1. What is the purpose of these experiments?
Group of answer choices
A. To determine whether false memory occurs for pitures of accidents in the same way .that it does for films of accidents.
B. To determine if visual false memory is different than auditory false memory.
C. To determine the accuracy of memory for people who were in traumatic events like car crashes.
D. To determine for the first time if information presented after an event can alter the memory for that event.
E. To expand on prior research investigating false memory in the misinformation effect.
F. To determine whether the framing of a question can alter the memory for the speed of a car.
2. How does this research expand on prior research?
Group of answer choices
Prior research investigated the effects of accurate post-event information; the current study integrates misleading post-event information.
Prior research had tested where the original stimulus was visual and the misleading information was verbal; the current study tests where the original stimulus is visual and the misleading information is also visual.
Prior research had used a much smaller sample size, prompting criticism of the validity of the results; the current study uses a much larger sample size (1,242) to ensure the quality of the results.
Prior research had a confound where misleading information led to false memories in the participants; the current research controls for this confound so that the participants are not given misleading information that would invalidate the results.
Prior research used fast-moving stimuli in realistic scenes; the current study uses verbal descriptions of the events, in order to determine how robust the study is.
Prior research determined that the post-event information was encoded separately from the original memory; the current study investigates whether the new memories can be integrated into the original memory instead.
3. Which of the following is NOT part of the general procedure in the pilot study?
Group of answer choices
A. Participants viewed a 30-slide presentation depicting a car accident.
B. All participants took a recognition test 1 week later with pictures from the original slides, with both versions of the critical slides.
C. Half of the participants saw a slide with a stop sign, and half saw a sign with a yield sign.
D. For a critical question, half of the participants received a version of the question that was accurate (stating details consistent the original slides), and half of the participants received a version of the question that was misleading (stating details consistent the original slides).
E. Half of the questions were accurate (stating details consistent the original slides), and half were inaccurate (stating details consistent the original slides).
F. After viewing a slide show, participants were asked a series of questions.
4. What constitutes the “critical slides” in the presented stimuli?
Group of answer choices
Half of the participants saw a slide with a stop sign, and half saw a sign with a yield sign.
The post-event information.
The slides in which the pedestrian was struck.
Half of the participants saw a red Datsun, and half saw a blue Datsun.
Question 17 in the questions after the slides.
Half of the participants saw slides in which the car struck the pedestrian, and half saw slides in which the car missed the pedestrian.
5. What were the results from the pilot study?
Group of answer choices
Participants who received the accurate post-event information had 70% Hits and 70% False Positives, indicating they could differentiate the correct and incorrect critical slides.
Participants who received the misleading post-event information had fewer Hits and more False Positives, indicating their memory was less accurate.
Participants who received the misleading post-event information had more Hits and fewer False Positives, indicating their memory was less accurate.
Participants who received the accurate post-event information had fewer Hits and more False Positives, indicating their memory was less accurate.
Participants who received the accurate post-event information had more Hits and fewer False Positives, indicating their memory was less accurate.
Participants who received the misleading post-event information had 70% Hits and 70% False Positives, indicating they could differentiate the correct and incorrect critical slides.
6. What was the purpose of Experiment 1?
Group of answer choices
To determine whether the post-event information is encoded as a separate memory or incorporated into the original memory.
To update the methods used in the pilot study to reduce demand characteristics.
To use an entirely different method from prior research in order to investigate false memory.
To determine whether the timing of the post-event information affects the rate of false recognition.
To determine whether verbal or visual information results in higher false memory.
To determine for the first time if information presented after an event can alter the memory for that event.
7. What was the main difference between the methods for Experiment 1 and the pilot study?
Group of answer choices
Experiment 1 varied the type of sign, rather than the color of the vehicle.
Experiment 1 included a 20-minute filler activity between the post-event questions and the recognition task.
Experiment 1 used a forced-choice recognition between two pictures, rather than a yes-no recognition test.
Experiment 1 varied the color of the vehicle, rather than the type of sign.
Experiment 1 gave participants both consistent and misleading questions, instead of just misleading questions.
Experiment 1 used a recognition task instead of a series of questions after the event.
8. What were the results from Experiment 1?
Group of answer choices
Participants who received consistent information (M = 41%) had significantly less false memory than participants who received misleading information (M = 75%).
Participants who received consistent information (M = 75%) selected the correct slide significantly more often than participants who received misleading information (M = 41%).
Participants who received consistent information (M = 75%) had significantly more false memory than participants who received misleading information (M = 41%).
Participants who received consistent information (M = 41%) selected the correct slide significantly less often than participants who received misleading information (M = 75%).
Participants who received consistent information (M = 5.10) selected the correct slide significantly more often than participants who received misleading information (M = 1.80).
Participants who received consistent information (M = 75%) showed chance guessing behavior significantly more often than participants who received misleading information (M = 41%).
