Question:
Choose one of the following questions, develop an argument and construct a
quantitative research design.
1.
What are the conditions under which states are less OR more likely to
cooperate?
2.
To what extent do states comply with their international commitments?
3.
To what extent can international organisations enforce their commitments?
4.
To what extent do domestic politics impact inter
–
state cooperation?
5.
Does the trend towards le
galisation of inter
–
state cooperation impact state
behaviour?
6.
How does inter
–
state cooperation vary between issue areas?
The following is a detailed description of how I would like you to write and structure your papers.
Feel free to use these sections as a template for your papers.
THIS IS IMPORTANT: YOU ARE WRITING A
QUANTITATIVE
RESEARCH DESIGN
RATHER THAN A TRADITIONAL PAPER, DON’T FREAK OUT, IT IS NOT AS
COMPLICATED AS IT SOUNDS, MAKE SURE YOU READ THE DIRECTIONS BELOW.
1.
Introduction (Abo
ut 250 Words)
: Here I want you to
narrow in on
a particular aspect of
the question
that you choose.
a.
introduce your question
b.
tell me why it is important
c.
briefly explain to me your theoretical argument
d.
briefly summarize your expectations
about what you think you would find if you were to
conduct empirical analysis.
e.
transition to a discussion of other research on the topic
2.
Literature Review (About 750 Words)
:
Here I want you to
a.
Discuss the previous research on this topic
b.
Summarize the prev
ious research by theme i.e. Some research has made
…argument (Citations). Other research has made …different argument
(Citations). Research has found that ‘X’ affects ‘Y’ in a particular way
(Citations). And so on…
c.
Tell me how this research informs your o
wn theoretical argument
d.
Transition to your theoretical argument
3.
Theoretical Argument (About 11
00 Words)
: Here I want you to
a.
Tell me your theoretical argument about this particular issue.
b.
Your argument should add value to the existing research through i,
ii or iii below
i.
Resolving a puzzle found in the previous literature or
ii.
Informing us about a previously un
–
researched or under
–
researched area or
iii.
Augmenting existing research by pointing out inconsistencies or taking
existing arguments in new directions or
areas of interest
c.
Your argument should generate some expectations. My argument leads me to expect
that ‘the longer countries have been under world bank programs the worse will be
respect for human rights.’
d.
Formalize these expectations in hypotheses.
e.
Transition to your ‘tests’:
4.
Research Design
(About 65
0 Words)
: Here I want you to explain how you would go about
testing your argument empirically.
Specifically
a.
Time Period & Geographical Sample
i.
Describe what would be the appropriate time period for
you to test your arguments
and why
ii.
Describe what would be the appropriate geographical sample for you to test your
arguments and why
b.
Variables
c.
Dependent Variable
i.
Explain to me what your dependent variable is, remember this is the factor that you
want to e
xplain, perhaps respect for physical integrity rights or economic and social
rights, or something more specific. Tell me how you are going to measure this
concept, describe the measure that you are using, any quirks that mean it might be
limited in some wa
y, and where you got it.
d.
Independent Variable
i.
Explain to me what your independent variable is, remember this is the key factor
that you think affects your dependent variable, ie they key thing that impacts respect
for some type of right. Tell me how you
are going to measure this concept, describe
the measure that you are using, any quirks that mean it might be limited in some
way, and where you got it.
e.
Control Variables
i.
Explain to me what your control variables are, remember these are all the other
facto
rs that may also affect respect for whatever your dependent variable is. There
may well be a number of these that you need to include to make sure that any
potential link between your independent variable of inter
est and your dependent
variable
is not spurious.
It is important here to link your usage of your controls to
existing literature. You need to say what provides the theoretical reasoning behind
why you use these controls.
Tell me how you are going to mea
sure these
various
concepts
. D
escr
ibe the measure
s
that you are using
and their sources
,
and
any quirks
that mean that they might be limited in some w
ay.
5.
Conclusions
(About 250 Words)
: Here I want you to
a.
Summarize why your argument is important, what you expect to find,
b.
Discuss the theo
retical implications of your work
c.
Discuss the policy implications of your work
Questions that always seem to arise
1)
How many references do I have to have?
