Overview of Living Primates: 1362777

Ans1: 1. Primates are uniparous.

2. Primates have opposable thumbs.

3. Primates have forward facing eyes.

4. Primates have larger brain and short snout

Ans2 : A) Lorises

Ans3:  D) are nocturnal

Ans4:  Madagascar

Ans5:  1. Similar to lorises and lemurs, tarsiers are also nocturnal.

           2. Similar to anthropoids, tarsiers have more Enclosed Bony orbit.

Ans6: Platyrrhines have broad noses with nostril that are far apart and face outwards. Catarrhines have narrow nose with close nostrils and have face downwards.

Ans7: C) Prehensile tail

Ans8: B) Colobine

Ans 9: 1. Y-5 molar

            2. Flatter and more orthognathic faces

Ans10: D) Gibbon

Exercise 1 Distinguishing Mammals And Primates

	Primate	Trait
Mystery Mammal A	Yes	Opposable thumbs and big toes, forward facing eyes, short snout, large brain.
Mystery Mammal B	No	Mammary gland, presence of three bones in the middle ear, larger snout.

Exercise 2 Lorises And Lemurs

Part A

	Nocturnal or Diurnal?	Traits
Primates A	Nocturnal	Active in night, large eyes, long legs, have unusal bony eye structure called postorbit bar
Primates B	Diurnal	Active during day, have better visual communication.

Part B

	Lemur or Anthropoid?	Traits
Primate  A	Anthropoid	They have full bony enclosure for their eyes and big brain.
Primate B	Lemur	They have postal orbit bars.

Exercise 3 Tarsiers

Ans 1: Tarsiers have remarkably large eye that dominates its face. They have unique dental formula. The upper dentition is 2.1.3.3 and lower dentition is 1.1.3.3. They have highly mobile neck and can turn their head to 180 degree in each direction. They have incredible long legs and feet. They also have unusual lower leg bones where tibia and fibula are fused.

Ans2: The three anatomical traits of tarsiers closely related to lemurs and lorises are:

1. They are small and primarily eat insects.
2. They are nocturnal.
3. They leap through the trees like galagos.

 Three features of tarsiers closely related to monkeys and apes are:

1. They have more enclosed bony orbit.
2. They lack the dental comb.
3. They have short snout and a dry nose.

Exercise 4: New world Monkey and Old world Monkey

Ans1: B

Ans2: A

Ans 3: The new world monkeys have 2.1.3.3 dental formula. They have three premolars in each quadrant of the mouth. On the other hand, new world monkeys have two premolars and have 2.1.2.3 dental formula.

Exercise 5

PART A

 

	Old World Monkey or Ape	Dental Traits
Primate A	Old world monkey	Unusal molar with cusps (bilophodont Molars). Molar teeth have 4 cusps with two parallel ridges.
Primate B	Ape	Y-5 Molar, lower molars have 5 cusps and upper with 4 cusps

PART B

 

	Old World Monkey or Ape	Non Dental Traits
Primate A	Ape	They have no tail. They have enlarged braincase and huge eye orbits.
Primate B	Old World Monkey	They have long tail, wide nostril, have rough patches on skin.

 

CRITICAL THINKING QUESTIONS

Ans1: Some of the trait common in Dog and primates are:

• Dogs and strepsirrhines have wet nose.
• Dogs and primates like ape, old world monkey and new world monkey have hair
• Dog have stronger sense of smell similar to Lorise
• Some dogs have large.
• Dogs also have mix of claws and nails.
• Dogs and New World Monkey are trained

Some traits common in horse and primates are:

• Socialilty of horses revealed by the group stability is similar to the primate
• Fingers and toes are mobile.
• Presence of hair and mammary gland
• They have tail

Some important traits in primates that horse and dog lacks are:

• They lack opposable thumb
• They lack flexible shoulder bone
• They can rotate their head
• They are terrestrial whereas most primates are arboreal.

Ans 2: Mostly the primates are found in the tropical and sub tropical regions around the globe. They live in highly dense forest. However, the existence of these nonhuman primates is now threatened with extinction thereby declining their populations. This is mainly due to global market demand, industry driven deforestation, logging and mining. These factors are directly problems for the remained forested environment.

Apart from these arboreal primates show difficulty in locomotion. Arboreal locomotion involves travelling of animals in tree. In forest numerous mechanical challenges are faced by primates in moving between trees.  These include moving on some very narrow branches, moving up and down inclines, balancing problem, crossing large gaps and most important dealing with sudden obstructions.