9. What was the purpose of Experiment 2?
Group of answer choices
To reduce the possibility that participants are exhibiting demand characteristics and not being honest in order to support the researcher’s hypothesis.
To confirm the results from Experiment 1 by replicating the same methods.
To determine whether the timing of the post-event information affects the rate of false recognition.
To determine for the first time if information presented after an event can alter the memory for that event.
To determine participants’ confidence in their memories.
To determine whether verbal or visual information results in higher false memory.
10. What were the TWO main ways in which the methods for Experiment 2 were different from Experiment 1? Select both.
Group of answer choices
Experiment 2 included a follow-up questionnaire explicitly telling participants they might have been misled, and asking participants to report what they remember was in the original slide.
Experiment 2 included more demand characteristics to control for participants’ behavior.
Experiment 2 introduced a third type of post-event information: neutral (in addition to consistent and misleading.)
Experiment 2 included a confidence rating for each question they answered.
Experiment 2 included a forced-choice recognition test.
Experiment 2 included a 20-minute filler activity between the post-event questions and the recognition task.
11. What were the results from Experiment 2?
Group of answer choices
Participants who received misleading information were less accurate on the recognition task, and were also less accurate on the debriefing questions, showing they did not actually remember the original slides.
Participants who received misleading information were less accurate on the recognition task, but were equally accurate on the debriefing questions, showing they did actually remember the original slides.
Participants who received misleading information were less accurate on the recognition task, and were also less accurate on the debriefing questions, showing they did actually remember the original slides.
Participants who received misleading information were less accurate on the recognition task, but were equally accurate on the debriefing questions, showing they did not actually remember the original slides.
Participants who received misleading information were more likely to choose the incorrect slide. This suggests they remember the original slide accurately but are not being honest.
More participants chose the incorrect sign than the correct sign.
12. What was the purpose of Experiment 3?
Group of answer choices
To determine whether verbal or visual information results in higher false memory.
To determine whether the filler task impacts the rate of false memory.
To determine whether the incorrect choices are memory errors or are false memories.
To determine whether the length of exposure to the stimuli affects the rate of false memory.
To determine whether the timing of the post-event information affects the rate of false recognition.
To determine whether the post-event information is encoded as a separate memory or incorporated into the original memory.
13. The methods for Experiment 3 differed from Experiments 1 and 2 in THREE new ways. Select all three.
Group of answer choices
Experiment 3 varied the amount of time that participants viewed the slides.
Experiment 3 varied the retention interval between learning and testing.
Experiment 3 varied the duration of the forced choice task.
Experiment 3 introduced a confidence rating for each question in the forced choice task.
Experiment 3 varied the placement of the questionnaire between the learning and testing phases.
Experiment 3 varied the duration of the filler task.
14. In Experiment 3, which is true about the independent variables? Select all that apply.
Group of answer choices
The questionnaire placement was varied between a 0-minute delay to a 1-week delay.
The slide show placement was varied between being before the post-event information or after the post-event information.
The retention interval was varied between being presented immediately after the slides or just before the final forced-choice recognition test.
The questionnaire placement was varied between being presented immediately after the slides or just before the final forced-choice recognition test.
The slides were varied between a 3-second duration and a 20-minute duration.
The retention interval was varied between a 0-minute delay to a 1-week delay.
15. Which was NOT one of the results from Experiment 3?
Group of answer choices
Delayed misleading information has a higher confidence in incorrect answers than in correct answers.
Delayed post-event information had a larger impact on false memory in the misleading condition than immediate post-event information.
In general, consistent information improved memory, and misleading information reduced memory.
In general, longer retention intervals led to worse performance (i.e., forgetting).
Participants who received misleading questions got better over time when the post-event information was immediately after the slides, whereas participants who received misleading questions got worse over time when the post-event information was delayed.
Confidence on responding was highest with consistent information and lowest with misleading information.
16. What was the purpose of Experiment 4?
Group of answer choices
To determine whether the timing of the post-event information affects the rate of false recognition.
To determine whether the accuracy of post-event information affects the rate of false recognition.
To determine whether verbal or visual information results in higher false memory.
To determine whether the incorrect choices are memory errors or are false memories.
To determine whether the original slides were encoded into memory in the first place and altered, or whether only the post-event information was encoded into memory.
To reduce the possibility that participants are exhibiting demand characteristics and not being honest in order to support the researcher’s hypothesis.
17. Experiment 4 introduced TWO new variations of the procedure to the methodology. What were they? Select both.
Group of answer choices
Participants were not given misleading information.
Participants were asked to draw the scene from memory.
Participants were given acquisition slides that either contained a street sign or did not contain a street sign.
Participants were asked to rate their confidence in their memory on the recognition task.
Participants received the questionnaire either immediately after the slides or after a delayed period of time.
Participants were given acquisition slides that either contained a Datsun or did not contain a Datsun.
