Introduction
As a discipline, petroleum engineering seeks to assess prospective oil and gas reservoirs; supervise drilling undertakings; chose and implement extraction measures; and plan surface collection and treatment equipment (Bradley, 1987). But why petroleum engineering? The ever increasing energy needs and sustainable materials, necessitates developing new methods and practices to extracting hydrocarbons from oil shale and offshore oil and gas fields. Besides, petroleum engineering seeks to address complex challenges that arise from heavy fraction deposition in the extraction process that can sometime run into several millions dollars (Kinney, Lance, & Catherine, 2018).
Why phase behavior in petroleum engineering?
In a bid to model reservoirs, assess reserves; plan production, conveyance and utilization systems to eschew problems related to heavy organic deposition, there is need to develop models for foreseeing phase behavior of petroleum fluids (Jin, Zhehui, & Firoozabadi, 2016). Phase behavior is the study of pressure, composition and temperature properties of petroleum fluids in solid, liquid and gas states. If one increases temperature of a petroleum fluid in liquid state while keeping pressure constant, fluid reaches bubble point, upon further temperature increase it reaches dew point (Whitson et al., 2010). In another instance, if one reduces pressure of a petroleum fluid while keeping temperature constant, fluid reaches bubble point, upon further reduction it reaches the dew point (Mansoori 17). Phase behaviors influence the 1st order, 2nd order and infinite-order transitions of the fluids.
Advantage of EOS modeling over experiments
An Equation of State is an analytical expression relating pressure (p) to temperature (T) and volume (V). This relation is vital in assessing the volumetric and phase behavior of petroleum reservoir fluids and envisaging the performance of surface separation facilities (Pedersen et al., 2014). Most accepted EOSs in use today are the Soave-Redlich-Kwong (SRK) and Peng-Robinson (PR) which are simple adjustment of the Van Der Waal’s equation in 1873. EOS model is more beneficial over fluid injection experiments in that an EOS model can be fine-tuned for any specific need by varying parameters to tell fluid properties (Vinet et al,. 2008).
What type of cubic EOS you would use in this report? Why?
All equations of state are developed for pure fluids first, then extended to mixtures by calculating mixture properties equivalent to those of pure substances. For this report, I would use PR EOS because it performs better by a small margin in predicting vapor-pressure and densities of fluids compared to SRK EOS and experimental methods (Abudour et al., 2017). PR EOS is also easy to use and more reliable (Ashour et-al., 2011).
What are CCE, CVD, and DV processes? Give some examples about these procedures in petroleum engineering.
Constant composition expansion (CCE) – is a property that illustrates pressure-volume behavior of a fluid without changes in fluid composition (Bi, Ran and Hadi, 2019).
Constant Volume Depletion (CVD) – these are processes done on gas condensates and volatile oils in order to simulate composition variation as well as reservoir depletion performance (Arabloo et al., 2014).
Differential Vaporization (DV) – it is the process that involves liberation of solution gas from the oil during pressure decline for example, differential liberation at the reservoir (separation process) (Umnahanant, 2019).
Report objective
The main objective of this report is to provide adept information about petroleum engineering and all that relate to phase behavior.
Methodologies
Key PR-EOS equations
–
Where a = 0.45724
b = 0.0778
= [1 + k (1 – )] 2
k = 0.37464 + 1.54226 – 0.2
Tr =
Equilibrium conditions of PR-EOS
At equilibrium, the given pressure and temperature are directly proportional. Temperature and pressure in PR-EOS are not independent quantities; they are linked to the general form of the EOS (Li et al., 2019).
Results and Discussions
Calculations Summary
Calculations of Constant Composition Expansion (CCE) of both upper and lower dewpoint, Constant Volume Depletion (CVD) for upper dewpoint, and Differential Vaporization (DV) bubblepoint.
Constant Composition Expansion (CCE)
Pressure Calculation Sequence 2
P (bar) = 120.000000
T (K) = 426.000000
STABILITY ANALYSIS
ONE-PHASE TPD = -8.41734E-03 0.00000E+00
Mixture is in “TWO-PHASE”
TWO-PHASE Flash computation
idx feed vapor liquid comp.
