Chapter 1:
Introduction
The research will deal with the importance and advantages of Ergonomics and also determine on why most of the firms stay away from implementing ergonomics in the workplace. The first chapter introduces the topic in detail and determines the problems currently caused by the implementation of ergonomics in the business organizations. The last part of the chapter provides the research questions which will be the basis of the literature review chapter.[UEA1]
- Background
Ergonomics is defined as the study of the design of a particular workplace, equipment, machine, tool, product or environment which considers the physical, mental, mechanical and psychological capabilities and enhances the effectiveness and the productivity of the systems of work and also assures the health, safety and well-being of the employees in an organization. The main purpose for the implementation of ergonomics in an organization is to evaluate the demands of a specific task with reference to the capacity of the workers to perform the job at a given period (Arezes Dinis-Carvalho and Alves 2015). During the development of a particular job design, the demands of the task would ideally be held within the capability of a fixed percentage from the working population.
The last few years has given rise to a new trend by which the management of the business organizations has been changing their spaces for workplace in different types of models and forms. The globalization has led to an increase in the pressure of the works and thus the managements of the companies are trying their best to provide the employees with workplaces having better facilities and special amenities in order to provide them comfort and make them stress free. Ergonomics is interesting as because the ergonomics design formulated by the organization makes the tasks easier to accomplish and help the workers to be safe. Though safety and ergonomics are totally different from each other, their application in the organizations forms an interesting link in between the two as both of them complements each other to form strategies in order to prevent injuries, improvement of systems and product design and also improvement in the safety of the workers (Ehrensberger-Dow and O’Brien 2015). [UEA2] Apart from this, Ergonomics also has the capability to improve workplace environment and the morale of the workers which helps to positively impact the overall productivity and profitability of the organization.
Similar to the importance of ergonomic, it is equally important for the workers and the potential employees to have the knowledge on whether the company has been using ergonomics or not. The major reason behind this is to ensure the personal safety and comforts that can be available from its use. The employees of the organization feel motivated in the presence of ergonomics and thus there is an increase in the level of employee engagement within the organization. The globalization of the organization and the demand for a global workforce has changed the perceptions of the organization. The demand for a safe and great workplace has led to the organizations adapting Ergonomics (Ehrensberger-Dow and O’Brien 2015). [UEA3] The wide range of benefits provided by the use of ergonomics makes it more appealing to the management of the business organizations. The very first benefit that can be talked about is the reduction of the costs where the prevention and the mitigation of the risk factors help the organization to reduce costs. Secondly it improves the productivity and quality of the employees as well as the organization. The providence of the best ergonomic solutions will often lead to increase in productivity of the employees. While the presence of the best facilities and comfort ensures top quality to the customers. However, there are major issues with ergonomics that forces most of the organizations to stay away from implementing them into the business. The issues have been discussed in the problem statement chapter in a proper and effective manner.
- Problem Statement
Ergonomics is one of the most important elements that need to be incorporated within the business structure in order to enhance profitability and performance. However, there are some major issues which restrict most of the organizations to implement ergonomics in their business. The offices are complex socio-technical systems. According to, Barraclough and Jones (2015) [UEA4] the world has admitted to a number of different types of offices with space for discussion and collaboration. It has been argued that this causes distractions in the workplace which influence productivity and wellbeing. Distractions from the working environment and our need to concentrate on the task at hand compete for attention. Extended effort on concentration leads to negative reactions which can threaten work performance and wellbeing. Also because of advancement in the technology and change in workplace styles, the employees tend to sit for more than 9 hours a day behind their desks especially at their working places.
The ergonomics hazard tends to cause the user of ergonomics discomfort and strain. There are basically three main types of ergonomic hazards which are namely objects, environments and systems that results in poor posture and unnatural, awkward and uncomfortable moments (Bogataj et al. 2017). [UEA5] While no employer wants their employees to be uncomfortable, it is important for them to have the idea that ergonomics is not just about comfort as it is directly related to the safety and prevention of injury to the workers. The implementation of a poor ergonomics in the workplace can result in widespread problems in the organization. Muscle Strains, injuries from work related activities, problems with vision while working continuously with computer and many more as such. These kinds of problems are the major reasons for the organizations resisting from implementing a ergonomic workplace.[UEA6]
- Aims and Objectives
The aim of the organization is to gain the knowledge on the reasons behind most of the business firms not endorsing the ergonomics structure in their workplaces. The focus is on the business organizations based in United Kingdom.
