Science assignment On biology help: Booster tetanus injection
1. Booster tetanus injection is administered to the patient to prevent further infection from the wound which is cleaned and sutured. Booster tetanus injection helps in elimination of immune response that is responsible for wound formation. By injection of tetanus dosage, it helps in removal or entry of tetanus organisms at the site of wound. Even though the wound is cleaned but it get exposed to dust in air and soil gets contaminated with the microorganisms which elicit a new immune response to cause further infection. In general tetanus is administered after cleansing the wound it is subjected with disinfectants followed by surgical treatment (Brodie & Axelrod, 2009).
2. From case study it is mentioned that on inspection of wound the following observations has been made-Wound edges red, surrounding tissues swollen and hot to touch. Let us discuss physiological basis of the wound observations.Firstly, the wound edges turned into red colour, this indicates that redness is a sign of infection, so the patient is acclimatized with infection. Red colouration indicates the presence of infection which slowly causes pain to the patient.Secondly, tissue swollening, represents that the patient is with infection due to lack of vascular supply in the tissue, which cause surrounding tissue swollen and the colour of tissue is changed from bright to dull. This can be seen if the pressure is exerted at the surrounding layers of tissue and then releasing the pressure after few seconds the blood vessels will not reorganize, where indentation is seen (Hirohata et al., 2011, pp.276-283). It indicates the presence of air or gases in the tissue. Thirdly, the patient is feeling hot to touch, which is a symptom of wound infection. The patient has developed fever which might be higher than normal temperature. It is indicated in the case study that the patient is above the normal temperature that is 38.2 degrees centigrade. In general the patient with wound will have signs of fever with a temperature around 101fahreinheit.
3. Vivinenne has developed fever only due to infection that is associated with emergence of wound. The fever is considered as one of symptoms for wound appearance. The patient might have exposed to air and dust continuously which would have led to cause infection by exhibiting symptoms like fever etc.(Jahangir et al., 2007, pp.3050-6). In general wound has to be kept clean and should be washed thoroughly in order to not to cause further infection. But when the wound is infected different symptoms are prevailed with wound like fever due to rapid spread of the infection from wound to different parts of the body. Systemic infections can be cured without causing much infection, which can be known by the signs of fever in the patient. The presence of fever helps in reducing the infection by further spreading to the entire body parts in the patient. Antibiotics can be the best option to prevent further infection and the wound can be healed in a quick period of time. If the patient feels irritation or pain still after dressing the wound it is advisable to consult the doctor immediately in order to avoid the infection.
4. In general staphylococcus aureus are considered as harmless organism, but if a wound or injury is occurred in the patient, then the organism will enter the body of the patient and cause discomforts to the patient. The sources are most likely be the bedclothes in the hospitals or in the home where the organisms contaminate the bed clothes where the patient is affected with wound is placed for rest. So the sources of contamination would be from injections used for patients with allergy and it also contaminates catheters and other injections too. When the patient is with fever and gets exposed to temperature, there is chance of skin becoming reddish and this leads to rashes on the outer surface of the skin. Since the S.aureus, organism is highly resistant to higher temperatures it enters the body through the rashes present on the surface of skin and cause infection, which may result in poor blood supply and might lead to death of an individual.
5. Augmentin is composed of two mixture or compounds namely, amoxicillin and clavulanic acid.Vivinenne is administered with Augmentin specifically because the antibiotic Augmentin is specifically used in patients with bacterial infections(Singh, Connolly& Crijns, 2007, pp.987-99). The antibiotic, Augmentin belongs to penicillin family and it exhibits the same mechanism where it destructs the cell wall or layer that is associated with infection. Augmentin is administered to the patient mainly because of bacterial infection. Augmentin helps in breaking of bonds which led to cause of infection in the patient and then eliminate the substances, finally kills bacteria.
6. Mode of action of Augmentin: The antibiotic is a mixture of amoxicillin and clavalunate.Firstly amoxicillin is used in breaking the linkage or bonds that is associated with bacterial infection. It eliminates the action of bacteria by destabilizing the bonds. Augmentin contain amoxicillin which helps in causing impairment of bonds, where as clavulanate helps in killing bacteria that is associated with inactivation of amoxicillin compound.Clavalunate helps in working of amoxicillin which can be sensitive to bacteria like S.aureus.This bacteria have the ability to produce chemicals that have defensive mechanism called as beta lactamases. These are causative agents of infection and this chemical can be inhibited or removed by the use of clavalunate or clavalunic acid (Onalan et al.,2007,pp.1726-32).Amoxicillin is generally gets inactivated by the betalactamses produced by the bacteria. In order to avoid inactivation of amoxicillin, clavalunate helps in prevention of bacteria. Since the patient is associated with bacterial infection on the skin and also on the tissue, Augmentin will help in minimizing the problem. Augmentin is available in the form of suspensions and tablets in different compositions. Tablets are generally prescribed before meals daily and they should be swallowed with the help of fluid like water etc.This helps in reducing the infection only to some extent. It is necessary to take prescription as per recommended dosage only because high dosage is to be taken along with same input of fluid. The side effects will most likely be the liver problems, improper kidney function, fever and different types of allergies. Other common symptoms include diarrhoea, nausea, vomiting, indigestion, dizziness, skin rashes, itching, decrease in the number of blood platelets etc.
7. When the sample of blood is subjected to differential counting then the leucocytes that are most likely elevated will be monocytes and granulocytes. The reason is that granulocytes are composed of host defence mechanism. So when bacteria enters into the body, it enters mainly into blood stream mainly white blood cells where the infection is likely to happen, but defence mechanism helps in prevention of infections(Friberg et al., 2005, pp.666-72). On the otherside, the monocytes will play an important role in helping defence system of immune system and also responsible for producing proteins and also antigens for the body that is useful for production of antibodies. On the whole, neutrophills presence will help in host defence mechanism that could cope up with prevention and destruction of infections. When immune system is destroyed, in order to rebuild the immune system to facilitate immune response, need for proteins and antigens for antibody production.Monocytes will help in building the immune system and facilitate the immune response. Apart from these eosinophills will help in engulfment of bacteria and attach to the bacteria and gets disseminated with infection and finally kills the bacteria that cause infection (Högestätt, Jönsson & Ermund, 2005, pp.31405-12). Thus they protect the body of the individual from bacterial infections by eliminating or killing pathogen. The basophills gets increased in their number when there is infection in the individual, but they release histamines to decrease inflammation and have proper blood flow.
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