QUESTION
1) The ‘peopling’ process of Australia since 1788 has been dominated by racism. Is this a fair statement? Why/why not?
2) Australia’s international relations policies with regard to Britain and the United States have been driven primarily by our security needs. Discuss.
SOLUTION
Topics
‘Peopling’ process of Australia since 1788 has been dominated by racism. Is this a fair statement?
The wide use of term “peopling of Australia” has been dominated by the racist is more or less a fair statement. In this article we will highlight the history of peopling and reveal the truth that it for a good number of years the history of Australia, it is widely known that there was the racist element in the immigration policy., the current developments has witnessed the efforts has been made to establish the nation as a multicultural and multi lingual society as a whole., the issues of the treatment of the aboriginals , Australian policy has emphasized on the issue of the “white Australian policy” (Willyc,2011)
The term racism is used is used to the discrimination and partiality landing on the issue of race. It de-motivates the people by devaluating their identity as a whole. It always challenges and contradicts the democratic principle of equality that entitles all to be treated in a proper manner. The attitude of Australians and the allegation against the racist mindset of the Australian is the much debated topic in the current times. The topic of racism has been dominated since 1788 from British colonialism. The theory effectively projected ideologies against the non white societies.
Key issues include the ill behavior to the aborigines on arrival to Australia. The British authority always insisted on regulating, assimilating and abuse of the aboriginal groups. At the same time discrimination against the Asian immigrants during the discovery of gold also shows British superiority. The introduction of white Australian policy has added fuel on fire where the theme or xenophobia amongst the Australian people to keep the country for white population only.
All the aboriginals were treated as second class citizens and are considered as outdated in all respect by British when they arrived in 1788. This is proven fact related to this aspect that the aborigines were exploited, humiliated and other policies which led to the domination over the aborigines comprehensively. The British people took the most fertile land for the aborigines in order cultivate and other agricultural use. The laborers were mostly aborigines where they were cheated by giving blankets, food and tobacco, contrary to the wages in cash which white workers use to receive. The British went to an extent where the children of the aborigines were removed from their parents and there location in the mission incorporate into white families further led to the rise in superiority feeling among the British. Meanwhile, the populations of the aborigines were decreased by 90 percent during the period of 1788 to 1900.
The rules and regulations designed by the British people straightly feed to the racial aspect of Australia and cast the strategies implemented to make it to the reality. The victims in this regard were not confined to Australian aborigines. The number of foreign immigrants in Australia increased during the period of 1850-1870 due to discovery of gold in New South Wales and Victoria. A huge number of people from china and a small fraction of people from Indians and Melanesian were also the part of migration. These are considered to be the cheap laborers by the colonial and British nationals, who received poor housing and only one third of the wage compared to the whites.
Then the immigration restriction act came into being in the year 1901, where the major decision was taken by the federal government which primarily aimed to restrict the “non – white “ population movement to Australia from 1901-1973. The rule was comprehensively supported and implemented by many groups and organization. The system has been termed as culmination of virulent racist nationalism. However under this policy the right to vote and permanent settlement in Australia was restricted for the Asians, Africans and many people from pacific islands and aborigines were deprived.
In 1905, the law was also enforced where non -whites from enjoying social and welfare benefits. The sentiments were inclined with the strong concept of nationalism concept held in the late ninetieth century. The immigration believed to be the threat to the culture of white people. Non white immigrants were forced to discontinue the relations with their natives and emphasis was given to up hold the white culture as whole.(Williams,2012)
In this matter Europeans were permitted to enter the country but with ideology of white people. The condition was that the culture and language has to be identical. Whereas non white were only allowed after meeting the entire competency level as a whole and was based on the knowledge and efficiency of the person. The officials went to a large extent where non white’s immigrants were re-checked based on their knowledge and efficiency after the first year of migration. The person who failed the test were deported
Thus we can conclude by saying that implementation of such legal rules and regulation framework clearly ignores the way of controlling the populating process of Australia to fulfill the expectation of being a white dominant country.
Many laws has been introduced in this regard in the Australian society to wipe the image as non discriminative , welcoming place for the outsider, the argument is still valid and debated in the current times. In order to fully wipe out the concept related to the racism , a complete makeover in the society is required where there should be special emphasis on the democratic and principles of equality has to be implemented effectively. How ever it is key matter of debate where the country originated in the basis of racist convention, will that be possible to wipe the Concept? (Oxibridge ,2011)
International Policy of Australia with US and UK are inclined towards the security aspects.
The commonwealth nation Australia and The countries like USA have a long history of relation. Both the countries have similar socio- political evolution at large. The similar kind of people and culture has bought both the countries near to each other. The countries have identical kind of history where Anglo- Saxon movement of population into vast continent, where these countries fought for the natives of the country for the control of various resources, including land and other natural resources comprehensively.
The strategic relation with the both he countries started way back in the year 1870. The development in Australia has witnessed change with the development in the USA directly as the political system changed into federation. All the colonies were given a status of state to form the federation of Australia. The organization was designed in line with the United States.
The democratic principles and the bills related to the right o the people and the concepts of democracy and human rights are also similar in both the countries. Though the Nation did not have any ties in terms of security up to World War II, It this war Japanese Troops who expanded the base in southeast Asia led Australia to go ahead with the tie ups, It concept was also appealed by the, Prime Minister John Curtin made an national wide appeal on 27 December 1941 that the Australia will look toward s America for its security needs in the future. The statement was published after the Australian Government felt that the tie with the British may not be good enough in the long run to protect the nation as a whole.
The tie ups with the Britain was also inclined towards the security needs too, it is the Britain who provided by Australia with all security needs. The relationships between both the nations were durable and all necessary aspects related to the security and intelligence was handled effectively. British Government helped Australia wit all the aides’ related to security and other tie ups until the World War II (Lowinterpreter.org, 2012)
The biggest development that took place in terms of relationship between Australia and America was the situation during the war. The survived section of the war later on developed in the strategic and formal relationship after the period of World War II. The balance of the power before the World war II which comprehensively doomed Japan and Germany after losing the war, It also led to the decline of power of China and Britain. The process led to the rise in the power of United States at large. The result was that the USA emerged as super power in the world dominating the Atlantic and the Asia pacific region. The nationalist and the communist policy in the South and South East Asia has disturbed and destabilized the region comprehensively.
IT is where the Australian Diplomacy played a very good role and efforts has been made to replace the partner nation Britain with United States of America. The decision was taken as The British power was diminished to a large extent in this region and it was important for Australia to safeguard its territory. The potential threat countries were identified as China and Japan as security of the nation become an integral part of the tie ups with US. Moreover various moves in terms of participation of Australia with America in the security council also shows that the country is inclined to America for long term development in the terms of security and other arrangements.(US – Australian security Ties, chfs.in)
References
Willyc, 2011, The peopling process of Australia, viewed on April 27th , 2012
http://www.antiessays.com/free-essays/112014.html
Oxibridge writers, Racism Discrimination prejudice, viewed on April 27th,2012
http://www.oxbridgewriters.com/essays/history/racism.php
US Australian Security Ties, viewed on April 27th, 2012
http://www.cfhs.in/articles/usast.html
William, Building on a strong UK-Australia relationship, www.lowyinterpreter.org, viewed on April 27th, 2012
http://www.lowyinterpreter.org/post/2011/01/18/Building-on-a-strong-UK-Australia-relationship.aspx
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