Introduction

Leadership could be referred to as a research area and practical skill that encompasses the core capability of any particular individual or company in leading or guiding all other individuals, companies and teams. This leadership comprises of distinct traits, functions, values and visions, intelligence, power and situational interaction and even many more (Conger 2015). A successful leader is responsible for ensuring that a common task or project is being accomplished under every circumstance. This particular trait is considered as a matter intelligence, courage, discipline and trustworthiness that should be present within every significant leader, after depending on the depth and importance of situation or issues to be resolved. In a project, leadership is subsequently associated to different performances and ensures that the respective project becomes a successful one without much complexity or issue. As soon as a person within a leadership role is not fulfilling the profit potentials by the high management or shareholders, they might be eventually terminated completely (Bolman and Deal 2017). This report will be outlining a brief description on failed leadership attribute for one of the most distinct and noteworthy projects in the entire world, namely New Royal Adelaide Hospital with appropriate details.

2. Discussion 

2.1 Brief Idea of the Case Study of New Royal Adelaide Hospital Project

The Royal Adelaide Hospital or RAH is one of the most significant hospitals in entire Australia that is being owned by the respective state government as the major part of the public health care system of Australia. They provide tertiary services of health care for South Australia and also provide clinical services secondary care to the inhabitants of the metropolitan area that involves inner suburb. In the year of 2017, the hospital was being replaced by a new hospital called nRAH or New Royal Adelaide Hospital. This was being built at the Western end of the North Terrace as well as at the time the most costly building with budget of 2.3 billion Australian dollars in both equipment and construction. However, while making this particular project, there was a major issue in leadership and they were unable to deal with the complexities for leadership for gaining better effectiveness and efficiency in the work. As a result, there was several conflicts amongst the team members and the project was getting delayed majorly. Moreover, project was getting delayed for such discrepancies and it was affecting the overall budget eventually.

2.2 Critical Analyses of the Leadership Dimension of the Case Study with 2 Conceptual Frameworks of Leadership

The leadership dimensions are referred to those attributes, which provide the opportunity to a leader to lead any organization or situation. Performances are well measured and the communication process is improved to a high level. These dimensions could easily form the major basis for a thoughtful self-assessment as well as organizational evaluations of the leaders and these evaluations should be utilized with care (Grint et al. 2016). If any type of deficiency is noted in such dimension, the respective organization or project would not get proper or accurate outcomes and as a result, the project work would be delayed. The major dimensions of leadership for this particular case study of New Royal Adelaide Hospital include lack of expertise and experience in the project, lack of problem solving capability and lack of core beliefs and values.

i) Expertise and Experience: The first and the foremost dimension of leadership in this specific case study of nRAH is expertise and experience. This is one of the major and the most dimension of a leader that is needed to be followed eventually for ensuring that the respective project would become a major and the most successful one (Western 2019). It majorly includes expertise and education in respective industries and companies as well as maintain a track record to efficiently lead the companies with several numbers of staff or managerial levels. The managerial wisdom emerges as the decrement regarding the process of industries and companies working regarding motivational attitude of the people and requirement of the customers for understanding the effectiveness of high level of management work. Hence, maximum success is obtained without much complexity or issue (Priest and Gass 2017). However, in this project of nRAH, the respective leader was new and he did not have the ideology or experience to deal with such large budget project eventually and hence the project suffered a lot.

ii) Problem Solving Capability: The second important and significant dimension of leadership in this specific case study of New Royal Adelaide Hospital is problem solving capability. It comprises of the significant level of intellectual horse power for efficiently performing the highest level of task complexity and work assigned to a specific individual (Rosenbach 2018). Few important aspects are considered for this purpose, which include the number of variables operating within a situation, maintenance of ambiguity of the variables, the rate of change over time and finally the extent to which they are interwoven, so that these could be unraveled for checking as well as the core capability of an individual for identification and controlling the salient variables and finally time horizon of the work. One of the major and the most significant issues that was noted in the case study of nRAH was that there were several conflicts amongst the team members and employees; as a result the project was getting delayed eventually. Hence, they were unable to deal with the employee conflicts and issues were raised majorly (Mendenhall et al. 2017). Moreover, the working conditions were also needed to be improved and due to lack of problem solving ability, the leader was unable to do so.

iii) Core Beliefs and Values: The next important and significant dimension of leadership in this specific case study of nRAH is core beliefs and values. This particular leadership dimension manifests itself as the major patterns of interaction and behavior, intrinsic motivators and tacit assumptions for checking the working behavior of leaders in the business or project. A collection of core values and beliefs for a specific leadership position is needed to be considered on top priority and they help out a person to work properly and also reveal proper decision making biases, pattern in the inappropriate behavior or predictable errors in judgment.

A specific conceptual framework of leadership is the structure that the respective team members believe can best explain the natural progression of the respective phenomenon (Robertson 2016). It is subsequently linked to the concept, empirical researches and vital theories that are being utilized in promotion and systemization of the knowledge by the team member. A suitable conceptual framework for understanding the leadership dimensions of the case study of nRAH is provided below:

Figure 1: Conceptual Framework for Leadership Dimension of Core Belief, Value or Trust

(Source: Herman 2016)

Another suitable and effective conceptual framework for leadership dimension is provided below:

Figure 2: Conceptual Framework for Leadership Dimension of Social Categorization and Expertise and Experience

(Source: Herman 2016)

The above mentioned two conceptual frameworks for leadership dimension clearly demonstrate that a structured approach is needed to be followed in a project for better execution of the project operations and processes as well as gaining project objectives successfully.