The objectives of the research are;
- To identify the benefits of ergonomics
- [UEA7]
- To identify the barriers
that restricts organizations in United Kingdom from implementing ergonomics
- Research Questions
The research questions for the following research are as follows;
- Research Structure
Chapter 2:
Literature Review
2.1 Introduction
As discussed by Elbert, Kroemer and Hoffman (2018), ergonomics one of the most talked about concepts in most of the global business organization where there are stakeholders both inside or outside office environment. The researchers of this paper stated about the importance of this concept in this paper in such a way that it is understood the management team of the business organizations. The states about both the benefits and the complexities associated with the ergonomic practices. Unlike other researcher who has stated their opinion about this topic the researcher of this paper specifically stated about the arrangement and the work place practices involving the maintenance of clean working environment. The detailed interaction of the employees with the systems of the workplaces such as the chairs where the employees sits, foods consumed by the employees, air composition of the office environment and other hazards business practices have been described in in details in this paper. The main advantage of this is that it states about all the possible concepts of the ergonomic from the point of view of both the management team of the organization as well from the point of view of the employees of the organization. The main limitation of the paper is that it fails to identify all the complexities for the organizations to maintain a hygienic working environment. Thus the paper was very much useful to understand the meaning of ergonomics in a broader perspective.
According to Kumar (2017), there are different categories of complexities for the senior management of the business organizations in order to maintain a hygienic working environment in the workplaces. The researcher of the paper stated about the importance of the human interactions with all the associates of the workplaces such as the chamber where they sits and the food habits inside the workplaces. The researcher of the paper stated about the human computer interaction theories which can be purposefully used to understand the health issues of the employees of the workplaces. The future considerations of ergonomics have been also stated in the paper which helps the readers to understand their role in maintaining the hygienic practices in the working environment (Gaines and Monk 2015). Critical analysis of the issues has been discussed in the paper which helps in understanding the opinions of all the other researchers as well. The improved productivity and the efficiency of the employees have been also concluded from this paper. The prime advantage of the paper is that it focuses on all the probable complexities of the ergonomics such as the increased cost for the products and inability of the HR to convince the higher authorities of the organization. The prime disadvantage of the paper is that it does not provide the future considerations of ergonomics. [UEA9]
2.2 Benefits to Ergonomics
As stated by Konz(2017), there are different categories of costs associated with the business organizations such as the developmental costs which the prime stakeholders of the organizations invests due to the increasing risks of the business. The researcher of the paper stated about the reduction in the developmental cost of the organization if the organization allocates a separate fund for the ergonomic challenges. The researcher of the paper highlights on the ergonomic risk factors in a detailed way. The researcher of this paper focussed on the huge improvement in the quality of life of the employees following hygienic lifestyles in the working environments. Employee engagement is one of the most important advantage of ergonomics which is increasingly becoming popular in the small and medium sized industries as well. Fatigue and other health issues such as obesity can be controlled with the help of the ergonomic practices, the researcher of the paper also stated that reduced absenteeism is the other significant advantage of ergonomics. The involvement of the employees increase if a hygienic environment is maintained in the workplaces as stated the researcher. The increased creativity of the employees is the other significant positive aspect of ergonomics. The main advantage of the paper is that it only highlights the benefits of ergonomic rather than highlighting both then limitations and the benefits of ergonomics. Thus the paper was very much useful to understand all the probable benefits of ergonomics. [UEA10]