1 0.7000 0.74898137 0.46563815 CH4
2 0.3000 0.25101863 0.53436185 nC6
VAPOR LIQUID
MOLAR FRACTION: 0.82713 0.17287
VOLUME FRACTION: 0.87823 0.12177
ZFACTOR: 0.76673 0.50837
MW(g/mol): 33.64645 53.52014
MASS DEN(Kg/L): 0.14867 0.35647
MOLE DEN(mol/L): 4.41869 6.66043
VISCOSITY(cP): 0.01834 0.04226
SURFACE TENSION(dyne/cm): 0.17613
Iter (SSI) = 16
Iter (NR) = 2
Error flash = 3.31E-12
Tolerance flash = 1.00E-10
Pressure Calculation Sequence 3
P (bar) = 100.000000
T (K) = 426.000000
STABILITY ANALYSIS
ONE-PHASE TPD = -3.00633E-02 0.00000E+00
Mixture is in “TWO-PHASE”
TWO-PHASE Flash computation
idx feed vapor liquid comp.
1 0.7000 0.76577924 0.37755794 CH4
2 0.3000 0.23422076 0.62244206 nC6
VAPOR LIQUID
MOLAR FRACTION: 0.83056 0.16944
VOLUME FRACTION: 0.90184 0.09816
ZFACTOR: 0.79768 0.42722
MW(g/mol): 32.46824 59.69809
MASS DEN(Kg/L): 0.11492 0.39603
MOLE DEN(mol/L): 3.53938 6.63385
VISCOSITY(cP): 0.01686 0.04876
SURFACE TENSION(dyne/cm): 0.59546
Iter (SSI) = 11
Iter (NR) = 2
Error flash = 1.09E-11
Tolerance flash = 1.00E-10
Pressure Calculation Sequence 4
P (bar) = 80.000000
T (K) = 426.000000
STABILITY ANALYSIS
ONE-PHASE TPD = -5.96432E-02 0.00000E+00
Mixture is in “TWO-PHASE”
TWO-PHASE Flash computation
idx feed vapor liquid comp.
1 0.7000 0.76653736 0.29556489 CH4
2 0.3000 0.23346264 0.70443511 nC6
VAPOR LIQUID
MOLAR FRACTION: 0.85872 0.14128
VOLUME FRACTION: 0.93529 0.06471
ZFACTOR: 0.82167 0.34827
MW(g/mol): 32.41507 65.44908
MASS DEN(Kg/L): 0.08910 0.42778
MOLE DEN(mol/L): 2.74884 6.53608
VISCOSITY(cP): 0.01570 0.05491
SURFACE TENSION(dyne/cm): 1.26383
Iter (SSI) = 8
Iter (NR) = 2
Error flash = 4.11E-11
Tolerance flash = 1.00E-10
Pressure Calculation sequence 5
P (bar) = 60.000000
T (K) = 426.000000
STABILITY ANALYSIS
ONE-PHASE TPD = -6.94205E-02 0.00000E+00
Mixture is in “TWO-PHASE”
TWO-PHASE Flash computation
idx feed vapor liquid comp.
1 0.7000 0.74902086 0.21505687 CH4
2 0.3000 0.25097914 0.78494313 nC6
VAPOR LIQUID
MOLAR FRACTION: 0.90819 0.09181
VOLUME FRACTION: 0.96919 0.03081
ZFACTOR: 0.84135 0.26764
MW(g/mol): 33.64368 71.09591
MASS DEN(Kg/L): 0.06774 0.45520
MOLE DEN(mol/L): 2.01341 6.40260
VISCOSITY(cP): 0.01458 0.06113
SURFACE TENSION (dyne/cm): 2.17832
Iter (SSI) = 6
Iter (NR) = 2
Error flash = 4.22E-13
Tolerance flash = 1.00E-10
Constant Volume Depletion
Pressure Calculation Sequence 2
P (bar) = 120.000000
T (K) = 426.000000
STABILITY ANALYSIS
ONE-PHASE TPD = -8.41734E-03 0.00000E+00
Mixture is in “TWO-PHASE”
TWO-PHASE Flash computation
idx feed vapor liquid comp.