2.3 Identification of Possible Reasons for Failure of Leadership Aspects

Leadership is considered as one of the most significant and important requirements in a project to ensure that the project results are quite effective and would decrease the chance of project failure. Moreover, it enhances the team effectiveness and reduces conflicts to a high level. The leaders, who comprise of the major responsibilities include that being present for supporting their team at every situation (Komives and Wagner 2016). The major reasons of failed leadership in the case study of the project of nRAH are provided below:

i) Lack of Experience: The first important and significant reason of failed leadership in the case study of the project of nRAH is lack of experience of the leader. The leader did not have proper experience to lead a project team and hence was unable to manage them eventually. As a result, they were unable to navigate the team and stopped directing people forward (Martin et al. 2017). The leader required to have clear visions and goals for being sure that all the individuals and team members are continuously delivering higher quality results and hence the project is achieving its respective goals and objectives. The leader also needed to have to set major expectations and even keep a track of the total progress for holding themselves accountable. However, these attributes were absent in the project of nRAH due to lack of experience of the leader.

ii) Not providing proper Feedback and Criticism: The second vital and significant reason of failed leadership in nRAH is not providing proper feedback as well as criticism to the team members. It is extremely easier for the leaders to try and then please every individual; however it is not always effective. The leader in the project of nRAH would have to take up a step back and look at the weaknesses of the team for gaining better improvement. When the individuals would not compliment all the people, it is considered as disservice and similar issue was noted in this particular project (Covin and Slevin 2017). The project manager did not provide proper feedback to the team members for ensuring that better efficiency is gained under every circumstance.

iii) Leaders refusing to Adapt: Another vital and significant reason of failed leadership in the case scenario of the project of nRAH is leader refusing to get adapted. The respective project was needed to be headed in a new direction and hence it was extremely important and significant for leader to change his leadership style for ensuring that the project results are accurate in the new environment. However, he was unable to do so and hence the team members were unable to get aligned with each other regarding the working procedure of the project. As a result, the leadership approach of autocratic became a major failure; since the team members were not ready to accept the autocratic leadership style eventually.

iv) Lack of Self Leadership: The next important and noteworthy reason of failed leadership in the project nRAH is lack of self-leadership. The leader required to know yourself and communicate with the team members for core values, beliefs and expectations (Mittal and Dhar 2015). The leader required to understand the strengths, goals and weaknesses for having the core capability of giving the best self to the team and also comprise of fulfillment. Self-leadership is the significant practice to intentionally influence the thinking, feeling or action towards obtaining different objectives and goals. A comprehensive perspective of self-influence majorly concerns for leading someone in the team. Self-leadership is the answer to how the personal thinking should be developed for surviving and thriving in the volatile, uncertain, complicated and ambiguous world (Senge, Hamilton and Kania 2015). Self-awareness and self-efficacy are required for better handling of the team; however, this particular attribute was absent for the leader in nRAH project.

v) Lack of Communication: Another important reason of failed leadership in the case study of the project of New Royal Adelaide Hospital is lack of communication. The leader was unable to contact or communicate with the team members and hence they were unable to communicate in such a manner, which increases productivity, wellbeing as well as performances of the personnel. Hence, the project did not get maximum effectiveness and the leadership approach become a failure.

2.4 Identification of Methods by which Leadership in the Case Study can be improved

There are some of the most significant and important methodologies, by which leadership would have been improved in this particular case study of nRAH. These methods and practices are provided in the following paragraphs:

 i) Setting Self Imposed Goals: The first and the foremost method or practice by which the leadership attributes within the respective case study of the project could be improved would be setting self-imposed goals and objectives (Cashman 2017). The respective leader lacked any type of self-leadership and as a result, they were unable to deal with such discrepancy related to leadership management. A leader needs to be highly goal driven, so that the respective business objectives are being achieved by him or her easily or promptly. Moreover, it even is required for making the other team members aware of the project and highly motivated to work eventually (Storey 2016). They get the habit of meeting as well as exceeding the goals to ensure that a well-equipped leader is present within the project without any type of complexity or issue.

ii) Providing Feedback to the Team Members: The second important and significant method or practice by which the leadership attributes within the respective case study of the project of New Royal Adelaide Hospital could be improved would be providing periodical feedback to the team members. This type of feedback is extremely important or vital for ensuring that all the team members are aware of their respective strengths and weaknesses. Since, nRAH was a large construction project, it was needed to ensure that all the team members are working altogether and would be providing effective solutions easily and promptly (Robertson 2016). For this particular purpose, it was needed to ensure that the leader is providing feedback eventually; however he did not do so.

iii) Increasing Communication with the Team Members: The next effective method or practice by which the leadership attributes within the respective case study of the project of New Royal Adelaide Hospital could be improved would be increasing communication with the team members. It is required to ensure that all the team members are working effectively and communication is getting increased eventually (Priest and Gass 2017). Such increased communication is also required for ensuring that the goals and objectives are absolutely clear to all employees and they would be completing their work without much issue or complexity. Communication would be helpful for the project as the team members would be motivated enough for providing maximum efficiency and productivity eventually. As a result, according to the theories X and Y, employee motivation would be kept on top priority and the project of nRAH would not have faced leadership issue.

2.5 Identification of Leadership Lessons from the Case Study

Leadership is regarding mapping out of the factors that are required to go for winning as a team or company and it is dynamic, inspiring and exciting. They should also utilize management skills in guiding their people to the right direction in the most smooth and efficient way. It refers to several things to various people for understanding the importance of leadership and management and also the procedure to deal with such complexities. Five distinct virtues are needed to be considered on top priority (Bolman and Deal 2017). A leader is one, who eventually inspires as well as motivates action and having a can do personality or stronger leadership skills for leading the changes. Leadership is the distinct art to motivate a particular group of people for acting towards accomplishment of any common goal. Leadership captures the essentials to have capability and preparation for inspiring others and an efficient leadership is based on different ideas; however will not happen unless these ideas can be properly communicated to team members in such a manner that involves them in acting as the leader.

The respective leadership lessons that are majorly gained from the case study of nRAH are as follows:

i) Modelling the Way: The first and the most significant leadership lesson or practice that was obtained from the case study of the project of New Royal Adelaide Hospital is modelling the way properly (Komives and Wagner 201). It is needed to clarify the values after finding out the shared ideals. Moreover, alignment of the business processes would also be present in such distinct manner.

ii) Inspiring a Shared Vision: The next significant leadership lesson or practice that was obtained from the case study is inspiring a shard vision. It is needed to envision the future of a project by imagining any negative situation and ensure maximum success in the process.

iii) Increasing Communication: Another vital and significant leadership lesson or practice that was obtained from the case study of nRAH is increasing communication (Covin and Slevin 2017). One of the major reasons of leadership failure in this particular project was increasing communication. It is quite vital for a project to ensure that all the team members are aware of their project goals and objectives and there is a proper communication with the leader.

iv) Experience: This is yet another important aspect that is needed in a project. nRAH project did not comprise of an experienced leader and as a result, he was unable to deal with the complexities and conflicts eventually.

These above mentioned learning lessons also help in understanding the probable reasons of a failed leadership in any specific project and methods to avoid them for making the work a successful one.  