According to Bhise [UEA11] (2016), there are different advantages of ergonomics which are very much helpful for the employees of the business organization to maintain a healthier life. The researcher focussed on good posture, less exertion and few motions which are the prime advantages of ergonomics. The researcher of the paper stated that the advantages of ergonomics should be properly understood by the entire private and the public organizations that are yet to start this practise in their working environment. The researcher also stated that the mission and the vision of the business organization can be achieved by the employees with the help of ergonomics. The researcher focussed on the reduced frustration of the employees to all the organization who have already started the practise of ergonomic in the recent time. All the probable employee risks of the organization such as absenteeism and employee engagement can be reduced with the help of ergonomics (Adams and Berlin 2017). Illness and sickness is one of the most important factors which have a direct negative impact on the productivity of the organization and the practise of ergonomic can be categorically used to reduce these issues. Decreases stress level is very important contribution of ergonomics. The researcher of the paper focus on the counter balance system for maintaining the ergonomics practices in the work environment.[UEA12]
2.3 Barriers faced by SME’s in implementing Ergonomics
There have been many researches brought up for finding out the barriers that Small and Medium Enterprises face often with the implementation of Ergonomics within the workplace environment. According to Dale et al. (2017), through continuous research processes, it has been found that there are various reasons that bar a SME from implementing the Ergonomics within the industry. The findings of all the relevant literatures have found out eleven barriers that affects the successful implementation of the Ergonomics within an organizational setup. They can be listed as the lack of time, the lack of resources, the lack of communication, the lack in management commitment, the lack of knowledge and training, the lack of participation, the resistance to changes, the changing work environment, the lack of trust and the difficulty in implementing controls. Amongst all of these barriers, following would be some of the reasons [UEA13] why the SMEs face barriers in implementing the ergonomics in the organizational environment:
2.3.1 Lack of time
According to the author Van Eerd, Cole and Steenstra (2016), it has been found that lack of time has been posing as the biggest challenge that can be faced in this issue where the implementation of the Ergonomics are prevented to fall into action in the workplaces. There have been some studies that have noted the factor that the entire implementation program had been though about in some industries and organizations and people was also appointed to plan and implement the entire system within the organization. This has been due to the reporting of the appointed people in finding no time out of their day to day work to analyze the entire workplace and find out the suitable ergonomics that needs to be implemented within the organization. There have been studies conducted in the SMEs and according to that, the author Johnsen, Kilskar and Fossum (2017), has found that these kinds of industries are mostly the reason or responsible industries that face the most amount of interventions within the entire world. This is why the positive interventions of the Ergonomics are often hampered and adequate time is never found. Only after a proper dissemination of time in the planning for the entire ergonomics implementation, high quality ergonomics can be allocated within the organization.
2.3.2 Lack of communication
Lack of communication generally happens between the stakeholders within an industry, including the internal and external stakeholders of the organisation. the review of the literature supports that communication is one of the most common challenges in the implementation of ergonomics within an organisation. it is impossible that the lack of communication does not occur between different individuals. This is why the lack of communication between the structures within an organisation it can also happen that causing variants to own ergonomics programs are that, it needs to be implemented within the organisation in a sequential manner. It is possible that the supervisor maybe failed to be communicated about the progress of the task for any risk that occur within the implementation. In this rate can happen that an employee is failing in providing proper economic problem and the supervisor has no knowledge about it further making the workplace be vulnerable to a possible risk or a possible injury at work which makes it increasingly difficult for a person to maintain the entire economic problem go through feasible and seamless process.
2.3.3 Lack of resources
According to the author Kolgiri, Hiremath and Bansode (2016), the lack of resources can be accountable to various resources about the organization including the equipment, amenities, finances and staff. These resources within the organization have the potential of making barriers within the organization to suppress the implementation of ergonomics within the organisation. These are the most common challenges that business researchers face and provide interventions. The cost of for implementation of ergonomics is associated with huge number of resource involvement in the implementation process including the managing cost, the training cost of the employees, the installation cost of some special equipment, cost of appraisal for the employees and the liabilities that are not planned within the implementation process. This is why a huge resource is needed to properly implement the ergonomics within an organizational setup and this is why most SMEs find it extremely difficult to make sure that the proper process of implementation would be utilized in this case.