18. What were the results from Experiment 4? Select all that apply.
Group of answer choices
Participants were more likely to remember that a sign was present when they were given a retrieval cue (i.e., the car).
Participants were more likely to draw the correct sign when a car was used to direct their attention to the intersection, indicating that the post-event information is encoded as a separate memory trace.
Participants who received misleading information were more likely to draw the incorrect sign, suggesting that the post-event information was encoded as a separate memory from the original.
The likelihood of drawing the correct sign was not significantly impacted by what type of sign participants saw.
Participants who received misleading information were more likely to draw the incorrect sign, suggesting that the post-event information was incorporated into the original memory.
Most participants remembered the original sign accurately, indicating that the original information had been encoded.
19. What was the purpose of Experiment 5?
Group of answer choices
Experiment 5 was designed to determine if visual false memory is different than auditory false memory.
Experiment 5 investigated whether the incorrect choices are memory errors or are false memories.
Experiment 5 was designed to determine whether the post-event information is encoded as a separate memory or incorporated into the original memory.
Experiment 5 conducted a conceptual replication by testing the same question with new methods.
Experiment 5 was designed to determine for the first time if information presented after an event can alter the memory for that event.
Experiment 5 incrporated all of the methodogies of Experiments 1-4 together into a comprehensive experiment.
20. Which of the following is NOT a methodological variation included in Experiment 5?
Group of answer choices
In Experiment 5, post-event information was given as a narrative written as if someone else had also viewed the slides.
Experiment 5 involved a low-collision auto-pedestrian accident in a parking lot rather than on a road.
In Experiment 5, accuracy was determined by participants writing a narrative describing the scene they had seen.
In Experiment 5, the critical items were not directly relevant to the accident.
Experiment 5 used 4 critical slides instead of 1.
In Experiment 5, a filler activity occurred immediately after the slides.
21. What were the results from Experiment 5?
Group of answer choices
Participants who received consistent information (M = 55.3%) showed significantly less false memory than participants who received misleading information (M = 70.8%).
Participants who received consistent information (M = 70.8%) selected the correct slide significantly more often than participants who received misleading information (M = 55.3%).
Participants who received consistent information (M = 9.34) selected the correct slide significantly more often than participants who received misleading information (M = 1.66%).
Participants who received consistent information (M = 70.8%) showed significantly more false memory than participants who received misleading information (M = 55.3%).
Participants who received consistent information (M = 1.66) showed significantly less false memory than participants who received misleading information (M = 9.34).
Participants who received consistent information (M = 55.3%) selected the correct slide significantly less often than participants who received misleading information (M = 70.8%).
22. What was a major conclusion from Experiment 5?
Group of answer choices
The results from Experiments 1 through 4 may have been due to increased emotional arousal, compared to the low emotional arousal in Experiment 5.
Participants are less prone to false memory in scenarios that do not involve a vehicular collision.
Participants are less likely to show false memory for relevant details (e.g., type of sign) than for irrelevant details (e.g., a random object leaning against a tree).
Participants are more prone to false memory when there are more critical items to remember.
The results from Experiments 1 through 4 are not restricted to the specific single-stimulus methods used in those experiments.
The results for Experiments 1 through 4 indicated that visual post-event information interferes a lot with memory retrieval, whereas verbal post-event information interferes less with memory retrieval.
23. What is a major take-home message from all of these experiments?
Group of answer choices
Misleading information after an event can alter the memory for that event.
Participants are likely to mis-represent what they saw in order to be compliant with a researcher’s predictions.
Testing recognition as pictures can interfere with the original memory, but testing recognition in a different medium (e.g., a written narrative) does not interfere with the original memory.
Although misleading information can lead to lower accuracy, it also leads to lower confidence in memory; confidence is a more reliable way to determine validity of memory.
Vehicle accidents can cause trauma and lead to mis-remembered events.
Post-event information has the same effect on false memory, regardless if it is closer to the event or closer to the point of remembering.
24. Which is a limitation of the current study?
Group of answer choices
The researchers do not have any proof of their conclusions, only speculation.
The research was done in the 1970’s, indicating that it has no bearing on modern people. A new study should be done in present day to determine that the results are still the same.
The research caused trauma due to experiencing car accidents and being asked to remember the details.
The sample size is low, and a replication should increase the sample to a sufficient size.
The results cannot determine whether the original event and the post-event information are encoded separately and interfere with each other, or whether the post-event information alters the original memory.
The results have no bearing on real-world issues and memory seen in real car accidents.
25. Which of the following does this series of experiments have the most relevance to?
Group of answer choices
The role of interviews after witnessing a crime.
The role of distracted driving on car accidents.
The role of trauma in remembering past events.
Techniques to improve retention on an exam.
Factors that affect forgetting over time.
Ways to prevent memory loss due to dementia.