There is no right number for this. What I would say is that you should have read enough journal
articles and books on your topic so that when you get to the literature review in each you can say,
yes I have read, that one and that one and that one etc and
move onto that particular
manuscripts argument then you have read enough.
2)
Where can I find journal articles? Web of Science is your best bet and it is available through the
UCL online database.
http://metalib
–
a.lib.ucl.ac.uk/V/?func=find
–
db
–
1
–
title&mode=titles&scan_start=w&search_type=start&restricted=all
3)
Where can I find human rights and other data?
CIRI data
www.humanrightsdata.com
PTS data
http://www.politicalterrorscale.org/download.php
World Bank data, they have a really good selection of a wide variety of factors
http://databank.worldbank.org/ddp/home.do?Step=12&id=4&CNO=2
POLITY data
http://www.systemicpeace.org/polity/polity4.htm
Conflict data
http://www.prio.no/CSCW/Datasets/Armed
–
Conflict/
4)
Given
the limited amount of space I suggest putting your variables in your rese
arch design into a
table like I have done on the following page. It is an
efficient way to present information. If you
choose to present your information in a table it needs to be in the main body of your manuscript
and must count towards the overall word
count as it is integral
to your research design
Answer:
Introduction
As of late, international trade analysts have featured the critical role played by institutional quality in molding global trade and production designs. This research paper focuses on corruption and its impact on international trade. Crime is a feature of institutional condition that has been shown to severely affect economic exchange. As beforehand noted by Bryant and Javalgi (2016), fraud is one of the major deterrents to making business in world markets. This positioning is repeating in a couple of global firm studies that are accessible on the point and can be perceived in various contextual investigations on corruption.
Moreover, the corruption look into field gives overwhelming proof of that corruption impacts on financial exchanges are deliberate once partitioned into a structural arrangement of corruption qualities. These outcomes propose that it is essential to look at the multifaceted part of corruption to appropriately evaluate its effect on economic exchange in the form of international trade (Kim, Lin & Suen, 2016). The reason for this paper is to perform a detailed examination of corruption impacts on global exchange in light of an arrangement of corruption qualities that influence financial trade in the corruption writing. These corruption attributes are the level, predominance, capacity, consistency and border area of corruption. Past researchers that have inspected exchange impacts of corruption have not given a special examination on these grounds (Laderman, 2018).
Moreover, most related research in the zone is centered exclusively around the exchange impacts of border corruption. Global exchange exchanges include numerous exercises, for example, partner search, contracting and products transport that doesn’t happen at the border, however, influences the exchange result and might be liable to corruption. The effect of border corruption on the exchange is in this manner far-fetched to give an entire evaluation of the general corruption consequences for trade. Accordingly, this paper incorporates both border and non-border corruption exercises that could affect international business (de Jong, & Bogmans, 2011).
Literature Review
First and foremost, the first corruption trademark that has been appealed to influence monetary movement is the level of corruption. This perfect estimation of the effect seriousness of bribery can, extensively deciphered, be utilized to survey its immediate expenses. In worldwide exchange trades, the effect seriousness of corruption can restrain the exchange volumes as well as deter trade volumes by and large (Thede & Gustafson, 2012). Given the idea of corruption, these levels are however not by any means the only corruption trademark is influencing the prohibitive exchange effect of corruption. While the level of corruption uncovers the effect of corruption when it happens, the commonness of corruption demonstrates how frequently corrupt behavior occurs (Newman, Rand, Tarp & Trifkovic, 2018). Also, a given corruption level can be more prohibitive if collected at the border since traditions handling is an essential for exchange trades. Additionally, the corruption level does not catch whether corruption is utilized to confine showcase rivalry and along these lines force aberrant impacts on the general financial action. In conclusion, the level of corruption does not assess that, by lessening vulnerability, an anticipated use of corruption improves the investment climate of producers.