3. Conclusion

Hence, a conclusion could be drawn that leadership and management are referred to as two most important and significant requirements in a business or project. He or she is responsible for developing the organizational strategy in beating the competition. These leaders help themselves in doing appropriate things. They set proper direction, build up an inspiring vision as well as create anything new or innovative. A proper leadership attribute is required for providing motivation and inspiration to individuals for helping them in delivering the organizational vision and ensure that maximum success is obtained in terms of intrinsic and extrinsic. Frequent opportunities are being gained for communicating the vision in the most engaging and attractive manner. The leaders could even motivate as well as influence other people through their natural appeal and charisma and even through the major sources of power. An effective team is built and coached at the same time for achieving proper vision and also understanding team dynamics. This report has properly provided a detailed analysis of leadership in the popular and distinct project, called New Royal Adelaide Hospital.

References

Bolman, L.G. and Deal, T.E., 2017. Reframing organizations: Artistry, choice, and leadership. John Wiley & Sons.

Cashman, K., 2017. Leadership from the inside out: Becoming a leader for life. Berrett-Koehler Publishers.

Conger, J., 2015. Charismatic leadership. Wiley encyclopedia of management, pp.1-2.

Covin, J.G. and Slevin, D.P., 2017. The entrepreneurial imperatives of strategic leadership. Strategic entrepreneurship: Creating a new mindset, pp.307-327.

Grint, K., Jones, O.S., Holt, C. and Storey, J., 2016. What is leadership. The Routledge Companion to Leadership, p.3.

Herman, R.D., 2016. Executive leadership. The Jossey-Bass handbook of nonprofit leadership and management, pp.167-187.

Komives, S.R. and Wagner, W. eds., 2016. Leadership for a better world: Understanding the social change model of leadership development. John Wiley & Sons.

Martin, B., Breunig, M., Wagstaff, M. and Goldenberg, M., 2017. Outdoor leadership. Human Kinetics.

Mendenhall, M.E., Osland, J., Bird, A., Oddou, G.R., Stevens, M.J., Maznevski, M. and Stahl, G.K. eds., 2017. Global leadership: Research, practice, and development. Routledge.

Mittal, S. and Dhar, R.L., 2015. Transformational leadership and employee creativity. Management Decision.

Priest, S. and Gass, M., 2017. Effective leadership in adventure programming, 3E. Human Kinetics.

Robertson, J., 2016. Coaching leadership: Building educational leadership capacity through partnership. New Zealand Council for Educational Research. PO Box 3237, Wellington 6140 New Zealand.

Rosenbach, W.E., 2018. Contemporary issues in leadership. Routledge.

Senge, P., Hamilton, H. and Kania, J., 2015. The dawn of system leadership. Stanford Social Innovation Review, 13(1), pp.27-33.

Storey, J., 2016. Changing theories of leadership and leadership development. In Leadership in Organizations (pp. 17-41). Routledge.

Western, S., 2019. Leadership: A critical text. SAGE Publications Limited.

IT Security And Solutions

Task-1:

1.1. Question-1: 

You are required to explain the tools (such as software diagnostic tools) and techniques (i.e. direct questioning) that enable an IT support technician to identify faults.

Answer:

The primary responsibility of an IT support technician is provision the entire non-technical staff of a respective organization or an individual with the helping hand towards solving problems that might exist within the computer system of the individual. There is the primary inclusion of multiple tools that help an IT support technician to resolve such issues. Some of the tools are,

1. Software diagnostic tools- these are the primary tools that help the technician to monitor the working of a software installed on the system. This software allows the technician to detect the problems related to the software and inform about potential breakdowns of the system that might occur. This provisions the technician to suggest solutions in regards to the problem that exists.
2. Troubleshooting software- these are the software that allows the IT support technician to have a proper monitoring over the network settings of the system to check the network connections for the system. Problems that exists within the network connectivity of the system can be identified with these software allowing the IT technician to treat the problems.

Some of the techniques that might be used by the IT technician are,

1. Questioning the individual about the time and the frequency of the visible problems that occur.
2. To constantly check the working of the network or the software to see the problems that are no easily detectable by the software.
3. To create a list of problems identified and the potential countermeasures to them.

1.2. Question-2: 

Examine the impact on technical support of the organisational policies and procedures of a local college; you need to consider what constraints that need to be considered i.e. not allowing users to access certain sites.  You can use a local college IT department as an example.

Answer:

For a local college to have a practical laboratory along with the provision to access the internet, there shall be certain organizational procedures for the IT technician to carry out as a part of abiding by such policies of the local college. In regards to this, the following steps are to be taken by the IT technician to uphold the integrity of the organizational policies,

1. Putting a block on social networking sites and other form of illegal sites that the students might have a potential tendency to visit during the educational time.
2. Putting a block on personal emails and only allowing to access the organization mail to allow personal contact with acquaintances.
3. The users also will not have a provision to access the online shopping sites using the resources of the college as a part of the organizational procedure and policies.

All of the above-mentioned sites shall be blocked by the IT technician as a part of abiding by the organizational procedures of the local college.

1.3. Question-3: 

Identify the ten most common types of fault that are logged on an IT helpdesk – how would you categorise each fault in terms of its priority?

Answer:

The topmost 10 primary common types of faults with which the consumers reach the IT helpdesk are,

1. Problems faced by the individuals while logging in.
2. The problem of the blue screen of death where the screen crashed and the individual is unable to carry on with the work.
3. Accidental deletion of important files by the user itself.
4. Closing the document on which the work was carried out is closed without saving it.
5. Slow processing of software and applications within the computer system.
6. Shutting down of the computer in an unexpected manner.
7. Problems that are faced while printing out documents.
8. Slow internet connection that might be taking time for loading pages on the search engine.
9. Automated disconnection to the wireless network while working with concentration.
10. “USB device unrecognized” that is a common problem faced by the individuals.

1.4. Question-4: 

Explain the reasons why it is important for IT support technicians to keep accurate records of faults and their solutions.

Answer:

The IT technicians who carry out the primary responsibility on a daily basis to provision the individuals with support in terms of the problems that are faced in regards to the technical field, need to keep a record of all the faults. Such faults that are found out in a particular system of a customers and to note down the countermeasures as well is an important part of the job that is carried out on a daily basis. Keeping a record of all the faults and the countermeasures are important for the following facts,

1. To access the same from any device and anywhere as and when required if the records are maintained on the server.
2. To get hold of the faults in case a similar fault in encountered on any of the systems that belongs to the individual as a reference.
3. To have a greater efficiency in work as keeping a record of the work can be required at any point of time.