1 0.7000 0.74898137 0.46563815 CH4
2 0.3000 0.25101863 0.53436185 nC6
VAPOR LIQUID
MOLAR FRACTION: 0.82713 0.17287
VOLUME FRACTION: 0.87823 0.12177
ZFACTOR: 0.76673 0.50837
MW(g/mol): 33.64645 53.52014
MASS DEN(Kg/L): 0.14867 0.35647
MOLE DEN(mol/L): 4.41869 6.66043
VISCOSITY(cP): 0.01834 0.04226
SURFACE TENSION(dyne/cm): 0.17613
Iter (SSI) = 16
Iter (NR) = 2
Error flash = 3.31E-12
Tolerance flash = 1.00E-10
Pressure Calculation Sequence 3
P (bar) = 100.000000
T (K) = 426.000000
STABILITY ANALYSIS
ONE-PHASE TPD = -3.00633E-02 0.00000E+00
Mixture is in “TWO-PHASE”
TWO-PHASE Flash computation
idx feed vapor liquid comp.
1 0.7000 0.76577924 0.37755794 CH4
2 0.3000 0.23422076 0.62244206 nC6
VAPOR LIQUID
MOLAR FRACTION: 0.83056 0.16944
VOLUME FRACTION: 0.90184 0.09816
ZFACTOR: 0.79768 0.42722
MW(g/mol): 32.46824 59.69809
MASS DEN(Kg/L): 0.11492 0.39603
MOLE DEN(mol/L): 3.53938 6.63385
VISCOSITY(cP): 0.01686 0.04876
SURFACE TENSION(dyne/cm): 0.59546
Iter (SSI) = 11
Iter (NR) = 2
Error flash = 1.09E-11
Tolerance flash = 1.00E-10
Pressure Calculation Sequence 4
P (bar) = 80.000000
T (K) = 426.000000
STABILITY ANALYSIS
ONE-PHASE TPD = -5.96432E-02 0.00000E+00
Mixture is in “TWO-PHASE”
TWO-PHASE Flash computation
idx feed vapor liquid comp.
1 0.7000 0.76653736 0.29556489 CH4
2 0.3000 0.23346264 0.70443511 nC6
VAPOR LIQUID
MOLAR FRACTION: 0.85872 0.14128
VOLUME FRACTION: 0.93529 0.06471
ZFACTOR: 0.82167 0.34827
MW(g/mol): 32.41507 65.44908
MASS DEN(Kg/L): 0.08910 0.42778
MOLE DEN(mol/L): 2.74884 6.53608
VISCOSITY(cP): 0.01570 0.05491
SURFACE TENSION(dyne/cm): 1.26383
Iter (SSI) = 8
Iter (NR) = 2
Error flash = 4.11E-11
Tolerance flash = 1.00E-10
Pressure Calculation sequence 5
P (bar) = 60.000000
T (K) = 426.000000
STABILITY ANALYSIS
ONE-PHASE TPD = -6.94205E-02 0.00000E+00
Mixture is in “TWO-PHASE”
TWO-PHASE Flash computation
idx feed vapor liquid comp.
1 0.7000 0.74902086 0.21505687 CH4
2 0.3000 0.25097914 0.78494313 nC6
VAPOR LIQUID
MOLAR FRACTION: 0.90819 0.09181
VOLUME FRACTION: 0.96919 0.03081
ZFACTOR: 0.84135 0.26764
MW(g/mol): 33.64368 71.09591
MASS DEN(Kg/L): 0.06774 0.45520
MOLE DEN(mol/L): 2.01341 6.40260
VISCOSITY(cP): 0.01458 0.06113
SURFACE TENSION (dyne/cm): 2.17832
Iter (SSI) = 6
Iter (NR) = 2
Error flash = 4.22E-13
Tolerance flash = 1.00E-10
Differential Vaporization (DV)
Pressure Calculation sequence 2
P (bar) = 160.000000
T (K) = 400.000000
STABILITY ANALYSIS
ONE-PHASE TPD = -6.30686E-04 -3.98676E-04
Mixture is in “TWO-PHASE”
TWO-PHASE Flash computation
idx feed vapor liquid comp.
1 0.7000 0.79042681 0.61227622 CH4
2 0.3000 0.20957319 0.38772378 nC6
VAPOR LIQUID
MOLAR FRACTION: 0.49241 0.50759
VOLUME FRACTION: 0.54167 0.45833
ZFACTOR: 0.75595 0.61477
MW(g/mol): 30.73946 43.23495
MASS DEN(Kg/L): 0.19563 0.33520
MOLE DEN(mol/L): 6.36406 7.75298
VISCOSITY(cP): 0.02063 0.03964
SURFACE TENSION (dyne/cm): 0.03460
Iter (SSI) = 39
Iter (NR) = 4
Error flash = 2.09E-14
Tolerance flash = 1.00E-10
Pressure Calculation sequence 3
P (bar) = 130.000000
T (K) = 400.000000
STABILITY ANALYSIS
ONE-PHASE TPD = -1.52545E-02 -3.30254E-03
Mixture is in “TWO-PHASE”
TWO-PHASE Flash computation
idx feed vapor liquid comp.