Locomotion on land involves center of mass swinging from side to side, however in arboreal locomotion, foot placement is a constraint. If animal moves up an inclined branch, they fight again the gravity and hence make movement difficult. If animal moves down the branches there is a chance to fall. Balance is also affected by the different height of the branches. Narrow branches will be difficult to balance and vertical branches could result in slipping downwards. Branches are not continuous and arboreal animal should be able to move between the gaps in the branches and even between the trees.

To overcome the above constraints, Primates have elongated limbs that help them crossing gap between the trees, the tip of the tail has adhesive pad that helps in increased friction, flexible arm, gripping is used by primate to hold the branches. Most primates are small in size that further helps in locomotion as they have low mass, lower center of mass, increase stability and ability to move by the cluttered habitat. Among all, human have flexible arms for this type of locomotion.

Ans 3: Lorises tends to be nocturnal with large eyes and better sense. Lorises belongs to Lorisoidea are small primate especially found in Africa and Southeast Asia. In order to accumulate much of light, they have large eyes. Looking into biology of the eyes, they have more of rods compared to other primates. This helps in improving vision in the low light environments. They also have an unusual bony structure called postorbit bar that helps in providing structural support. However, it does not completely enclose the eye in bony pocket. Beside good vision that will help in the darkness, lorises have long snout with a rhinarium, a damp pad at the end of the nose that gives them a strong sense of smell also.

Lorises eat alone but do socialize. They move leaping through the trees. They have mix of claws and nails. They have 2.1.3.3 dental formula. They have special tooth known as dental comb that is been used by lorises to either feed or groom. Their teeth are elongated and positioned together. They have unfused mandible.

Ans 5: Since decades chimpanzees have been employed in biomedical research and testing. They share nearly 98%o their DNA with humans. They have been considered as an ideal for the experiments that would not be ethical to conduct on humans. Nearly 700 chimpanzees used in the different research now would be considered as endangered under the act of ESA. And for the labs still want to continue work with chimp needs to apply for the ESA permit. Moreover permission will only be granted to those institutes that will enhance the survival of the species. Despite legislation, still there is a decline in chimp population due to several factors like cost of keeping them in labs, public pressure and evidence of physical and psychological similarities between humans and chimps. It is necessary to put more efforts in preventing them from being exploited through more legal work.

Ans 6:

Primate group	Geographical location	3 to 5 anatomical trait	Diet	Primary locomotion
Lorises (Lorisoidea)	Africa, Southeast Asia	Small in size, have large eyes, are nocturnal, have mix of nails and claws, wet nose, have dental comb	Eat insects	Move very slow on all fours
Lemurs (Lemuroidea)	Madagascar	Small, nocturnal, longer snout, wet nose	Eat insects	Arboreal, move on all four or leap through trees
Tarsiers (Tarsiiformers)	Southeast Asia	Small, nocturnal, have mix of claws and nails, more enclosed bony orbit, lack dental comb, large eyes, can rotate head to 360 degree, long legs and feet	Eat insects	Leap through trees
New World Monkey	America	Broad nose, nostril facing outside, wide septum	Insects, tree gum, fruits,  leaves	Move on all four , also have prehensile tail that facilitate movement
Old World Monkey	Africa and Asia	Narrow nose, nostrils facing downwards, narrow septum, special batches on buttocks skin	Leaves	Both arboreal and terrestrial locomotion, Move on all four
Gibbons and siamangs	Southeast Asia	Small body size, diurnal , longer arm, long curved fingers with short thumb	Fruits	Arboreal locomotion, swinging through trees
Orangutans	Islands of Borneo and Sumatra	Have orange fur,  diurnal, dish shaped face, have lateral incisors smaller than medial incisors	Fruits	Slow climbing
Gorillas	Equatorial Africa	Very large, diurnal,  silver fur present on the back of male only	Lot of leaves	Terrestrial
Chimpanzees and Bonobos	Equatorial Africa. Bonobos particularly in Democratic Republic of the Congo	Bonobos have lean and long body than chimpanzee.Chimpanzees are violent and have fewer sexual interactions than Bonobos.	Fruits, leaves, nuts, insects,	Arboreal

Ans7:

a. In Southeast Asia, most of the non human primates such as Lorises, Tarsiers, Gibbons and siamangs are found.

b. Non human primates have never lived in Australia and in most of the islands in Pacific Ocean. Today, they are even not fund in North America and Europe. Many primates are now in danger of becoming extinct due to deforestation, and human hunting.

c.