2. Task-2: 

2.1. Question-1: 

Explain the advantages and disadvantages of an IT software company like Citrix outsourcing its IT technical support to India.

Answer:

With companies such as Citrix and other forms of IT software companies who outsource their IT technical support to India have the following advantages as well as disadvantages.

The advantages of outsourcing the technical support are,

1. Allowing the companies to focus on their business procedures rather than looking after the technical problems. This specifically increases the productivity of the companies.
2. Integration of the latest technology that aligns to the business requirements of the company in regards to the outsourced IT technical support.
3. Competing with the competitors belonging to the same field of business by implementing latest technologies to meet the demands of the business growth.

In regards to the outsourcing of IT technical support, the following disadvantages have been identified. These are,

1. Addressing the issues of the customers with a company’s own support staff, the customers get habituated to the way of dealing. However, when outsourced to some other company for technical support, the customers take time to adapt to the change.
2. Lack of personalization when the outsourced technical support make use of robotic answers rather than humans answering to the issues of the customers.
3. Outsourcing companies with IT technical support do not have a firm base and can get bankrupt overnight leaving the business organizations helpless in terms of IT technical support. This refers to a lack of assurance in terms of service from the outsourcing IT technical support companies.

3. Task-3: 

3.1. Question-1: 

Review a recent advance in support systems technology i.e. Remote IT support systems, cloud services, etc.; explain how it has had an impact on organisations offering IT technical support to its customers. You can also consider another example.

Answer:

With the increase and advancements that have been occurring within the field of technologies, the companies have been considering the usage of remote IT supports systems into the business procedures on a daily basis. As a result, the following impacts have been visibly identified to have impacted the business outcomes of the organizations in the following ways. These are,

1. Speed- in regards to the current dynamic that have the existence within the organization, the customer demands also have the necessary inclusion of getting quick assistance on the problems that are faced by them. This is the place where the remote IT support comes into play that is always active to resolve the queries posted by the customers on a daily basis.
2. Availability- remote IT system provisions the customers with the allowance to have a rapid assistance from anywhere across the entire globe in possession of an internet connection. Hence, the companies have contained the feeling of confidence to meet the demands of the customers in terms of issues as well with the help of the Remote IT support systems.
3. Profitability- in regards to the earlier scenarios where the technician had to travel to the place of the customers for resolving the issues faced. This incurred an extra amount of cost for the company. On the other hand, with the help of remote support systems, the primary investment of the customer covers the support service as well decreasing the expense on the company’s end and increasing the profit margins.
4. Efficiency- there is a probability for the remote IT support systems to highlight the resolution to the issues that is faced by the customer 90% of the total times. On the other hand, in regards to the software solutions there is a probability for the companies to solve the issues 99% of the total times the customers have approached with such an issue.
5. Sharing of knowledge- the service that is provisioned by the Remote IT support system has the primary involvement of carrying out an interaction that is real-time. This allows the customer to look at the entire procedure while the technician makes the necessary changes on the computer to resolve the underlying issue. This makes the customers to gather knowledge in regards to how a problem is solved when such issues occur.
6. Increase in satisfaction- with the obtaining of faster as well as more accurate solutions to the aroused issues, the specific users existing within the organizations have the chance to achieve something greater in terms of satisfaction as well as confidence with the usage of particular tools belonging to the working environment.

In regards to all the impacts that the Remote IT support system have upon the daily business outcomes of the organizations, it can be stated that the remote assistance service provision with a helping hand towards optimizing the flow of work as well as puts forwards efficient and positive results for the enterprise.

4. References: 

Achkoski, Jugoslav, et al. “Remote triage support algorithm based on fuzzy logic.” Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corps 163.3 (2017): 164-170.

Al Salaimeh, Safwan. “INFORMATION AND TECHNICAL SUPPORT FOR THE DECISION MAKING IN ENTERPRISE MANAGEMENT.” Journal of Economic Sciences: Theory & Practice 74.2 (2017).

Egorov, Sergey B., et al. “Modern digital manufacturing technical support centers.” International Electronic Journal of Mathematics Education 11.7 (2016): 2213-2225.

Eneizan, Bilal, A. A. Mostafa, and Anas Salman Alabboodi. “Effect of technical support and trust on the adoption of electronic human resource management: Evidence from developing countries.” IJAR 4.7 (2018): 31-40.

Gizaw, Solomon, Jim Buckley, and Sarah Beecham. “Empirically Derived recommendations for personalised text-based Technical Support.” International Conference on Software Process Improvement and Capability Determination. Springer, Cham, 2016.

Jantunen, Erkki, et al. “Remote maintenance support with the aid of cyber-physical systems and cloud technology.” Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part I: Journal of Systems and Control Engineering 232.6 (2018): 784-794.

Kouziokas, Georgios N., and Konstantinos Perakis. “Decision support system based on artificial intelligence, GIS and remote sensing for sustainable public and judicial management.” European Journal of Sustainable Development 6.3 (2017): 397-397.

Massel, Liudmila, Alexander Gornov, and Tatiana Zarodnyuk. “Internet-technology for Remote User Support OPTCON.” Vth International workshop” Critical infrastructures: Contingency management, Intelligent, Agent-based, Cloud computing and Cyber security”(IWCI 2018). Atlantis Press, 2018.

Robles, Vincent D. “Resolving discourse at technical-support helpdesks.” IEEE Transactions on Professional Communication 61.3 (2018): 275-294.

Shao, Ping, et al. “Design of Technical Support System for Retail Company Based on Cloud.” MATEC Web of Conferences. Vol. 139. EDP Sciences, 2017.

Xiao, Li, and David North. “The graduation performance of technology business incubators in China’s three tier cities: the role of incubator funding, technical support, and entrepreneurial mentoring.” The Journal of Technology Transfer 42.3 (2017): 615-634.

Zheng, Yun, et al. “The impact of organisational support, technical support, and self-efficacy on faculty perceived benefits of using learning management system.” Behaviour & Information Technology 37.4 (2018): 311-319.