2.4 Barriers for not implementing Ergonomics in the organization
It is often found that there have been various cases that even after the barriers about the organizations drawbacks are not found, the organizations are not much keen on implementing the systems or strategies of ergonomics in a proper way. According to Moody et al. (2017), it has also been found that there are cases where organizations have no ergonomics implemented within the organization and on top of that they are not even enthusiastic about having an analysis of the entire organization done to find out the proper way of implementing the ergonomics for the benefit of the employees. Mostly, there are various factors regarding the organizations for not implementing Ergonomics in the organization and finding it extremely difficult to find a solution when the employees are affected by it. Out of these four of the barriers are to be discussed as below:
2.4.1 Lack of management and participation
According to the author Olabode, Adesanya and Bakare (2017), it has been found that the management has often considered the implementation of ergonomics to be one of the trivial things to implement within the organization and spent resources on. It was pointed out by Moody and Saunders (2015), that the understanding of ergonomics has been extremely difficult for the people in the executive posts. There has been minimum understanding about ergonomics and how the managers do not realize the negative effects of not implementing ergonomics within the organization. There is minimum support from the management executives and especially when it is the case of SMEs, which have limited resources, both in times of financial and people resource. This is why it is often found that there are not many people enthusiastic about implementing ergonomics within an organization, especially in the case of SMEs. The study has concluded that the proper implementation first is commenced with the proper implementation plan that starts with the identification of the need for ergonomics, but mostly, it depends upon the total participation of the entire workforce for it. This is because; while one of the group involved within the implementation process is focusing on to the identification, the other group can be involved in the hazard identification and changes needed in the implementation process. The participation of the entire organization, especially the managerial posts are required especially in this case.
2.4.2 Lack of convincing powers of the Human Resource Management Department
According to Koma, Bergh and Costa-Black (2019), the first and foremost condition of a solid and feasible implementation plan in the workforce about the ergonomics depends on the understanding of the concept by the people within the organization. This is why when it is seen that not all the people within the organization are aware of the fact about the ergonomics and its importance; it is the duty of the Human Resource Management Department to make sure that the executives of the organization are aware of the facts and positive impacts of the ergonomics implementation within the organization. However, Chung, Williamson and Shorrock (2016), has found out that, mostly the HR department fails in making the executives understand the utility of ergonomics and why it is important for an organization and how it would affect the people resources within the organization. This is why mostly majority of the organizations are not aware of the proper implementation or the positive effects of ergonomics within an organization, and often fail to implement the same.
2.4.3 Lack of Knowledge and Training
According the author Bagnara et al. (2018), many people are misinformed, or completely naive, with respect to hazards in the workplace for not implementing ergonomics within the organization. Workers tend to underestimate the risk of accidents at work in comparison to other situations and they consider it a low risk that poor work habits will lead to injury. Therefore, the contractors have also expressed concerns that many employees lacked awareness of long-term effects and costs of workplace MSD, and considered ergonomics as a health and life span issue, which has made the organizational environment become a trapdoor of injuries and health hazards. The improper utilization of the training and awareness has thus been a barrier to the entire understanding of ergonomics and this is why SMEs have found it difficult to implement the proper ergonomics.
2.4.4 Resistance for change
According to various authors Morag and Luria (2018), changing practices are always opposed by the employees within the organization, even the entire workforce since they have a feeling that this might affect the day to day work of them. They may become unsupportive as well as resistant to the change that ergonomics might bring about in the organization. Adjustment of work practices has also been problematic while the ergonomics are being implemented properly within the organization, thus mostly the plans face various problems or barriers while the implementation.
2.5 Research Gap
The authors of the literatures under review have effectively found out the changing work environment, whether it is due to changes in work location or changes in personnel due to the ergonomics implementation plan within the organization (Cifuentes and Fulmer 2015). They have also pointed out that the researches that they have conducted so far have found out that these provide a challenge to the implementation of ergonomic interventions. In addition to that, workers may face daily changes in location, tools, and tasks. Therefore, the literatures and journals have effectively found the problems associated related to what barriers do SMEs experience in implementing a proper ergonomics.
