HR Management Assignment help on : Individual Values, Perceptions and Attitudes
It is interesting to note that there are two people who witness the same event and there interpretation of the same event is different. One might find it negative, the other positive. This kind of reflection or behavior arises because of individual’s value, Belief, Perception and attitude. All of them have a role to play when an experience in interpreted (suite 101 n.d.) . The same hold true when it comes to an individual’s behavior in the organization. When it comes to interpretation of an experience, the first thing that comes to play is the perception which is unique to every individual. Perception is defined as the process of through which individuals select, organize and interpret information from the environment around themselves. In other words it is the process through which an individual gets aware of and he interprets the external stimuli(Oxford Dictionaries 2012). Before getting an in-depth understanding of Perception it is important to understand Personality because it is the personality only that shapes perception of an individual.
Personality is defined as differences in the characteristics patterns such as feeling , behavior of one individual from other (American Psychological Association 2012). The personality distinguishes one individual from other. The Personality can be inherited which comes as genetic or it could determine which develops as a result of several internal, external and environmental factors. There are two types of Personality: Type A and Type B.
Type A Personality are restless ,impatient, result oriented and perfectionists. Type B personalities and balanced and relaxed (slideshare 2012). When it comes to the trait, McClelland’s ‘Traits’ Model identifies three traits in all individual:
- Need for Achievement: Relates to meeting personal benchmark of excellence, it’s the desire to perform and do the best.
- Need for Affiliation: Keeping a good relations with others. This trait reflects want to be liked by others. These results in sensitivity to feelings and emotion, individual of this trait would avoid any interpersonal conflicts. They are not considered very well for senior positions.
- Need for Power: This trait reflects emotional or behavioral power which can influence other. These trait are found desirable for managerial and leadership positions.
(Source: Leadership Box 2003)
Coming back to perception and Perceptual process, it is defined as the process through which information are converted into decisions and actions.It is a four step process where in first step Sensation occurs where the individual detects the external stimuli then comes the selection phase where the individual selects some of the stimuli for further process and discards the other, In next step the selected stimuli are placed in a frame work for storage, this step is called Organization, the last step in of Translation where stimuli are interpreted to give meaning
ThePerceptual Process:
There are number factors that influence perceptual process, they reside either in the perceive, the target or in the context of the situation in which the perception is being made. A figurative representation of the factors is done below:
There are some perceptual disorders which might occur, they are explained briefly below:
- Stereotype: This type of disorder arises when an individual is judged or perceived on the basis of groups to which he/she belongs
- Halo effect: This type of perception is based on drawing a complete or general information about a person based on single characteristics
- Selective Perception: On the basis of their own interest, experience and attitude when people selectively interpret other this disorder occurs.
- Projection: It occurs when one person attributes his/her own characters to other people(
Coming to values and Attitudes, it is important to understand that values are individual’s basic conviction about right and wrong. Values generally influence behavior and attitude.. In this time of Globalization it has become even more important to understand values because Values differ between cultures, generation and regions. It is imperative to discuss Value Congruence while discussing value. Value Congruence is something that leads to positive outcomes, Individuals express positive feeling when they encounter others who demonstrate similar values. Value congruence relates to job satisfaction, organization identification and loyalty towards organization with an intention to stay(APAPsyc NET 2012)
Attitude is defined as a learned predisposition because of which an individual responds to an object either in a positive manner or in a negative manner. Attitude is a cognitive element and resides inside a person because of which there is a tendency to react positively or negatively to a particular object(Universal Teachers publication n.d.). There are three components of Attitude:
- Cognitive Component: This is the belief or opinion part of the attitude
- Affective Component : This is the emotional part or feeling part of the Attitude
- Behavioral Component/Result Component: Which decides the intention to behave in a particular way to a person
When there is state of inconsistency between attitude and behaviour or when there is presence of two conflicting beliefs it is said as Cognitive Dissonance.
Attitudes find a very close relation with Job Satisfaction:
Job satisfactionis basically the collection of feelings i.e positive and negative of an individual for his/her organization. It is the extent to which an individual likes his job. Job satisfaction is a result of various conditions such as perks, promotions, rewards, recognitions, relations with co-workers etc. In order to make informed decisions pertain to the workforce it is very important for the organizations to measure the job satisfaction of their workforce. There are three views of association between satisfaction and performance that have been proposed. One says satisfaction influences performance, other one says performance causes satisfaction and third one says they are related.
Values, Attitudes and Perception are all interrelated and together they form a complex system which is difficult to evaluate or measure. However, all of them have their own importance in the field of learning organizational Phenomenon. Perception finds its importance in situation such as bullying and humor. Attitude and values have their importance in exploring Organizational culture and politics.
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