The second corruption trademark is its pervasiveness, which influences showcase exchanges in portraying the social standard of making business. Not just is the probability of experiencing corruption in an arbitrarily picked monetary exchange higher with expanded corruption commonness. However, it likewise tends to authorize self-managed corruption behavior. Corrupt operators want to work with corruptible operators, which attempts to the hindrance of legit potential business accomplices (Ashraf, 2017). Comparative behavioral examples tend to be reproduced as well as supported by government authorities, additionally compounding the corruption impacts on individual segment exercises (Grajzl & Baniak, 2017). A higher pervasiveness of corruption in an accomplice nation suggests that the pursuit costs of finding a legitimate business accomplice increments, consequently raising the exchange expenses of fair trades. Undoubtedly, the suitable sign of corruption is its commonness when the national spread of corruption conduct is put in focus. Also, since both corruption and legit accomplices are influenced by the commonness of corruption, it could be contended that a more exact estimation of the prohibitive exchange impact of crime ought to be found on the consolidated effect of the level and commonness of bribery.
The third corruption trademark is its function, which demonstrates whether it is utilized to destruct advertise competition by hindering the creation chances of firms possessed by legitimate operators (Smimou, 2014). The impact of corruption on competition gives an indirect channel through which crime can effect on commercial trade. This effect can be the because of corruption prerequisites in the making business or express authorities’ abuse of private division direction (control that might be executed precisely because it gives corruption openings). For illumination purposes, we partition the capacity of corruption trademark into two classifications (Sarwar, Siddiqi, Nasir & Ahmed, 2016). The principal class incorporates corruption that represses the market passage of good firms, however, don’t influence the opposition between dynamic companies and the second level combines corruption that controls the competitive conditions between influential businesses in the market.
Regardless, the hindrance of competition that outcomes will diminish the local generation openings and is probably going to lessen the nations of origin trades and conceivably its imports (McAusland & Millimet, 2013). Confirmation from the corruption inquiry about field moreover uncovers that exchange conflicts with the utilization of corruption practices by upgrading inward market competition. This potential criticism impact of exchange has not been represented in global exchange research on the point, however, ought to be considered to keep away from misinterpretations of cross-area comes about. In this paper, instrumental variable estimation strategies are utilized to remedy the issue (Woo, Ramesh, Howlett & Coban, 2016).
The fourth competition characteristic is its predictability. Inside the competition writing, this trademark is one of the critical factors that are utilized to clarify contrasts in financial execution between nations with high competition levels (Lopez & Johnson, 2017). The consistency can take many structures and capacities as a brought together institutional framework where financial specialists know what’s in store and affirmed these desires. In this kind of competition framework, which for the case has been distinguished in Korea and China (Li, Xiao & Gong, 2015), the monetary execution of firms isn’t routinely ruined by competition vulnerabilities and abnormalities. Interestingly, frameworks invaded by great competition (that can be found in, for example, African nations) are probably going to deflect numerous business recommendations and produce tireless coordination disappointments. A legitimate examination of competition impacts on economic exchange along these lines needs to take record of whether the watched competition is unsurprising or not, with the point of elucidating that a more exchange prohibitive effect can come about because of unusual competition (Tilzey, 2017).
The fifth feature is the border location of corruption. Customs authorities tend to be more penetrated with competition issues than most other state associations due to the substantial discretional power of its officials. Since there is no chance to go around customs preparing on import exchanges, bribe collection can turn out to be extremely lucrative if exacted by this authority. Conversely, once passing customs, competition expenses can be lessened by shippers who pick legitimate business accomplices and proper dissemination channels for their merchandise. This infers border competition gives typically a starker impediment to commercial trade contrasted with competition experienced inside national borders. However, another part of border competition should be considered in looking at the effect of border competition on the exchange (Moravcsik, 1994). Customs authorities that utilization their power to collect bribes may make a chance to maintain a strategic distance from the requirement of exchange direction, which on a fundamental level can improve exchange contrasted with uncorrupted customs preparing. (Dutt & Traca, 2009) Demonstrates that the improving trade impact can win when levies are high and give proof of that it can be found for seven percent of their perceptions. This non-direct impact of border competition is considered as a feature of this research.