However, it does not acknowledge a proper plan for providing a solution to the problem and fails to remove the barriers that have been found. Thus, the authors do not provide insights about the solution to the identified problems.
2.6 Summary
As described by Bhise (2016), work related injuries of the employees in the business organizations which is also one of the reasons behind the increased growth and sales for this organization. The different categories of illness which the employee suffers from have been described in the paper with primary importance. The data and methods of the ways by which the concept of ergonomic can be incorporated in the working environment in organizations can be also determined from this paper. The researcher of the paper focuses on the global issues of the human ergonomics; case studies are presented in each unit of this paper which is very much useful to understand the concept of ergonomics in a broader perspective (Lakhiani et al. 2018). The researcher of this paper stated about the implementation of ergonomic in a business organization. According to the researchers the implementation should be very much in a planned order. The researcher stated that the two way implementation method can be very much useful in most of the small as well as for the bigger organizations. The first phase will be considering a single business unit and based on the success of the first phase the work of the second phase will begin considering the organization as a whole (Smallwood and Deacon 2018).The main advantage of the paper is that it focuses mainly on the business perspective of ergonomics and the limitation of the paper is that it is written entirely in generalized format. Thus the paper was helpful in understanding the concept of ergonomics from the business perspective.
According to Duffy (2016),
all the description which are stated by the researchers in the above unit of
the paper helps in understanding the different concepts associated with
ergonomics such as the benefits and the complexities of ergonomics such as the
increased employee engagement and convincing power of the HR (Stanton et al. 2017). All the details of the
benefits of ergonomic have been stated in the paper as well such as the
improved employee engagement and reduced employee absenteeism. The researcher
of the paper stated about the reduced health issues such as obesity of
ergonomic practices are incorporated in the business organizations. The
researcher discussed the different types of issues which are responsible for
the complexities of the incorporation of ergonomics such as the lack of time,
lack of communication skill. The researcher stated on the resistance to change
and inability of the convincing power of the employees which have a direct
impact on the incorporation of the ergonomic in business organizations. The
unconvincing power of the HR to the higher authority is the other significant
concept which is presented by the researcher (Siemieniuch and Sinclair 2015).
The other significant contribution of the paper is that it focuses on all the
possible aspects of ergonomics. The barriers faced by the small and medium
sized ergonomic have been discussed in this paper. The paper is very much
important in understanding the barriers which are responsible for not
maintaining the practise of ergonomics. The lack of knowledge is very much
important for the researchers of this paper to understand the business
perspective of ergonomics. Implementation of any new practise can be very much
useful for the business organizations to deal with the issue of incorporation
of ergonomics. According to the researchers, the concept of ergonomics have
numerous issues related with it such as the inability of the HR to convince the
higher authority of the organization so that they can take all the possible
steps for the incorporation of ergonomics.
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[UEA1]Update here with all chapters, also the red sentence seems to be incorrect
[UEA2]Source is irrelevant
[UEA3] [UEA3]Source is irrelevant
[UEA4]Cannot find in the source
[UEA5]Cannot find in the
source
[UEA6]Whaaaaaat? The whole idea is implementing ergonomics in workplace help companies to reduce them
[UEA7]Just point C
[UEA8]What are the barriers that restrict the organizations to implement ergonomics? Why do more firms not implement ergonomic work environments
[UEA9]Here you just talk about the paper !!
[UEA10]It is introduction to that book instead of lit review, what is the point of it?Also from what chapter and what page of this paper???!!
[UEA11] from what chapter and what page of this paper???!!
[UEA12]Completely useless, not valuable information, sourcing has problem, all the information are veryyy basic, good for essay not dissertation.to many “The researcher of the paper”
[UEA13]None of these information are in this reference. With this paragraph you made me 100% sure that all of the references are invalid. Very sad for your website
[UEA14]What chapter? What page?
[UEA15]What page?what chapter?
[UEA16]What chapter? What page?
