Science assignment help on: Error

Error is something that can take place at any point of time, during any course of action. As no one is said to be a perfect being thus, mistakes can happen and accidents can take place. Specifically talking about the health care domain, it is a very general thing that mistakes do happen in this profession. The people who to take medical services always consider that the doctors and the nurses are the immediate gods and they have the miraculous solutions to each problem. In such expectations the people tend to believe that no mistakes can happen. It is actually not so, and it is seen that there are instances where the medical errors can occur at any stage (Castle, N, et. al (2007)). They can take place if the healthcare provider chooses an inappropriate method of diagnosing the problem. There is again a scope of medical error if the execution part goes wrong, even after choosing the correct method. Therefore, such medical errors are only referred to as the human errors in the area of health science (Greene, S et. al (2010)). The importance of this issue can be seen according to the facts as provided by the Institute of Medicine. The report of the same institute for the US Hospitals has been astonishing as there had been deaths which were ‘avoidable’ and many such cases where the life of the patient would have effectively due to proper care. At times there can be the cases where the people who work within a medical institute are bad, but most of the times it is seen that it is the poor system that actually make the system to fail in the time of need. The possible flaws in the system are there like the poor communication, which can mistake both the care providers and the recipients about the authority of the individual, the reporting system of the hospital suffers from the lack of the coordination in the hospital system (Taxis, K and Barber, N. (2003)). The same can be better understood with relation to the existing human error theory which assists that one should only learn from the errors and thus to learn and then resolve it, its roots, the nature and the subsequent results shall be worked upon. The Human Error Theory interestingly throws light upon the concept of error, the same is brought out by adhering to the great literary thinker and philosopher Francis Bacon in the year 1620, that human mind has always thought of the ‘over-generalisations’ which means that the human mind always have that over-confident element of remembering each and everything which is exactly allocated to the right department of the memory in the human mind. This thought itself gives rise to error, because it all of being thoroughly perfect which is not possible. The theory stands widely accepted even by the British Department of Health, because the same has moved away from solely blaming the individuals, but by only accepting the fact that error is something inevitable (Harding, L and Petrick, T. (2008)). Various literary scholars, scientists and the psychologist have pointed out the fact that there are some cognitive processes and the multiple disturbing factors in the organisational environment and the surroundings that can lead to various accidents in the health care domain. According to Reason’s interpretation of the concept of error, it is “the failure of a planned action to be completed as intended – without the intervention of some unforeseeable event; or the use of a wrong plan to achieve an aim.” This definition was somehow subjected to mixed reactions, while some accepted this possibility of the error while others thought it was only a pretext for the mistakes done in a medical scenario. Though in the contemporary context this Human Error Theory has gained popularity because the same has been highly in relevance to the Norman’s idea of error, and thus these perspectives which have been built are the ‘Human Factors’ (Sheridan, T. (2003)).Further many factors have been analysed with relation to the same theory like the slips and the lapses from the memory, the mental performance etc. The same theory is widely accepted because of the explicit portrayal of the human factors but still the same remains vulnerable to the criticism. The same effectively brings out that the nursing is an important factor in healthcare but them there can be chances of the human fallibility where even the same system can fail to acknowledge that how such errors can be avoided. But the critique of the same has been there on building up the counter-argument that the job of nursing accompanies humanities, therefore the basic human factors which can be controlled like the personal hygiene like the wearing of the uniform, washing the hands, the use of anti-bacterial and the anti-viral techniques while handling the patients can guarantee high infection control. The availability of the trained staff which is willing to attend the patients can effectively led to stop the fostering of the errors. Other human factors which can be worked upon by the nursing staff in the hospital can range from the valid reason for which a drug is being used the collection of the true and the right records therefore the proper documentation of the patient’s disease. These were the critiques that were made on the various human actors which can lead to serious medical flaws (system) and the consequences can become fatal (Handler,S, et, al (2006)).Also, the assessment of the Swiss Cheese Model is necessary to understand that how the system of the medical errors contains the holes of the errors. Alike the holes that are present in a Swiss Cheese there are the inherent holes that are present in the medical system. This interpretation of the errors as formed on the basis of the Swiss Cheese model, place emphasis on the causes present in the system rather than blaming any sort of the individual failures. In a way this model has acted so far as a representative for giving an idea how can the painful events occur in a healthcare system and how should they be prevented. The Swiss Cheese Models effectively brings the significant human factors and the system factors which impact the health care set up and the various quality and the safety perspectives. The medical errors according to the model have a scope to arise because of the Organisational factors, the unsafe work conditions, the human tendency for the unsafe actions and the unsafe acts.  The organisational influences are the lack of the management of the resources that are provided in the healthcare settings like the excessive use of the tools which are torn out, the old machines and the lack of coordination among the staff members ((Jeffs, L et. al (2012)). The next is the distracting and the fluctuating climate of the hospital, also referred to as the Organisational climate, like the lazy staff members, the untrained doctors and the people who are dogmatic by nature and thus unwilling to attend to the patient’s queries. The third influential factor is the operational process; this accounts to the methodology that is followed for diagnosis, the nurse or the medical supervisor might indulge either too fast processing or the too slow processes. The extreme behaviour of the clinicians and the health care staff thus can be referred to as the problematic in the operational process. The interpretation of the model defines that the healthcare system should be diligent in dealing with the patients at the right time and with the right networking, for this the recommended system is that of the Swiss Cheese where the holes should be seen as the chances where the ongoing plan or the operation can fail and the slices of the cheese are the ‘defensive layers’ thus becoming the safety steps or the shields. Therefore, the different layers only act as the filter, where even if the mistake, the error or the flaw in the operation has occurred in the first step then the same can be trapped in the defensive layer, leaving no scope for the error to be passed on to the next level. This is possible because the next layer would not be having the same positions of the holes as it was in the previous layer. This interpretation thus propagates the main idea that though the natural tendency of a human being to make mistakes cannot be corrected but the correction can be made at the part of the plan that is being executed so that the chances of the fatal consequences are effectively minimised (Karmen, L. (2008)).On the basis of the Human Error Theory and the basic human factors that are responsible for the failure of the health care system, on can conclude that the critical review of Swiss Cheese model can come to rescue many patients who are admitted to the healthcare centres. The question which the analysis has answered is that ‘Can the human errors be effectively reduced in the medical context?’ and it seems that the same is in a positive light because the solutions to catch the problematic have been provided by the collaborative efforts of the literary precursors, the medical scholars and the psychologists. The model and the theory which has been studied effectively solves the problem by attacking the root of the problem it can be said that health care setting is an indefinite system in which the safety off the patient resides (Wagner, C et. al (2001)). The safety quality is only determined while there is possible a healthy interaction between the medical actors, the health care standards and the potential errors in the existing health care system.

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