Work Health and Safety in Beauty Saloon

Introduction

The problem of work place hazards is a very common issue for each and every work place and all of the work places have different types of hazards. Therefore, presence of the work place hazards is obvious for all the work place. In this current scenario, the condition of beauty and hair saloon named Streakers Hair and Beauty Salon is discussed. According to the study of  (), it is stated that it is very important to provide a safe and secure work place to the workers as it is the right of the workers to work in a safe and secure work places. In order to provide a safe and secure work place to the workers, it is very important to assess the work place properly so that the potential hazards and threats to the workers can be identified easily by the employers and it would help them to make the work place safer. Moreover, the employers should encourage the workers as well to practice the safety measures properly as it will help the employers and the employees as well to be safe during the performances of the work in the work places.

In this report, the work place of Streakers Hair and Beauty Salon will be examined as beauty salon is taken over by a new owner and they have decides to assess the risks present n the work place to provide a safer work place to the workers of the Streakers Hair and Beauty Salon. The main goal of this risk assessment program is to reduce the potential risks of the hazards present in the work place and in this context, it can be stated that there are different types of physical and chemical hazards present in the Streakers Hair and Beauty Salon.

Plant Hazards

Identification of Hazards

Apart from the chemical hazards, there are different other types of hazards are also present in a saloon work place and so it is very important to point out those hazards to make the work place safer and it will also help the workers to perform in a better manner. In this specific case, it can be stated that the workers in a saloon may face various complex physiological condition due to the nature of the works that can cause serious health hazards to the workers as well. In a saloon like work place the cases of fire and electricity related hazards are very common due to the presence of various inflammable substances in the work place (Manoj 2018). According to the study of Cohen  (2017), it is stated that the use of different types of electrical equipment is quite common and as a consequence of this cases of electrical short circuit related may also take place frequently and it can cause fire incidents in the salon work area. In this context, another hazard that is related to the use of electrical equipment is the risks of electrical shocks as it is very common to use water and to touch electrical device with wet hand by the staffs. Therefore, the chance of getting electrical shock is very high. According to the study of Abia et al. (2016), it is stated that in a work place like saloon it is mandatory to work with their wet hands and to use the electrical machineries with that hands and as a consequences of this they may easily face the electrical shock related hazards during their work as well. The second possible hazard present in the work place is the occurrence of the carpal tunnel syndrome due the cases of the repetitive movements during the performances of the work.  Due to the nature of the work, it is quite common that the workers of the saloon have to perform repetitive movements of their hands. The study findings of Khandan, Toranjian and Koohpaei (2017) stated about the issue of repetitive motion of hands during the performance of various work in a work place like beauty salon. Therefore, it is quite common to develop carpal tunnel syndrome due to such type of work as the workers of a saloon have to use their wrists during the hair cutting and other processes for a long period time and it can cause the above said problems.  In case of the workers of the Streakers Hair and Beauty Salon the chances of having this problem is very high as well. In another study by Demiryurek and Gündoğdu (2018), the development of carpal tunnel syndrome is very common among the hair dressers and the study also revealed the risk of developing this disease is mostly associated with use of vibratory equipment. Moreover, use of such equipment in saloon work place enhances the chances the developing this problem among the salon workers as well. Moreover the dynamic wrist activities and consistent flexion and extensions of the several joints of the hands of the employees are also associated with the onset of the carpal tunnel syndrome among the individuals (Nassaji et al. 2015). The third hazard that is associated with the salon work place is the problem of cuts of the fingers of the workers during the performances of the fine work.  It is quite common to use various sharp edge equipment such as scissors, trimmers, razors and during the use of these equipment can cause cut and puncture by the sharp edge equipment during the use of those equipment in the salon (Vidotto and Vidotto 2016). Therefore, the workers of Streakers Hair and Beauty Salon may also face this problem during their work.

Assessment and Control of Identified Hazards

After the risk assessment of the salon work place of the Streakers Hair and Beauty Salon it can be stated that the risk of developing the carpal tunnel syndrome due to repetitive movement is very high along with a risk score of 15 and it has a severity score of 3 and likelihood score of 5. So the risk matrix of this particular risk shows that this particular work has a higher level of risks. The risk score of the fire hazard in the work place is nearly 12 that have moderate level of risk in the risk scale. This work has the severity scale score of 3 and on the other hand the task has likelihood scale score of 4. The next hazard is the hazard related with the cut due to the usage of sharp edge gear in the salon. The risk assessment of this task disclosed that the risk score of this task is 9 which are denoted as high risky according to the risk matrix table.  Moreover, the likelihood score of this task is 3 and this task has the severity score of 3 as well.  For the management of the identified risks present in the Streak Hair and Beauty Saloon, it can be stated that in order to reduce the work burden of the workers the employers can employ more numbers of hair stylists as it will reduce the time spent in the process of repetitive movements of the hands and wrists of the workers and it will eventually help in reduction of carpal tunnel syndrome cases among the workers as well. On the other hand, for managing the risks of the sharp edge equipment related cut hazards, the management can use ergonomically designed apparatus that has lesser prospective to form such type of dangers among the staffs. Moreover, the employee may use  hand gloves to dodge such cut related incidents as well and it is the duty of the management to supervise the working process by organizing audits within a specific time period. For avoiding the fire incidents from the electrical short circuits the management should keep adequate numbers of fire extinguishers and the emergency exit must be well pointed so that the people can be evacuated easily during an emergency situation.

Reassessment

After executing the control measures in the work place, it can be identified that the carpal tunnel syndrome’s risk score is decreased to 9 due to the lessening of the likelihood score of the job and the whole risk score of the job turned into moderate. The risk of fire hazard is lowered to 6 due to the lessening of likelihood score to 2. Though, the overall risk score remains identical. The risk score of apparatus related hazard that is cutting due to sharp edge gear is also decreased to 3 due to the lessening of the likelihood score to 1.

Chemical Hazards

Identification of Hazards

In case of chemical hazards of the work place, it can be identified that the use of different types of chemicals such as ammonia, sodium hydroxide, phenyleneediamine (PPD) and hydrogen peroxide is relatively common and contact to such types of chemicals can be a source of irritation in the skin and further problems associated to the exposure. Moreover, it was also reported that such types of exposure can cause problems in the eyes such as irritation as well (de Souza et al. 2019). Another potential hazard, present in the salon like work place is associated with the use of formaldehyde and it is observed that the breathing related problems may occur among the workers due to the inhalation of formaldehyde (Barbosa et al. 2019). Furthermore, there is another hazardous chemical that is present in various products used in a saloon and that chemical is acetone. It is reported that acetone is present in the nail polish remover used by the salon staffs and so exposure to this chemical hazard can cause dizziness and headaches, irritation in throat, eyes and skin of the staffs of the saloon (Quach et al. 2018).

