Computer Programming : 656958

Question:

SubmitDesignaDocumenttypeddescriptionSecificationsofthealgorithm you will use to solve the problem. Use words and be descriptive – what I’m looking for here is that you know how the assembler works and that you are comfortable working with it. This should be written in paragraph from.

Example questions you might answer:

• • How will you convert the two “digit” ASCII input into a two digit number?

• • How will you deal with looping (since assembly gives no or       )?

• • What are your loop conditions and why (i.e. when will youwhileexit theforloop)
• You can use the following algorithm to compute the sum.

int compute_sum (int n)

{

sum = 0;

i = 1;

while (i <= n)

{

sum = sum + i*i;

i = i + 1;

}

}

Answer:

To use the program:

Compile your program:

From the menu: Tools ^à Compile

Run your program:

From the menu: Tools ^à Execute ^à Run or Walk (step by step). Values of registers and memory will be shown.

Inputs/Outputs:

If your program uses INPR to read inputs, you can type the inputs in the “input Stream” text box. Outputs from OUTR will be shown in Output Stream.

Review of Instructions

There are three groups of instructions in this assembler:

1. Memory Reference Instructions
2. Non memory Reference Instructions
3. Pseudo Instructions (i.e., Assembler directive instructions)

1. Memory Reference Instructions (MRI)

Direct Addressing: opcode operand e.g., ADD num Memory word at location ‘num’ is added to accumulator AC. i.e., AC = AC + M[num];

Here, effective address of the operand is ‘num’

Indirect Addressing: opcode operand I e.g., ADD num I Memory word of memory word at location ‘num’ is added to AC. i.e., AC = AC + [M[num]]

Here, effective address of the operand is M[num].

MRI Instructions: (In the following, ‘eee’ denotes effective address.)

AND xxx                         AND xxx I

Logical AND of effective memory word to AC

i.e., AC = AC and M[eee];

ADD xxx                         ADD xxx I

Add effective memory word to AC.

i.e., AC = AC + M[eee];

LDA xxx                          LDA xxx I

Load effective memory word to AC.

i.e., AC = M[eee];

STA xxx                           STA xxx I

Store content of AC to effective memory word.

i.e., M[eee] = AC;

BUN xxx                         BUN xxx I

Branch, unconditionally, to effective address.

i.e., PC = eee;

BSA xxx                          BSA xxx I

Address of next instruction (i.e., PC) is stored in effective memory word.

Then, execute the instruction following the effective address.

i.e., M[eee] = PC; PC = eee + 1;

Note:  BSA is useful to save the return address and to branch to a procedure.

ISZ xxx                             ISZ xxx I

Increment memory word. If incremented value is 0, increment PC (i.e., skip next instr). i.e., M[eee] = M[eee] + 1; if (M[eee] == 0) PC = PC + 1; Note: ISZ is used to count iterative loops.

2. Non Memory Reference Instructions

These instructions do not have the operand part or the addressing mode.

CLA

Clear AC

CLE

Clear E, the extended bit of AC

CMA Complement AC

CME

Complement E

CIR

Circular shift to the Right on AC and E

CIL

Circular shift to the Left on AC and E

INC

Increment AC

SPA

Skip next instruction, if AC is Positive, i.e., if (AC > 0) PC = PC + 1;

SNA

Skip next instruction, if AC is Negative, i.e., if (AC < 0) PC = PC + 1;

SZA

Skip next instruction, if AC is Zero, i.e., if (AC == 0) PC = PC + 1; (Note: SPA, SNA, and SZA are used in conditional branching.)

SZE

Skip next instruction, if E is Zero, i.e., if (E == 0) PC = PC + 1;

HLT

Halt the execution

INP

Input a character from INPR to low-order bits of AC

OUT

Output a character from low-order bits of AC to OUTR

SKI

Skip on Input flag

3. Pseudo Instructions

ORG hhh         Instruction listed in the following line wll be placed at address ‘hhh’ (Hex)

DEC n               Decimal number ‘n’ will be placed in the memory word

HEX n Hexadecimal number ‘n’ will be placed in the memory word END Denotes the end of assembly language source program

SUM OF SQUARES OF SERIES

Code Flow is explained below.

• The attributes used for implementing sum of series of squares are model small
• Data, operator 1, operator 2 and the final result.
• Initially, the data is moved to ax registor. The value in the ax registor is then moved to ds. The operator performs its operations in ax valuae and the operator 2 performs its operation in bx value.
• Then ax and the value in bx is added with the help of operands for sum up and finding the squares.
• The value is again stored in ‘di’ from the offset result.
• The value from ax is nw stored in di address. The value 09h is moved to ah. The int value given is 21h. finally the program ends.

The above is the code which is run in the emulator

The code is performing step by step procedure and the value of AX,BX,CX and provided.

The message dialog box shows the address value.

The output displays the result which performs two operations such as summing up the values and squaring it.