1 0.7000 0.83656193 0.48169813 CH4
2 0.3000 0.16343807 0.51830187 nC6
VAPOR LIQUID
MOLAR FRACTION: 0.61517 0.38483
VOLUME FRACTION: 0.71778 0.28222
ZFACTOR: 0.80525 0.50530
MW(g/mol): 27.50355 52.39369
MASS DEN(Kg/L): 0.13351 0.40465
MOLE DEN(mol/L): 4.85418 7.72325
VISCOSITY(cP): 0.01774 0.05142
SURFACE TENSION(dyne/cm): 0.50615
Iter (SSI) = 16
Iter (NR) = 2
Error flash = 1.69E-13
Tolerance flash = 1.00E-10
Pressure Calculation sequence 4
P (bar) = 100.000000
T (K) = 400.000000
STABILITY ANALYSIS
ONE-PHASE TPD = -8.21593E-02 -2.11102E-03
Mixture is in “TWO-PHASE”
TWO-PHASE Flash computation
idx feed vapor liquid comp.
1 0.7000 0.85330992 0.36947400 CH4
2 0.3000 0.14669008 0.63052600 nC6
VAPOR LIQUID
MOLAR FRACTION: 0.68314 0.31686
VOLUME FRACTION: 0.81859 0.18141
ZFACTOR: 0.83964 0.40310
MW(g/mol): 26.32884 60.26509
MASS DEN(Kg/L): 0.09429 0.45168
MOLE DEN(mol/L): 3.58106 7.49497
VISCOSITY(cP): 0.01606 0.06226
SURFACE TENSION (dyne/cm): 1.55209
Iter (SSI) = 11
Iter (NR) = 2
Error flash = 4.44E-15
Tolerance flash = 1.00E-10
Pressure Calculation sequence 5
P (bar) = 70.000000
T (K) = 400.000000
STABILITY ANALYSIS
ONE-PHASE TPD = -2.37955E-01 0.00000E+00
Mixture is in “TWO-PHASE”
TWO-PHASE Flash computation
idx feed vapor liquid comp.
1 0.7000 0.85160535 0.25853311 CH4
2 0.3000 0.14839465 0.74146689 nC6
VAPOR LIQUID
MOLAR FRACTION: 0.74437 0.25563
VOLUME FRACTION: 0.89663 0.10337
ZFACTOR: 0.87029 0.29529
MW(g/mol): 26.44840 68.04649
MASS DEN(Kg/L): 0.06396 0.49018
MOLE DEN(mol/L): 2.41846 7.20361
VISCOSITY(cP): 0.01468 0.07396
SURFACE TENSION (dyne/cm): 3.17602
Iter (SSI) = 6
Iter (NR) = 2
Error flash = 1.88E-15
Tolerance flash = 1.00E-10
Comparisons among CCE, CVD, and DV
According to the above findings, it can be shown that the expected results such as feed composition, compressibility factors, and compositions in gas and liquid phases, for constant composition expansion (CCE) and constant volume depletion (CVD) have similar computation values. With the same properties, the values of differential vaporization (DV) are different from those of CCE and CVD.
Conclusions
From the thermodynamic point of view, phase transitions happen when the free energy of a system is non-analytic for some choice of thermodynamic variables. The distinguishing characteristic of a phase transition is an abrupt change in one or more physical properties, with a small or no change in the intensive thermodynamic variables such as the temperature and pressure. Phase transitions are generally categorized in the first order transitions, the second order transitions and the infinite-order phase-transitions
Works Cited.
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Arabloo, Milad, and Shahin Rafiee-Taghanaki. “SVM modeling of the constant volume depletion (CVD) behavior of gas condensate reservoirs.” Journal of Natural Gas Science and Engineering 21, 2014: 1148-1155.
Ashour, I., Al-Rawahi, N., Fatemi, A. & Vakili-Nezhaad, G. Applications of Equations of State in the Oil and Gas Industry. Thermodynamics – Kinetics of Dynamic Systems, 2011. DOI: 10.5772/23668.