Assessment and Control of Identified Chemical Hazards

The assessments of the chemical hazards of the work place revealed that the formaldehyde contained nail polish remover has the risk score of   almost 12 along with a severity score of 3 and likelihood score of 4. Furthermore, the usage of the acetone containing nail polish remover by the staffs has a likelihood score of 3 and severity score of 3 and an overall risk score of 9. The risk score of the ammonia, sodium hydroxide exposure has a likelihood score of 3 and severity score of 2 along with an overall risk score of 6. As a part of the control measures for the specified chemical hazards, it can be stated that the management should think for products containing less harmful chemicals or such products made from the natural ingredients as it is not feasible to implement administrative controls and engineering control in this particular situation. In order to prevent the inhalation of the formaldehyde, the workers should use the personal protective equipment.

Reassessment

Followed by the implementation of the control measures, the risk score of the first hazard is decreased to 2 due to the lessening of likelihood score to 1. For the next hazard, the risk score is decreased to 9, though the whole risk associated with the task remains moderate. Furthermore, the risk score of acetone contained nail polish exposure is decreased to 3 due to the reduced likelihood score of 1 and severity score of 3.

From the above assessment, it can be identified that control measures described above follow the ALARP principle as the institute tried to implement a few small adaptations in the work place of the salon and all of the measures are quite realistic to implement (Meacham  et al. 2016).

Recommendation

In order to provide a safe work place, the authority can organize training program so the workers can understand the importance of using safety measures in the work places of Streakers Hair and Beauty Salon.

Pre-Post Policy

The new purchase policy should be as below-

• Proper labelling of the hazardous materials present in the work place.
• Documentations of all adverse incidents
• Regular risk assessments of the work places

In the post buying condition, the policy should be as below-

• Audits of the work place to prevent fire hazards
• Use of electrical equipment after wearing safety gloves

Conclusion

Hence, it can be concluded that the presence of different equipment and beauty products make the work place of salon very hazardous and it is the duty of the employers to provide a safe and secure work place to the workers. There are different types of physical and chemical hazards present in a work place like salon and the workers have to handle all of the things as a part of their job. So, it is the duty to take proper initiatives to minimize the hazards of the work place so that the workers can work in a safe and secure environment.

References

Abia, W.A., Fomboh, R., Ntungwe, E., Abia, E.A., Serika, W.A. and Ageh, M.T., 2016. Assessment of occupational health hazards awareness and common practices amongst barbers and hairdressers in Cameroon. Journal of Public Health in Developing Countries, 2(1), pp.94-101.

Barbosa, E., Dos Santos, A. L. A., Peteffi, G. P., Schneider, A., Müller, D., Rovaris, D., … and Charão, M. F., 2019. Increase of global DNA methylation patterns in beauty salon workers exposed to low levels of formaldehyde. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 26(2), 1304-1314.

Beus, J.M., Dhanani, L.Y. and McCord, M.A., 2015. A meta-analysis of personality and workplace safety: Addressing unanswered questions. Journal of applied psychology, 100(2), p.481.

Cohen, G., GIDON COSMETICS Ltd, 2017. Hair styling attachment. U.S. Patent 9,622,561.

de Souza, J.C., da Silva, B.F., Morales, D.A., de Aragão Umbuzeiro, G. and Zanoni, M.V.B., 2019. Assessment of the autoxidation mechanism of p-toluenediamine by air and hydrogen peroxide and determination of mutagenic environmental contaminant in beauty salon effluent. Science of The Total Environment, 685, pp.911-922.

Demiryurek, B.E. and Gündoğdu, A.A., 2018. Prevalence of carpal tunnel syndrome and its correlation with pain amongst female hairdressers. International journal of occupational medicine and environmental health, 31(3), pp.333-339.

Khandan, M., Toranjian, F. and Koohpaei, A., 2017. Musculoskeletal Disorders Assessment and Posture Analysis by LUBA among Female Hairdressers in Tehran, 2015. Archives of Hygiene Sciences, 6(1), pp.26-31.

Manoj, D., 2018, August. Awareness on health hazards and measures to address them among employees of beauty salons. In 13th IEA SEA Meeting and ICPH-SDev.

Meacham, B.J., Charters, D., Johnson, P. and Salisbury, M., 2016. Building fire risk analysis. In SFPE Handbook of Fire Protection Engineering (pp. 2941-2991). Springer, New York, NY.

Nassaji, M., Kamal, S., Ghorbani, R., Moalem, M., Karimi, B., Habibian, H., Daraei, A., Irajian, G., Bidokhti, M., Fotohi, R. and Haghighi, S., 2015. The effects of interventional health education on the conditions of hairdressing salons and hairdressers behaviors. Middle East Journal of Rehabilitation and Health, 2(1).

Quach, T., Von Behren, J., Tsoh, J., Reynolds, P., Fu, L., Nguyen, T., Le, M. and Nguyen, T.T., 2018. Improving the knowledge and behavior of workplace chemical exposures in Vietnamese–American nail salon workers: a randomized controlled trial. International archives of occupational and environmental health, 91(8), pp.1041-1050.

Vidotto, R. and Vidotto, D., Good Life Services LLC, 2016. Cleaning hair trimmings after cutting a persons hair. U.S. Patent Application 14/800,106.

Objective

The assignment has been written with an intention to answer three questions.