S.No	Similarities between lemur and trasiers	Dissimilarities between lemur and trasiers
1.	Both are small, nocturnal and eat insects.	Trasiers lack dental comb, which is present in lemur.
2.	Both have mix of claws and nails.	Trasiers have very large eyes compared to the lemur.

d.   

S.no	Similarities between ape and old world monkey	Dissimilarities between ape and old world monkey
1	Both have two premolars in each quadrant of the mouth.	Apes have Y-molar in lower dentition. Whereas old world monkeys have bilophodont molars.
2	Both have nostrils facing downwards, separated by narroe septum.	Apes lack tail whereas old world monkeys have tail.

e. The most common diet is leaves taken majorly by chimpanzees, gorilla, Old World monkeys and New World monkeys.

f. The most common form of locomotion is arm swinging arboreal and leaping. This is common in almost all the primates.

g. Humans belong to ape and demonstrate most of the similarities with the Old World monkeys. The traits that are common include large brain relative to body size; nostrils are placed downwards and close separated by narrow septum, and presence of two premolars in each quadrant of the mouth.

Lab 6: Primate Evolution

Answer the following

Ans 1: Fossils are defines as remains or impression of the prehistoric organisms preserved in the rocks.

Ans 2: b) a toothless gap between their front and back teeth.

Ans 3: a) are usually more nocturnal.

Ans 4:  Aegyptopithecus was an early catarrhine as it appeared to have been sexually dimorphic, its dental formula is 2.1.2.3 and had large brain.

Ans 5: d) victoriopithecus

Ans 6: c) Apes

Ans 7: Gigantopithecus

Ans 8: Radiometric dating

Ans 9: According to the law of superposition, material from the lower geological layer must be older compared to the higher geological region because the lower layers were first deposited.

Ans 10: Carbon-14

Exercise 1: Pleisdapiforms

 Ans 1: Corpolestes have long snouts and specialized front teeth and it also lack postorbit bar which is similar to the plasiodopis.

Ans 2: Corpolestes have grasping hand and feet which is absent in most of the pleisdapiforms.

Ans 3: According to the data available, plesiadapiforms lacks many important features like bony eye orbits, nails, grasping hand and feet, large brain of the primates. Although, they are considered as early primates, reconsideration should be done regarding the relationship between plesiadapiforms and primates.

Exercise 2: Adapiform and omomyoids

Ans 1: Mystery fossil A

Ans 2: Mystery fossil B

Ans 3: Mystery fossil A is an adapiform as it demonstrated traits long snout, small eyes and has shearing crest demonstrating folivorous. Mystery fossil B is an omomyoid, with traits of short snout, large eyes and is insectivorous.

Exercise 3: Darwinius

Ans 1:  Features of haplorhines:

• Darwinius had short snout and large eyes.
• It lacks dental comb and had an arboreal quadrupedalism.

Ans 2: Features of strepsirhines:

• Darwinius had trait of postorbit bars.
• Darwinius has nails instead of claw.

Ans 3: Traits observed in Darwinius like small brain, large eyes, nails instead of claws suggest that it resembles more to the strepsirhines

Exercise 4 fossil new world and old world monkeys

 Ans 1: Mystery fossil genus A

Ans 2: Mystery fossil genus B

Ans 3: Fossil A is Old World Monkey having narrow nose whereas fossil B having broad nose. Fossil A have bilophodont molar whereas fossil B not.

Exercise 5: THEROPITHECUS

Ans 1: Theropithecus resembles cercopithecines.

Ans 2: They have characteristic bilophodont molars. It has narrow nose.

Exercise 6: Sivapithecus

Ans 1: Sivapithecus is similar to living great Asian apes.

Ans 2: Sivapithecus had large canine teeth and heavy molars and thus chew hard seed. Its dental formula is 2.12.3. It has long arms, and finger. It has concave face resembling modern orangutan.

Exercise 7:Dating methods

Ans  1: Oldest layer is F

Ans 2: Youngest layer is A

Ans 3:  Radioactive dating (C-14 or C-12) is a type of chronometric dating method used to determine the remains of the organic material. It provides date of the actual material and not the surrounding rocks. It generally includes bone, shell or wood. This method is well suited for the recent material from between about 2 and 50 kya.

Ans 4: Paleomagnetic dating is used to find the fossilized bone in between the layers made up of volcanic rocks. It is a non radiometric and depend on the change in magnetism of the planet. It determines the polarity created at that time by the metal particles present in the rock. For the volcanic rocks, it uses potassium argon dating method. It is used for material from about 750 kya to 200 mya.  