Theoretical Argument
The gravity show application to the expectation of exchange streams is exceptionally famous because of its reliable logical power, and our observational determination depends on an immense writing covering the proper utilization of the gravity condition based on exchange theoretic underpinnings and econometric contemplations. Specifically, this current paper’s experimental approach has been impacted by the current commitments by Anderson and Marcouiller (2002), Anderson and Wincoop (2003), Dutt and Traca (2009), Helpman, Melitz, and Rubinstein (2008) and Silva, what’s more, Tenreyro (2009). Anderson and Marcouiller (2002) and Anderson and Wincoop (2003) demonstrate that the exchange effect of public value files must be represented to give accurate forecasts of respective import streams. Helpman, Melitz, and Rubinstein (2008) appear how formal exchange theoretic improvements on firm heterogeneity can be joined into the gravity display determination while Silva and Tenreyro (2009) explore their exact particular in detail. As beforehand depicted, Dutt and Traca (2009) give a gravity condition that consolidates border customs consequences for exchange.
A remarkable detail contrast in this examination contrasted with these and most different analyses of the gravity condition is that we utilize contributory factors estimation strategies to represent the likely input impact of exchange on customs and to cure the potential issue that exchange arrangement direction and bureaucratic customs might be associated. This instrumental variable estimation strategy likewise has the advantage of balancing estimation mistake predisposition, which is helpful since any estimation of customs is probably going to be blemished given its closed and cloud nature. To begin with, as already depicted, customs analysts have recognized that exchange can balance immoral behavior.
Second, many creators in the same examine field have noticed that administration arrangement and control can be founded on the motivation to raise customs open doors for state authorities. This outcome proposes that exchange approach and bureaucratic customs might be codetermined. Inevitably, Dutt (2009) give coordinate proof of that exchange approach, and bureaucratic customs can be mutually decided because more protectionism gives enhanced chances to customs.
This paper’s gravity condition is an altered variant of that gave by Anderson and Marcouiller (2002), which depends on the standard gravity approach and incorporates multilateral protection terms and institutional quality pointers
Research Design
The standard gravity approach used to foresee reciprocal exchange streams comes from Newton’s gravity condition in material science, which predicts the gravitational power between two point masses. The base determination for this paper incorporates the financial masses of nations in the type of their national livelihoods (in supreme and per capita terms) and the economic separations between countries as measured by physical separation and corruption fakers (which together give a harsh measure of transport costs), dialect hindrances and taxes. Two extra separation factors are incorporated into our base particular. These are sham factors measuring if a particular relationship is portrayed by pilgrim linkages and a typical legitimate source. There is a lot of research prove demonstrating that the capacity and nature of commercial establishments differ efficiently with pioneer legacy, mainly if legal foundations have been acquired.
The two extra sham factors can along these lines be utilized to control for exchange impacts that are caused by parts of the national institutional quality that are not interlinked with corruption. Anderson and Marcouiller (2002) break down the assurance of relative import streams to kill exporter-particular value lists from the relapse condition. The authors moreover fuse shipper particular value records into the situation by utilization of weighted monetary remove equivalents. Their exact approach did not depend on firm heterogeneity, as in Helpman, Melitz, and Rubinstein (2008), suggesting that parameter assessments of the above relapse condition could be one-sided. Exchange results depend on the gainfulness to send out among firms, which indicates that an absence of exchange conveys data that ought to be accounted for in foreseeing good exchange streams. The lack of trade detailed for a few perceptions is in this way because of the self-determination of exporters, and Helpman, Melitz, and Rubinstein (2008) control for this impact utilizing a Heckman estimation method.
Conclusion
Corrupt conduct is nearly interlinked with failing financial institutions. In its present condition evident from various contextual analyses inside the debasement writing, there are numerous clarifications for the nearby association amongst corruption and low institutional quality. Truth be told, as confirmed by defilement researchers, breaking down establishments might be managed correctly since they give chances to the abuse of open office for personal pick up. We incorporate restricted and also full debasement pointers to assess the way that it is hard to unravel debasement from some different highlights of low-quality organizations.
Streamlining of all the point of contact where Goods and services are offered and where international financial transactions occur the only way to ensure that corruption does not ruin international trade. This is a fight that will take a very long time and only a collaborative spirit, working with similar objectives and goals can get it done.