Question 1

Sl No	Particulars	Amount
1	C	40+ 0.8*(Y-T)
2	IP	80
3	G	140
4	M	0
5	X	0
6	T	170
7	t	0

Ans a

Computation of Multiplier is as under:

Multiplier	=	Y/G

Value of Multiplier = 620/140= 4.4

Ans b

Short run equilibrium output is equal to

GDP	=	C+I+G+(X-M)
Y	=	40+0.8Y-170*.8+80+140+0
0.2Y	=	124
Y	=	620

Ans c

Sl No	Particulars	Amount
1	C	40+ 0.8*(Y-T)
2	IP	80
3	G	140
4	M	0
5	X	40
6	T	170
7	t	0
GDP	=	C+I+G+(X-M)
Y	=	40+0.8Y-170*.8+80+140+40
0.2Y	=	164
Y	=	820
Increases by 200

Ans d

Sl No	Particulars	Amount
1	C	40+ 0.8*(Y-T)
2	IP	80
3	G	140
4	M	0
5	X	-40
6	T	170
7	t	0
GDP	=	C+I+G+(X-M)
Y	=	40+0.8Y-170*.8+80+140-40
0.2Y	=	84
Y	=	420
decreases by 200

Ans e

The tendency of recession and expansion to spread across country is very strong as change in export and import has a very strong impact on the Gross Domestic Product of the countries. A change of 40 has impact of 200 on GDP implying the impact of Net export or import can change GDP by 5 times. Thus, the economic recession in other country shall reduce export of the first country and shall cause GDP to slow down and vice versa. Thus, all economies are interlinked and recession and expansion in one economy and can impact the other economy very strongly.

Ans f

Marginal Propensity for Import	0.1
Income Tax Rate	0.3
Exogenous Tax	30%
C	40+ 0.8*(Y-T)
IP	80
G	140
T	0.3Y
Y	0.1Y
GDP	=	C+I+G+(X-M)
Y	=	40+0.8Y-0.24Y+80+140-0.1Y
.54Y	=	260
Y	=	481.4814815
Multiplier	=	3.44

Question 2

Part 1

The graph shows mixed results of Australian Government revenue. Many years the government has seen a positive budget and many years there has been budget deficit. In this regard, many economists believe that positive budget symbolise good economic management and viceversa. The good economic management is an outcome of responsible discretionary fiscal policy.

Before commenting on the above, one needs to understand the meaning of discretionary fiscal policy which refers policy in relation to taxation and expenditure of the government. Further, budget surplus or deficit is computed as difference between income and expenditure of the government. A strong management of discretionary fiscal policy is required and government uses this tool to manage the economy. For instance, if there is a slow down in the economy, government spends more than the income so as to revive the economy, the said action of the government is a smart move and may be categorised as good economic management even though the budget has deficit in that year.

Let us also consider the example of current situation i.e. Covid 19 wherein government has released so many stimulus packages which shall entail its expenditure to increase income, the said move is a good economic management. Thus, surplus and deficits in budget are outcome of good economic management of the government and they by themselves don’t symbolise good economic management. However, each government should restrict its deficit to certain % of GDP as deficits in GDP are covered through loan and loan has to be serviced through future revenue and any waste spending on the part of the government may result in government entering into s vicious circle of loan. Thus, a smart management of budget is necessary and deficit shall be management. However, a surplus or deficit in budget is not a 100% representative of good economic management as government can maintain surplus by doing nothing also.

Part 2

The recent Covid-19 situation has brought the Australian Economy to its halt and the global economy is expected to enter into a recessionary phase. To overcome the above situation, the Government of Australia has announced a lot of fiscal stimulus measures to keep the engine of the economy working. The government in the current situation has to lax tax also as it cannot impose or increase tax rate in current situation which caps its revenue. Further, the government is also required to spend highly so as to protect the economy from entering into recession and keep the liquidity flow in the country on account of lock down. Thus, the budget restrain of revenue has to be resolved.

The government in order to cover its deficit has the following possible measures like borrowing from the public, World Bank, issuance of bond and securities, disinvesting securities, printing new notes to enhance liquidity etc.

Project Information System

INTRODUCTION

In the recent past, the global market has seen the increased exploration of Internet based electronic banking information systems where the financial institutions are leveraging the latest system to gain a competitive advantage on the market. This demands development of systems that will offer customer satisfaction and offer accessibility of finance at any given time by the clients. Therefore the achievement of the Internet banking will be a success if tailored to financial operations and services that offer the consumer wants and expectations to the quality of preferences. In order to achieve these wants the satisfaction of any consumer is the key objective of any institution. In addition the customer perception, of security of data and transactions, the user friendliness, accuracy and reliability and the efficiency are some of the critical aspects for success in the online banking (B Romney, 2018).  

Therefore we start by defining the internet banking. The idea of internet banking involves the system that comprises of several components that provide banking information and services by financial institutions to consumers through several platforms that can be utilized with diverse terminal Internet of Things devices. Thus this report provides an abstract visual data of the proposed systems for Xanji banking services where all the system details are not captured. System design serves a significant responsibility in system development (Hassan, 2018).

 

 

PROJECT OBJECTIVES AND SCOPE

 Project Objective and scope

The objective of the project is to implement online account management system so that the ban can provide more efficient and faster service to the customers. The main objective is to design the internet banking system which can be accessed by the customers remotely using the computer systems or even mobile phone.

The scope of the project is developing an application system that will allow the customers to access their accounts online and process with online payment system. The customers can get service 24 hours without any interaction with the bank officials. The scope of the project is to lessen the pressure of the bank officials and to sustain in the competitive market.

The constraints of project is that the project will be completed within the given budget and within the provided time that is allowed for the project.

Proposed solution

The Xinja Bank wants to provide the customers online service to increase their efficiency and provide faster service to the customers. This would help them to compete with other banks in the market and save the bank from losing customers (Parvez, Eity and Morsalin 2018). The solution proposed of developing online banking system will help the banks to provide service 24 hours to the customers and lessening the pressure on the bank officials to attend the customer for small reasons.

The online account system will help the customers to

1. Access their bank account from their mobile phones.

2. Make online payments from their banks remotely.

3. Get 24 hours service from the bank.

4. No place for error resulting in increased efficiency of the bank service.

5. Will provide security to the customer data.

6. Get transactional report for the account.

7. Generate interest information on loan taken by customers.

SYSTEM ANALYSIS AND DESIGN 

Existing system 

The current system being utilized in the bank is the manual performance of operations executed by the bank officials which is a slow process. In order for the customer to access the bank account, the customer physically visits the bank and requests for the details over the counter. These operations are much slower in that the operability of the bank is limited only to 8-9 hours a day. Therefore Xanji bank lags behind from other banks in the country. In addition the processes are not efficient enough and reliability is minimal due to the human errors of the system.

Proposed IS System

The proposed IS system is based on online account management banking system which will increase the efficiency and reliability which therefore reduces much of the manual paper work done by the bank officials. The online management system retains the records on the account activities of the customer. These activities involve the fund deposits, withdrawal, transactional reports and the load application reports. The proposed system will have the ability to display the transactional reports of the corresponding accounts, the interests and rates and make online payments of the customers.

