Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Consumption: Data, Research findings and implications for practice.
Q1 (a). The selection criteria for the samples in the study was the private dwellers in urban and rural areas whereas non-dwellers and those in very remote areas were excluded from the study.
Q1 (b). An elder member from the householder was nominated for interviewing for the collection of data on behalf of children under 15 years.
Q1 (c). The potential limitation for data collection in (b) is the biases towards positive habit on the intake of sugar-sweetened beverage consumption that could make the findings inaccurate.
Q1 (d). The Sugar-sweetened drinks are referred to sugar drinks, artificially added sugar that includes the soft drinks, caffeinated energy drinks, cordials, and the sports drinks. (Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2018).
Q1 (e). The definition for sugar-sweetened drinks excluded favored milk, fruit juices, hot tea or coffee and those that are sugar-free which upon when taken reduces the chances of overweight and obesity in children as opposed to sugar-sweetened drinks (World Health Organization, 2014).
Q2 (a). The daily consumption of sugar-sweetened drinks is slightly higher in male accounting for 12.4% than late female adolescents (14-17 years) accounting for 11.9% (Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2018).
Q2 (b). The rate of daily consumption of sugar-sweetened drinks was noted to increase with an increase in age for both genders. Example, the age of 2-3 years had 4.1% while at 14-17 years the consumption rate was 12.4%.
Q2(c). The change in consumption rate is primarily accounted for in males where progressive percentages in consumption are given at different age categories, in essence, 2-3 years is 4.1%, 4-8 years is 4.7%, 9-11 years is 5.3%, 12-13 years is 8%, while 14-17 years is 12.4%.
Q2 (d). The rate of daily consumption of sugar-sweetened products is higher among males than females probably because males engage in more physical activities than females. For instance, boys are involved in activities that require more energy; thus, their intake of sugar-sweetened drinks is higher to compensate for the energy.
Q3 (a). The Journal article of Nutrition Education and behavior by Bartram and his colleagues is a qualitative article because the central phenomenon is the children’s views and the inductive content analysis used which maps symbolic data into a matrix (Battram et al., 2016). These aspects are qualitative.
Q3 (b). From the results, l think lack of awareness of the health impacts is not the main factor of over-consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages since the author claims there is a high level of awareness (Battram et al., 2016).
Q3(c). Factors influencing over-consumption are parental control practices, advertisements, accessibility, and children’s consumption patterns.
Q3 (d). The conflict of interest is that the author undertook an invited research talk, which was sponsored by PepsiCo at the Dietitians of the Canada conference. The travel and accommodation funds were given for the development and delivery of the talk although other authors have not reported the conflict of interest. This section is significant to be added since it gives insights for future research as well as encouraging ethical behavior in research.
Q4 (a). The article done by Lundeen et al. (2018) is a quantitative study since the multinomial logistic regression models used for analysis are only applicable to quantitative studies that majorly compare the ratios in numeric data.
Q4 (b). The article does not support that the main reason for over-consumption is lack of knowledge since the findings indicated that adolescent and parental health conditions knowledge that SSB intake ranged from 60.7 to 80.4 % respectively.
Q4(c). The common theme concerning the main factor influencing the consumption of SSB in children and adolescents was parental control practices.
Q4 (d). Since the parents take double amounts of SSB compared to children, in essence, nearly 31% of adolescents consumed SSBs ≥1 time/day, and 43.2% of parents consumed SSBs ≥2 times/day, l recommend that government should overtax the SSB products to discourage consumption (Le Bodo, Y., Paquette, M. C., & De Wals, P. (2016). The government should also regulate the production of SSB products as well as encourage diet drinks that are free from large quantities of sugar.
Q5 (a). Quantitative research hypothesis
H0: A higher rate of consumption of SSB is among the adults compared to adolescents.
H1: A lower rate of consumption of SSB is among the adults compared to adolescents.
The variables would rate consumption of SSB in adults and adolescents measured as percentages.
Q5 (b). Qualitative research question
How does awareness and knowledge on health risks influence the rate of consumption of SSB among adolescents and parents?
The question would be explored through interviewing the participants to inquire about their level of awareness on the consumption of SSB.
Q5(c). Using the qualitative research question, the located article relevant to the research question is the American Journal of Health promotion on Adolescent sugar-sweetened beverage intake is associated with parent intake, not knowledge of health risks.
Abstract [Copy-pasted]
Because there is limited information on associations between health-related knowledge and sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) intake, our cross-sectional study examined this question using the 2010 Health Styles Survey data for 3,926 adults (aged ≥18 years). Multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to estimate the adjusted odds ratios and 95% CIs for drinking SSBs ≥2 times per day. About 31% of adults consumed SSBs ≥1 time per day, with 20% doing so ≥2 times per day. About eight of 10 adults agreed that drinking SSBs can contribute to weight gain, yet, eight of 10 adults in this study did not know the actual kilocalorie content of a 24-oz fountain soda. After controlling for age, sex, race/ethnicity, education level, annual household income, and geographic region, the odds for drinking SSBs ≥2 times per day were significantly higher among adults who neither agreed nor disagreed (in essence, were neutral) that drinking SSBs can contribute to weight gain (odds ratio 1.61, 95% CI 1.15 to 2.25 vs. agree). However, knowledge about the energy content of regular soda was not associated with SSB intake. Our finding that knowledge about the adverse effects of SSB intake is significantly associated with SSB intake among adults suggests that health education regarding the potential contribution of excess energy intake from SSBs to weight gain could contribute to lowered consumption and lower rates of obesity. Although knowledge about the kilocalorie content of regular soda was unrelated to SSB intake, health education on the kilocalorie content of SSBs may still be beneficial because most adults did not know the actual kilocalorie content of SSBs. Longitudinal studies are needed to explore associations between knowledge about energy provided by SSBs and SSB intake.
Q5 (d). Database: Google scholar from the Deakin Library website
Q5 (e). Search terms: Sugar-sweetened beverages, Knowledge, Adolescents, Adults
Q5 (f). Citation: (Park, Onufrak, Sherry, & Blanck, 2014, pp.1059-1066)
References
Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2018, 12 December). National Health Survey. Retrieved from Australian Bureau of Statistics: https://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Lookup/by%20Subject/4364.0.55.001~2017-18~Main%20Features~Sugar%20sweetened%20and%20diet%20drink%20consumption~110
Battram, D. S., Piché, L., Beynon, C., Kurtz, J., & He, M. (2016). Sugar-sweetened beverages: children’s perceptions, factors of influence, and suggestions for reducing intake. Journal of nutrition education and behavior, 48(1), 27-34.
Le Bodo, Y., Paquette, M. C., & De Wals, P. (2016). Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Taxation Logics and Ethical Concerns. In Taxing Soda for Public Health (pp. 75-82). Springer, Cham.
Lundeen, E. A., Park, S., Onufrak, S., Cunningham, S., & Blanck, H. M. (2018). Adolescent sugar-sweetened beverage intake is associated with parent intake, not knowledge of health risks. American Journal of Health Promotion, 32(8), 1661-1670.
Park, S., Onufrak, S., Sherry, B., & Blanck, H. M. (2014). The relationship between health-related knowledge and sugar-sweetened beverage intake among US adults. Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, 114(7), 1059-1066.
World Health Organization. (2014, September). Reducing consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages to reduce the risk of childhood overweight and obesity. Retrieved from World Health Organization: https://www.who.int/elena/titles/bbc/ssbs_childhood_obesity/en/