References
Andersson, E.J. and D. Marcouiller (2002), Insecurity and the Pattern of Trade: An Empirical Investigation, Review of Economics and Statistics, 84:2, 342-352
Ashraf, B. N. (2017). Full length Article: Do trade and financial openness matter for financial development? Bank-level evidence from emerging market economies. Research In International Business And Finance, doi:10.1016/j.ribaf.2017.07.115
Bryant, C., & Javalgi, R. (2016). Global Economic Integration in Developing Countries: The Role of Corruption and Human Capital Investment. Journal Of Business Ethics, 136(3), 437-450. doi:10.1007/s10551-014-2490-3
de Jong, E., & Bogmans, C. (2011). Does corruption discourage international trade?. European Journal Of Political Economy, 27385-398. doi:10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2010.11.005
Dutt, P. and D. Traca (2009), Corruption and Bilateral Trade Flows: Extortion or Evasion?, Review of Economics and Statistics, forthcoming.
Grajzl, P., & Baniak, A. (2017). Private enforcement, corruption, and antitrust design. Journal Of Comparative Economics, doi:10.1016/j.jce.2017.08.002
Helpman, E., Melitz, M. and Y. Rubinstein (2008), Estimating Trade Flows: Trading Partners and Trading Volumes, Quarterly Journal of Economics, 123:2, 441-487.
Kim, D., Lin, S., & Suen, Y. (2016). Trade, growth and growth volatility: New panel evidence. International Review Of Economics And Finance, 45384-399. doi:10.1016/j.iref.2016.07.006
Laderman, C. (2018). Conservative Internationalism: An Overview. Orbis, 62(Special Issue on Conservative Internationalism), 6-21. doi:10.1016/j.orbis.2017.11.009
Li, H., Xiao, H., & Gong, T. (2015). The impact of economic well-being on perceptions of anti-corruption performance: Evidence from China. Policy And Society, 34(Corruption and Integrity: Analysis and control), 97-109. doi:10.1016/j.polsoc.2015.05.001
Lopez, A. C., & Johnson, D. D. (2017). The determinants of war in international relations. Journal Of Economic Behavior And Organization, doi:10.1016/j.jebo.2017.09.010
McAusland, C., & Millimet, D. L. (2013). Do national borders matter? Intranational trade, international trade, and the environment. Journal Of Environmental Economics And Management, 65411-437. doi:10.1016/j.jeem.2012.10.001
Moravcsik, A. (1994). Why the European Community strengthens the state: Domestic politics and international cooperation. Minda de Gunzburg Center for European Studies, Harvard University.
Newman, C., Rand, J., Tarp, F., & Trifkovic, N. (2018). The transmission of socially responsible behaviour through international trade. European Economic Review, 101250-267. doi:10.1016/j.euroecorev.2017.10.013
Sarwar, S., Siddiqi, M. W., Nasir, A., & Ahmed, Z. (2016). New direction to evaluate the economic impact of peace for bilateral trade among world economies. Pakistan Development Review, (4), 725.
Silva, S. and S. Tenreyro (2009), Trading partners and Trading Volumes: Implementing the Helpman-Melitz-Rubinstein Model Empirically, mimeo.
Smimou, K. (2014). International portfolio choice and political instability risk: A multi-objective approach. European Journal Of Operational Research, 234(60 years following Harry Markowitz’s contribution to portfolio theory and operations research), 546-560. doi:10.1016/j.ejor.2013.01.024
Thede, S., & Gustafson, N. (2012). The Multifaceted Impact of Corruption on International Trade. World Economy, 35(5), 651-666. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9701.2012.01436.x
Tilzey, M. (2017). Reintegrating economy, society, and environment for cooperative futures: Polanyi, Marx, and food sovereignty. Journal Of Rural Studies, 53317-334. doi:10.1016/j.jrurstud.2016.12.004
Woo, J., Ramesh, M., Howlett, M., & Coban, M. K. (2016). Dynamics of global financial governance: Constraints, opportunities, and capacities in Asia. Policy And Society, 35(Institutional and Policy Design for the Financial Sector), 269-282. doi:10.1016/j.polsoc.2016.10.002