Existing System analysis 

Data flow diagram

Figure 1: DFD for transaction process (Source: Created by Author)

Proposed system

Considering the slow process of the existing system and its limitation to time, the development of the new design will ensure the clients are able to create a bank account at the comfort of their location. In addition the proposed system will be available throughout. It will also see a reduction in the human effort in the bank consequently reducing the errors that can be witnessed.

Functional requirements

The following are the functional requirements of the information system. It involves the facilities and performance required by the customer:

• Check balance online
• Pay bills online through the system
• The online data entry by the staff
• Updating data
• Balance transfer
• Check book Allotment

Non- functional requirements

 Usability requirements

These involve the needs which are considered by the clients.

• The system shall be user friendly that means the system shall be easy to navigate.
• All the actors have the ability to communicate with one another utilizing the chat function
• Running of the application in available Operating Systems
• Integration of multiple language options
• FAQ availability in the system
• Provision of feedback option to all the consumers

Reliability requirements

This involve the failure ability of the system and recovery time from the initial failure

• The tendency of the Xanji system failure must be at the bottom level since the vitality shall involve the financial institution to lack their system down
• The system will have the ability to recover all the data without mismatch of account numbers
• Total failure shall be made through the system to consumers through notification.

Performance requirements

These involves all the response period and output of the system

• The restart cycle of the proposed system shall be successful in a maximum of 200 seconds.
• Back servers will always be available to the system admins

Security requirements

• Third party users shall not access the system nor modify any detail
• Sensitive information on customers shall only be accessed by system admin and authorized users if and only if it’s necessary for account details
• Information in database shall be never be downloadable
• Account details of the consumers shall never be saved or printed unless authorized through security clearance.

Quality attributes

• Ensure a user friendly environments that is eye appealing
• Simple to navigate and visualize
• Maintenance of clear visual content
• The homepage should be accessible to users not logged in

Methodology 

This project adopts the object oriented approach of utilizing the UML tools in software engineering. The steps considered involves

• Feasibility approach where the existing and the proposed system is studied
• Analysis of the suggested solution and problems
• Design- the solution will be achieved through object oriented software tools
• In the coding of the system

Risks and management strategies

Personal limitations- this involves the individuals who are novice in the security problems. In addition the technology of the system to be utilized in the implementation

User interface- in the user interface designed, suppose after verification from the other side it denies to agree with the existing user interface

Requirement changes- Suppose the clients side after contract agreement are persistently asking for the changes and modification. This results in the delay of the project.

System dataflow diagram

Source: Author

User interface diagrams customer 

User Interface Administrator

System performance

In this part the description of how the system works is covered

Login- each client will have an account ID and the corresponding Password. The login page will require the customer to provide both the attributes

Bank features- Not all the visitors of the web page are necessarily registered members of Xanji bank. Therefore the Home web page will comprise of all the basic features the bank offers and a registration module is provided in the page

New account- A new user will be provided with a digital form to fill the details with the Bank. The details of the user when correct will be sent to the administrator for verification then sent to the banks database. In not valid the user will be prompted to enter details again

Welcome page- new users and existing users of the online banking system will be provided with several functionality task. The users just have to click/tap on the links module to be directed to the operations.

SYSTEM IMPLEMENTATION

In the implementation phase the following items are required

Hardware requirements

• Internet Explorer Processor at 750 MHz or more
• Minimum of 1 Gigabyte storage disk space for installation
• Minimum RAM of 512 Mega Bytes

Communication requirements

• Client on internet will utilize HTTP/HTTPS protocol
• Clients on the Intranet will utilize the TCP/IP protocol

Software requirements

• The customers on internet will require Web Browser, Operating System of choice
• Customers on Intranet will require Client Software, Web Browser, and Operating System of Choice
• Database Server will require DB2 and any operating system
• In the developers end; WSAD (J2EE, Java, Java Bean, Servelets, HTML) DB2 Operating system Windows, Web Server
• The overall system will be three-tier system.

SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE

[Source: Imported from Adobe Dreamweaver]

Trouble shooting Problems

The web version

Time Out loading

• Ensure the internet connectivity is working. In persistence reboot the router and check the connection of the internet. Alternatively check on the router user documentation to complete the task
• Clear the data cache and reboot the web application for instance CHROME

Invalid Logins

• The details typed do not match with the database information. Try login to validate the information
• In response select the forgot password option and ensure the email provided in registration is working

Page not Available:

• Ensure that the URL searched is correct
• If the URL is valid contact the organization to alert on the missing web link

System software

Client’s registration is delayed:

• Make sure the connection on the internet is functional
• If the issue persist contact the organization and the requested respond will be available within 10 minutes from the initial request

Account details not found;

• This means that the customers information have been removed from the database and the system and/or the user have not yet registered with the internet banking

Consult the system administration for clarification

REFERENCES 

B Romney, M. (2018). Accounting information systems. Pearson Education Limited .

Chiu, C. L. (2019). Stages in the development of consumers online trust as a mediating variable in online banking system: a proposed model. International Journal of electronic Finance 9(3), 170-201.

Cram, W. B. (2016). Information systems control alignment:Complementary and conflicting systems development controls. Information & Management, 183-196.

Hassan, N. a. (2018). Distilling a body of Knowledge for information systems development. Information Systems Journal , 175-226.

Jan SR, s. S. (2016). An innovative approach to investigate various software testing techniques and strategies. International Journal of Scientific Research in Science Engineering and technology (IJSRSET) , 2395-1990.

Khan and Mohmood, M. S. (2012). A graph based requiremnts clustering approach for component selection selection. Advances in Engineering Software vol 54 , 1-16.

Khandelwal, V. S. (2020). “The study of Customer Preference in Online And Offline system banking. Tathapi with ISSN 2320-0693 is an UGC CARE Journal 19(2) , 369-376.

Pandya, N. (2019). DEMONETIZATION-ITS INPACT ON ONLINE BANKING TRANSACTION. Global Journal fro Research Analysis 8(5).

Rawashdeg A, .. N. (2016). .” A new Software quality model for evaluating COTS components”. Journal of Computer , Science vol 2, 373-381.

Sanchez, O. a. (2017). Cost and time project management success factors development projects. International JOurnal of Project management, 1608-1626.