was taken by him was characterized mainly by fighting for Civil Rights. It ran through the two decades after 1950s, when African-American population was fighting for their voting rights (Devenney 2011). The movement recognized the acts of non-violent protests and the civil-disobedience that challenged the existing social agendas and created friction between the authorities and the people. Such a mode of disobedience included marches, sit-ins and boycott. The fight was against the discrimination based on race, color, ethnicity and religious practices, employment status and also public spheres constructed for the African-Americans. Finally, the awakening of the whole African-American community was successful to restore and protect their voting rights, thus Voting Rights Act of 1965 opened the way to their citizenship in the U.S(United For Human Rights 2012).
There is a need to elaborate upon the concepts of social justice where one type of justice done in a social scenario actually helped other social issues gain acknowledgement. Public has the right to react if the social justice is not granted to them, because it is not acceptable to work for selfish concerns of the government at the price of social advancement. Before moving on to the section which talks in detail about the theories of development later in this essay; it is important to cite a few examples which are taken from the literary and political domains to see the significant coming up of people towards social development. Example, the Harlem Renaissance in South-America was a literary step taken forward to promote black culture and identity in the decade following 1920s. The concept of racism was rampant and there were no economic doors open for the black population , thus the only mode of expression of their sentiments that was available to them was creative writing and the music(specifically jazz). That’s how the blacks were able to showcase their skills and gradually they were hired for multiple opportunities.
Social Justice can be seen as an umbrella concept encompassing many aspects and facets of a social set up, there can be no specific definition for this concept because as pointed earlier in this essay according to deconstructionist theory of Derrida, no law can completely enact justice and that every law is endless( Mansfield 2011). On the basis of this argument one can bring that every law essentially mutates through the requirement and time and so it resists any one comprehension of it. Since, the whole point is that the law of any nation-state is guided by the kind of social justice required by the people; it is not about and imprinting that what a law should look like.To understand this social responsibility better, it is significant to throw light upon the issue of Social Injustice too, just like the value of the ‘good’ cannot be understood without knowing about ‘evil’, similarly we need an antithetical concept of Injustice to understand Justice. To develop as a nation, as important it is to promote justice equally important it is to put a full-stop to injustice being done. Just like there are different spheres of justice related to economics, politics and judiciary, similarly these are the spheres which also experience injustice. The injustice which these spheres undergo, actually works negative for the development of the nation as a healthy one.
The only desirable static characteristic that any law should have is that of ‘Utilitarianism’. It is an honest principle which ensures the right course of action taken by any authority at the right time so that it produces the greatest amount of happiness and satisfaction for the masses. Though it is supposed to be an upright principle, but if it is turned upside-down it can produce an equal negative effect too (Rice 2012). Thus, a Utilitarian approach must be such that it works toward social development and help the people to become economically stable, politically conscious, individually dignified and legally aware of their rights. In the contemporary context the aim of this approach has been shifted with the increasing corruption in the society. The concept of Utilitarianism is thus applicable to the ones who initiate and practice fraud, because they generate happiness and create balance only for a small section or the community to which they belong. Such members in the society are the anti-utilitarian elements, who are working towards negative advancement by minimizing the living standards and loosing on the competition among other countries. Therefore, many anti-development societies become the obstacle in the way of globalization( Mill 2009).
There are various theories of development which had been created in the past but have been modified according to the present times;, each scheme has its own importance in a given context and acts as a guiding framework for the next generation theory. The exact development theories and practice does help redistribute supremacy and resources. These development schemes unitedemocratic and some social principles, such as progression over product, the circulation of growth over growth only, public control over shared control. These theories often use alternative development plans rather than the mainstream plans as such plans are driven by self-reliance and determination (Adjibodoun.d). A few important theories are, Modernization Theory, asserts the idea of imitating the success techniques and the schemes that the developed countries must have followed to achieve success. In that case it is a challenge that is put in front of the developing countries which way they more earnestly start to work to achieve economic strength. Marquis de Condorcet, the French Philosopher, was involved in the origins of the Modernization theory. This theory, suggests the financial status and technological advancement trigger the growth in people’s moral and cultural well-being. This theory advertises modern ways of living over traditional values and that primitive societies should adhere to the modernized ones. Walt Rostow and A.F.K. Organski are the precursors of this theory and they also relate this to a concept of “take-off” which is realized whenever a society runs fast towards modernization, westernization and technological growth. A major stress is put on the economic development, radical stability, social reform and cultural change. In the late 80’s this theory was criticized by many critics that through this framework only a few countries got the benefit which is not a much impressive ratio (Rice 2011). The second important theory is Dependency theory which suggests that the concept of development and underdevelopment are interdependent. The precursors of this theory brought that underdevelopment should be seen as the byproduct of development and hence to achieve development definitely the relationship among other nations shall be made. Prebisch asserted that “less developed nations traditionally exported primarycommodities to the industrialized nations which then used those commodities to manufacture products that are then sold back to the less developed nations. This “Value Added” process creates a vicious circle for poorer nations.” Thus it only meant that rich were getting richer and this was unfair as a social system. Thus the precursors of this theory suggested that there should be devised such programs to first reduce and then gradually eliminate the need to buy the goods manufactured by the developed countries, as this is the complete violation of the resources belonging to the underdeveloped countries (Lotter 2011). But, again this theory was also criticized many critics pointed that the implementation of this theory would mean intra-state corruption, lack of opportunities and lack of competition. The final is the World-system theory which was devised on a very systematic approach to the social set-up, it suggested that there should be a system of polities with multiple cultures, single division of employment within a single economy. This theory enforced the concept of labor empowerment to dislocate inequality from the social system. This theory emphasize on building relationship with the peripheral social scenarios across the world. But, again the criticism of this theory was that it may cause lack of globalization and industrialization.
The important element of social justice is thus a core building block of law which is enduring in its own way, determining the existing social structures in the society (Adjibodoun.d). There are certain pros and cons in the society only which keep on affecting itself through the testing times. The manner in which the public behaves according to the needs of the hour, it determines the pace of development in a social set up. Therefore, it is a responsible task at the part of the public to respond to its rights with the maximum possible awareness and should not be ignorant about what it deserves. Also, being it a mutual relationship between the governing body and the public, it is the moral duty of the government to respect human rights and fulfill the needs in all legal, individual, political and economic spheres present in a social system.
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