Economics assignment help essay writing analysis: Ageing in Australia
Q?? Write an analysis of ageing in Australia??
Solution:
Introduction
The population of Australia is moving towards ageing. Fall in the fertility rate, a good increase in the life expectancy are the main two factors that are responsible for this issue. If the above trend will remain same then the situation in Australia will be as follows.
By 2051 the number of people who are lining over 65year of age will increase to 7.2 million from 2.5 million.
- This no in percentage in currently is 13% and it will go up to 25% by the end of 2051.
- Currently the proportion of the people over 85 years ib 1.4% and it will go up to 6% by the end of the 2051.
- If we talk about the proportion of the people who comes under the age group 15-64 years is currently is 675 and it will go down to 59%.
So it is clear from the above data that in the coming future there is a great need for the patient care for older people in Australia. Here in the next part of this essay we explore the role of the nurses for the informed consent for the older people (Holmes & Wills, 2002).
The main role of the nurses is to treating and caring for people, it is the responsibility of the nurses to make it sure that they have the consent of that particular person. The consent for what you will do with them as a nurse if they are in a condition to give that. This shows the respect for the rights of the people who can determines that what is going to happen with their own body. It is a very good practice that is followed around the world and at the same time it is also the legal requirement on the part of the nurses.
General Points on Consent
There are certain conditions that are required to make consent valid. To make consent a person must be able to…
Competent enough so that can take that particular decision.
- The consent should be taken by his/her will. There should not be any pressure.
- He/she should be provided with enough of the information related to that decision so that an individual can take a decision on the basis of facts and information provided to
Having the consent of the older person is an important task and as a nurse should be seen as a complete process of relationship building. The most important part, while seeking consent from the older person is that as a nurse you should give them enough time and space so that they can take their decisions. If a person has given consent for any specific intervention and during the treatment in case patient wants and he/she is in a condition to do so, Can reject their consent. In same way the opposite of this is also true, and on the part of nurses it is very important to make them aware about such clauses (Walker & Smither, 1999).
Older people with the capacity to give consent are free to say no to any treatment although that refusal may cause them more medical problems. There is one exception to this also, when there is a treatment of the patient that is related to mental health then this rule is not applicable.
When we talk in legal terms, there is no difference in writing consent or giving consent orally or non-verbally. For example an old person can also give consent by hand movement only. The consent form is only for record purpose, in legal terms it is not a proof that the consent is given. Although it is a good practice to have consent in writing in case the interventions are complex and may have side effect. In such case where consent is required and due to any reason patient is not capable to give a written consent, a record of verbal or oral consent should be maintained.
Does the older person have capacity?
There is always as assumption that adults are in conditions to give consent properly, so that health care decisions related to them can be taken. This principle is also equally applicable to the older people also.
Those peoples who can take decisions regarding their consent must have…
- They are in a condition to comprehend the information provided to them and at the same time they are in a condition to retain that information also so that they can make a decision related to an intervention.
- The other important point is that people can use and utilize this information in making decisions.
Here the important point that we need to keep in mind is that there should not be any confusion between capacity and the assessment of the reasonableness of the decision of the person. There are various other factors also that people have in mind while taking a decision on consent. Such factors may include the cultural factor. And that is the reason that one decision that is taken by an individual may be a completely irrational for other individual. It can be understood with a simple example. Suppose some person have refused a intervention on the basis of risk involved in it although the risk is very low and it may sound irrational to others. In such situations where it seems that the decision is not rational then discuss that with other people will be a good option. Or the other option is to have more information about the treatment so that any confusion can be removed. At the same time as a nurse you always can not coerse a person to change their decisions (Werther, William & Davis, 1989).
The other important thing is that people should also be able to communicate the decisions that are taken by them is a complete manner. It is the responsibility of the nurses to take such steps so in the situations so that it can be ensured that the people who have take decision can communicate their decisions with the help of communication aids as applicable to the particular situation. Due to any reason patient is not in a conditions to communicate their decision in such situations people know the patient are the best option to communicate the decision taken by the patient. Here the person who can translate the decisions plays a very important role.
Here the important points that need to keep in mind is that the people who are assisting in the translation for the older people should translate the wishes of the old person that should reflect the views and wishes of the older people. The translation should not reflect of what the old people think is the best for them. In some of the cases where the situation is crucial it is always good to have an independent advocate for the purpose (Fisher, 2006).
To make a good decision older requires various type of information in a manner that is as simple as possible. Following information should be provided by the nurses to the older people to make decisions….
- Very clearly stating the benefits and the risk involve in the treatment.
- What will be involved in the treatment?
- Also explain them what could be the outcomes if they do not have the treatment.
- The other important thing that is required to tell the old people is that, what are the other options that they can have in case they do not want this particular treatment.
- Nurses should also exclaims to the older people that what type of effects this treatment can have on their lives and how their daily routine will change in case they take the treatment and also in that case they refuse to that treatment.
As it is clear that above are the main information that should be provided by the nurses to the old people but at the same time it is also very important that this information should be provided in manner that can be understood by the old people. In case patient is not able to understand the language then it is the responsibility of the nurses to make available the interpreters also so that old people can understand the same (Dunn , Nowrangi & Saks ,2008).
It is also equally important for nurses to make it sure that the decision take by the older people is truly their own decision and there is no pressure whatsoever on them. Although it is very clear that all the people are relative around the old people have a role to play in decision making but it should be the complete and true decision of that particular individual only (Wang & Huch , 2005).
Here the other aspect that we need to understand is that the role of the nurses in increased a lot when they need to deal with the older people who have less capacity to take decision. Here in this part of the essay we will explore the points that need to keep in mind while dealing with the old people with less capacity or no capacity at all.
Even where information is presented as simply and clearly as possible, some old people will not be in a condition to take decisions. This situation will simply apply for the people who are in comma. The other example of such situation may be severe dementia. The other important thing that nurse need to keep in mind is that whatever is the situation of the patient it should not be assumed by them that patient can not take decisions (Druml , 2004).
In case the conditions of the patient is like that he/she is not able to take decision whether to accept or reject the intervention there are still the conditions that are lawful for taking the consent. It is very important that the treatment or the care that is going to be provided to the older people should be in the complete interest of the older people (Atkinson, 2006).
The rule says that no one be it the spouse of the person, can give the consent for the adult, in case that particular adult is not in a conditions to given consent. But in the case of older people the people who are around the old person can do the same unless the old person in advance did not authorized any other person for the same. Although law says that it is the responsibility of the heal care provider to decide what type of treatment will be best suited to an individual but in practicality and ideally the decision is taken by the patient with the help of that heal care provider (Holmes & Wills, 2002).
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