Ans 6:

Dating method	Relative or Chronometric?	Material Needed	Date range
Comparative stratigraphy	Relative	Rock	No actual numerical dates
Radiocarbon	Chronometric	Organic material like wood, bone, skull	2 – 50 kya
Potasium –argon and argon-argon	Chronometric	Volcanic rocks	Above 200 kya
Paleomagnetism	Chronometric	Rock	750 kya -200 mya

Ans 7:  Rocks

Ans 8: Potassium-Argon chronometric method is widely used for anthropologists for studying early primate evolution because this method provides the age of the volcanic rock. And many of the strata are associated with the primate evolution containing volcanic rock.

CRITICAL THINKING QUESTION

Ans 1: Primates are an extremely diverse group and should posses the following traits:

• Presence of prehensile hands and feet
• Presence of opposable thumbs and big toes
• Presence of nails instead of claws
• Presence of molar teeth
• Presence of bony eye orbits
• Presence of large brain than of body size

Beside most of the above traits are absent in plesiadpiforms showed the presence of molar teeth common to the primates.

Ans 2:

Mystery fossil primate A is New World Monkey

Mystery fossil primate B is adpiforms

Mystery fossil primate C is Old World Monkey

Mystery fossil primate D is Ape

Mystery fossil primate E IS omomyoid

Ans 3: Traits of anthropoid group:

• Full body enclosure of orbit,
• Fused manible

Traits of anthropoid resembling catarrhine

• Presence of large brain
• They lack prehensile tail.
• Presence of 2.1.2.3dental formula

     Traits of anthropoids resembling ape group

• Long arms, and flexible wrist
• Two premolar in each mouth quadrant.
• Bilophodon molar

Ans 4:

Fossil group or species	Dates and location	anatomical traits	Behavior	Relationship to living primates
Plesiadiform	66 – 56 mya, North America, Asia, Europe	Long finger, short palm, elongated snout	Rodent like teeth	Generalized molar teeth like primates
Adapiform	56-35 mya, North America, Europe	Forward facing eyes, postorbital bars, nails instead of claws, larger brain, grasping hand and feet	Nocturnal but mostly diurnal	Lemurs, lorises,
Omomyoid	North America and Eurasia	Shorter snout, smaller body,  postorbital bars, large eyes	Nocturnal	Tarsiers
Aegyptopithecus	30  mya, Egypt	Full bony enclosure of the orbit and fused mandible, 2.1.2.3  dental formula, large brain, saggital crest, arboreal quadruped	Sexually dimorphic	Modern catarrhine.
Branisella	26 mya, Bolivia	Three premolar in each mouth quadrant, low and rounded molar cusps	Frugivorous diet	New World Monkey
Perupithecus	36 mya, Africa, America	Three molar, full body enclosure of orbit	Arboreal quadrupedalism	New World Monkey
Victoriapithecus	19 mya, Kenya	Wide incisors and low molar cusps, prominent chewing muscle	Terrestrial quadrupedalism	Old World Monkey and ape
Proconsul	22 -17 mya, Africa	Y- 5 molar, lack tail, large brain	Frugivorous diet, arboreal quadruped	Ape
Nyanzapithecus alesi	25 mya, Kenya	Y- 5 molar, ape like skull, bony ear	Frugivorous diet,	Ape
Dryopithecus	12 to 8 mya, Europe	Y- 5 molar, large brain, small snout	Brachiation	Ape
Oreopithecus	8 to 7 mya, Europe	Teeth with tall cusps, medium body size	Nuts, seeds and Frugivorous diet	European Ape
Khoratpithecus	9 to 6 mya,Thailand	Broad incisor	Nuts, seeds and Frugivorous diet	Modern Orangutans
Gigantopithecus	8 myaAsia	Very huge, thick enamel on teeth, large molars and mandible	Lot of bamboos, Frugivorous diet	Asian ape

Ans 5: A) Numerous fossil primates were discovered from America, Africa and Europe.

           B) Australia is on such location where there is no fossil primates been found.

           C) Traits of Strepoirhine like fossil primates include small brain, long snouts, and we

           D) Traits of haplorhine-like fossil primate. Haplorhine are usually with small snouts and dry nose.

Person	Genotype	Phenotype
A	rr	Can’t roll tongue
B	rr	Can’t roll tongue
C	RR,Rr	Can roll tongue
D	RR,Rr	Can roll tongue
E	RR,Rr	Can roll tongue
F	Rr	Can’t roll tongue
G	RR,Rr	Can roll tongue

Ans1: Yes. The phenotypic character as per the pidegree chart shows that person A, B, and F are not carrying the rolling tongue traits. As per the Mendelian inheritance, only homozygous recessive genes (rr) will not demonstrate the rolling tongue phenotype.  