Bi, Ran, and Hadi Nasrabadi. “Molecular simulation of the constant composition expansion experiment in shale multi-scale systems.” Fluid Phase Equilibria 495, 2019: 59-68.
Bradley, Howard B. “Petroleum engineering handbook.“, 1987.
Jin, Zhehui, and Abbas Firoozabadi. “Thermodynamic modeling of phase behavior in shale media.” Spe Journal 21.01, 2016: 190-207.
Kinney, Lance, and Catherine Norwood. “Review of Professional Engineering in Petroleum Engineering.” SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2018.
Li, Chuanyan, et al. “Calculation of the Phase Equilibrium of CO 2–Hydrocarbon Binary Mixtures by PR-BM EOS and PR EOS.” Transactions of Tianjin University 25.5, 2019: 540-548.
Pedersen, Karen Schou, Peter Lindskou Christensen, and Jawad Azeem Shaikh. Phase behavior of petroleum reservoir fluids. CRC press, 2014.
Umnahanant, Patamaporn. “An examination of vaporization, fusion and sublimation enthalpies of tolazoline using correlation gas chromatography and differential scanning calorimetry.” “Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry”, 138.1, 2019: 443-450. To
Vinet, P. J. J. R., et al. “A universal equation of state for solids.” Journal of Physics C: Solid State Physics 19.20, 2008: L467.
Whitson, Curtis H., and Michael R. Brulé. Phase behavior. Vol. 20. Richardson, TX: Henry L. Doherty Memorial Fund of AIME, Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2010.
Importance Of Managing Teams To Project Managers
Being an Effective Team Leader in Project Management
It is widely known that managing projects is a practical use of actions, methods, expertise, and capabilities, and experience to meet particular targets within a set timeframe (What is project management? 2020). Project management final outputs are restricted to defined time schedules and budgets. The distinction between the commonly known management and project management is that projects have a defined timeframe for, and goals have to be achieved within that set time while management is a continuous process.
On the other hand, for project management to happen, there is a need to have a team. Based on different competencies and gifts, individuals are selected very carefully based on their diverse skills and talents, and a team leader or typically commonly known as the project manager, is appointed. Based on (Five Phases of the Project Management Lifecycle, 2019), projects comprise of various components but mostly follow through a project life cycle that will include:
- The firm being able to define the importance of the project;
- Being able to capture requirements, specify the goals, estimate the budget resources and also set the start and end of the projects;
- Preparing a business proposal that will justify the investment;
- The firm acquiring partners and raising funds for the project;
- Coming up with and implementing an effective management plan;
- Enforcing and motivating the project team;
- The firm having the capability of managing risks, challenges, and changes;
- Following up on the progress against plan;
- Effectively controlling the project resources and budget;
- Appropriately closing the project in a controlled way.
As a project manager, one vital thing I had to remember is that the team selected possesses different skill sets, talents, and capabilities. In most cases, that would be their first time working together. Because of high uncertainty levels, frequent changes in roles and responsibilities are bound to happen to require the team’s flexibility in adapting to new challenges (Project Management for Development Organizations, 2019). More so, time constraints pose a great challenge of stress while working on a project with high uncertainty ranging from new working areas, new stakeholders, or solutions never explored previously. As the project begins, teams are usually unclear about their roles and also the direction of the project because of new staff brought in to the team needs to adapt to the new place and also fully understand the organization’s mission, vision, and core values. All these factors considered tend to increase the frustration levels that are typical in new projects. The unavailability of crucial personnel possibly increases the workload to other team members being tasked to take on more responsibilities than previously planned.
An example of this scenario back in school when we were instructed to group ourselves for an agricultural project that involved preparing the land allocated to us, plant beans, and work on them till they are ready for harvest. Therefore my friends and I grouped ourselves without taking into consideration of availability or abilities. After a few weeks into the project, one of the group members and I were not available to attend to the project as we were always away from the school participating in school ball games competitions which meant that only the two that remained could work on the land and one of them was very lazy that it piled pressure on the last member of the group that he was about to quit and request for a transfer to the other group.
Therefore as a team manager, it is important to note that my work is not limited to recruitment and reassignment of staff after the project ends, but also involves mindful planning to ensure that the right people are put on the project at the required time and doing the right things (Project Management for Development Organizations, 2019).