Ans2: Not sure. The genotypic trait as per the pidegree chart shows that person C, D, E, and G are carrying the trait. As per the Mendelian inheritance, both the homozygous dominant (RR) and heterozygous dominant (Rr) carry the rolling tongue trait. Thus the C, D, E and G could have the genotype of either RR or Rr.

Exercise 5: Mendelian Traits in Humans 1

Mendelian Trait	Your Phenotype	Possible Genotype
Cleft Chin (Dominant)	Cleft chin present	CC or Cc
Freckles (Dominant)	Present	FF or Ff
Attached earlobe (Recessive)	Attached	ee
Hitchhiker’s Thumb (Recessive)	Present	tt
Widow’s Peak (Dominant)	Present	WW or Ww

Exercise 6: Mendelian traits in Human 2

Ans 5:  I am not a PTC taster with a recessive phenotype.

Ans 6: Possible genotype is tt.

Ans 7: Comparing with the other classmate, I found my friend as PTC taster.  Possibly, his genotype would be TT or Tt.

Exercise7: Using the scientific method investigating mendelian traits in humans

Individual’s Name	Thumb Angle
Roy	20 º
Charle	25 º
Anny	25 º
Arit	30 º
Ronny	20 º
Niana	35 º
Geeta	20 º
Vannie	20 º
Terrie	35 º

Ans 1: Most of the thumb angle was between 10 – 35 º.  None of the thumb was found to be hyper flexible.

 Ans 2: Hitchhiker’s thumb follows the Mendelian trait and demonstrates two distinct phenotypic expressions namely dominant trait which demonstrate straight thumb and other that can bend with varying degree.

Exercise 9: The ABO Blood System

Ans1: Yes, the person with A blood group can receive transfusion from person with type O blood group because blood group O is an universal donar and have no antigen. Thus can donate blood to A, B and AB in emergencies.

Ans2: No, person with blood type A cannot receive a transfusion from B blood group. Blood groups A carry A antigen and if transfusion done with blood B, the person (A blood group) will develop antibodies against the B antigen and immune system will destroy the B red blood cell.

Ans3: Yes, as the person with blood type O contains on antigen, they can donate blood successfully to person with type AB blood group.

Ans4: No, person with blood type B cannot donate blood to person with O type blood because as O type blood does not contain B antigen and thus will produce antibodies against B antigen resulting in incompatibility and B red blood cells will be destroyed.

Ans5: No, because person with AB blood group will carry both A antigen and B antigen. If blood is transfused to the person with A blood group, the body will start producing antibodies against B antigen causing incompatibility and destruct the blood cells.

Ans 6:  According the law of independent assortment, the alleles of the different genes separate independently of one another during gamete formation. Suzy is heterozygous for freckles and widow’s peak (FfWw) and Jose is homozygous recessive for both traits (ffww). During gamete formation, each gamete will have one allele for each character that is for freckles and widow’s peak. From the Punnett square it is clear that there are four different possibilities in which the allele can combine with other allele during gamete formation. The alleles for the heterozygous freckles, herozygous widow’s peak, homozygous recessive originally present in each parent will separate and will be transmitted independently and they will not stay together when the gametes are formed. Thus the four possibilities of allele combination for Suzy is FW, Fw, fW, fw.  Similarly for Jose, combination allele combination would be fw, fw, fw, and fw.

Looking at the Punneet square the phenotypic ratio is 1:1:1:1 and the genotypic ratio will be 1:1:1:1

Thus, there is an equal chance of the child to be either freckles with widow’s peak; only freckles; only widow’s peak or without freckles and widow’s peak.

Ans 7:

     Stella’s GP        Stella’s GM

               NN             nn

                 Stell’s mother    Stella’ F          Max F     Max’s M

                       Nn                  Nn               nn            Nn

                      Stella                                                  Max

                                   Nn                              Nn

                                              nn              nn

In many cases the most pure bred dogs, inherited genetic disorders which are recessive. That means dog act as a carrier and will not show any symptoms. In this case, Max’s father was with the recessive alleles. As agouti is a recessive in its own series but could be dominant over other loci. E locus is responsible for almost all non agouti eumelaninor phaeomelanin patterning in dogs.  Both dominant allele present in Stella and Max have masked the recessive, which might have popped up from generations ago.

Thus, as the father of the Max had agouti, the genes might have been suppressed in the next generation by the presence of the dominant allele and this suppressed gene may further have poped up in some generation ahead. There is a chance that the litter of puppies father is Max and not the street dog