I find effective team management critical because of the diversity in teams ranging from skills to backgrounds and making sure those members of the teamwork in tandem to guarantee that goal of the project is achieved (Walkowska, 2019). The project management teams’ success highly depends on the team leader’s ability to manage and influence a diverse mix of individuals effectively. Due to the multidisciplinary, mixed, and interdependent classification of project teams, project team leaders are obliged to learn team-building skills to be able to integrate the efforts of the project team. This skill is important as it helps the manager to understand the dynamics and the undertakings of team development. As a team manager, I will be tasked with the responsibility to create an environment that develops personal and professional satisfaction and trust amongst my team members. Also, it is acceptable to note that good working relationships among members can positively affect productivity and team performance with other stakeholders.
Back in university, I was involved in various voluntary groups that involved community development projects and services. I was appointed a team leader of a group that was tasked with cleaning a certain area of the society for a month and worked only on weekends. One of the characteristics of my selection was that I was very strict when it came to the management of time, and frankly, during that one month, it proved very crucial. Therefore, I learned that as a project manager, it would be very essential to endorse great time management (Wilson, 2020). That will include incorporating timelines to the team members’ roles and aligning them to weekly and monthly goals. Timelines will ensure that members of the team stick to their defined schedules and also be able to track individual performances and activities with the project’s objectives and goals. In a nutshell, I find team management in projects very necessary to be able to accomplish the goals and objects in record time.
While out of work, I still to play for a local team, our coach uses a format where everyone gets at least two weeks to lead the team in training sessions and even a few games. During my time, I take up the role of motivating players that don’t feel motivated, or part of the team looks down on them, which affects their game time. I pair myself with them to play against others, and whenever they do something great or even course turnovers, it is part of my job to motivate and encourage them to play on. Even after practice, I take upon the team to acknowledge them, which gives them the psyche to come tomorrow. At the end of the day, players feel happy, appreciated, and even look forward to the following day’s training.
As players, we get some allowances given to us after games that include training allowances. However, that doesn’t go a long way to motivate and make them improve. It is good to note that every human being has needs, desires, and incentives, which play a very big part in motivating them. It is for these reasons that as a team leader, I noted that monetary ways of recognition still needs to be followed by genuine acknowledgment and recognition (Son, 2015). Based on a global recognition study conducted by Socialcast, it was noted that at least 85% of American workers reported that they would put in more effort at their workplaces knowing that their efforts were better recognized, which basically means a little verbal pat on their shoulders congratulating them. Also, as a future team leader, it would be my responsibility to recognize and tangibly award my team members for their efforts towards achieving the objectives of the project to boost their work ethics. Therefore, managing teams in projects is a big deal as it provides a chance to be able to uplift others and help them grow.
The larger part of team management includes supervising persons with diverse interests, personalities, and beliefs. Conflicts ranging from personal to professional are bound to arise whenever people from various backgrounds are brought together. Therefore managing project teams is very important to me as it gives me a chance to be effective in conflict management. As a project manager, I will be required to have the ability to manage issues and also counterbalance differing opinions that may course rise to disagreements. Moreover, if the conflicts are tactfully managed via a proper set of tools and prowess, then the possibilities of the situation aggravating are significantly lowered. While working for my previous employer, I was tasked with leading the team in ensuring that the IT system was fully implemented and functioning. There arose issues of different kinds, and as a project manager handling the conflicts, it was salient that I become sensitive to my body language and attitude, be keen in identifying the points where the persons agreed and disagreed, took into account the different viewpoints as I tried to put myself into the parties’ shoes and lastly act as mediator.
I want to conclude by acknowledging that managing project teams play a huge role to me as it gives me the duty to create an environment that will support positive feedback. Support offered will be work both ways, which means, if duties are being done successfully, I will not delay in publicly appreciating the members publicly. In any case, if we encounter limitations, then members of the team ought to be ready for positive criticism from my position. On the other, support for feedback gives freedom to members when it comes to sharing feedback openly with regards to work. Feedback is very crucial because it goes a long way to act as a studying tool for the project teams in developing both personally and professionally.
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Son, S., 2015. The Power Of Employee Appreciation [Infographic]. [online] TINYpulse.
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Villanovau.com. 2019. Five Phases Of The Project Management Lifecycle. [online] Available
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Walkowska, M., 2019. Challenges To Effective Project Management – Team, Motivation,
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