QUESTION

COURSEWORK REPORT STRUCTURE

Reports have a standardised format. The structure will be based on the following model:

Not all reports include all of the elements listed – but the following is a good guide:

Title page, followed by:

• Table of Contents
• Executive summary
• Introduction
• Main Body
• Conclusion
• Recommendations
• Bibliography
• Appendices

1. Title Page

This shows the title or subject of the report, who the report is for, the name of the writer and date of submission.

2. Table of Contents

This details all sections and sub-sections of the report with page numbers.

3. Executive Summary

This summarises the main points and findings. (This is not always needed, particularly if it is a short report).

4. Introduction

This includes the scope and background to the work including:

• The aims and objectives and the terms of reference. The context of the report and its purpose. Sometimes included are details of the organisation requesting the report and the question(s) they are hoping will be answered.
• The methodology – how you have gathered the information presented in the report, for example: by interviews or postal questionnaires. Sometimes it includes an explanation of why a particular investigative approach / methodology was chosen.
• The topics covered – a broad outline of content and scope and any limitations of the project.

5. Main Body of the Report

This is where information is presented, explanations provided and questions answered. It deals with what, how, where and why?
The findings of the report are broken down into discrete sections and sub-sections. Each section and sub-section should have a title/heading, and be numbered.

Include in the body of the report:

• A literature review (in an Academic report) – the coursework for BL2013N is NOT an academic report!
• Method – what you did and why you did it.
• What you found – quantitative data – what was observed, outcome of questionnaires and results of experiments; qualitative information; case studies.
• Discussion – what you have deduced from the findings and how these relate to previous research or other studies. You should discuss findings in a theoretical framework and give opinions based on reasoning and critical thinking. All sources should be referenced.

6. Conclusion

Conclusions should clearly relate to the objective(s) of the report. This is the place to draw together key points made in the report; nothing new should appear here.

7. Recommendations

These should be one or more practical proposals and may offer solutions to problems investigated in the report. You will not always be asked to include recommendations.

Each recommendation should be listed and discussed separately.

8. Bibliography

This should reference books, articles, journals, websites, and any other sources you consulted when writing the report.

9. Appendices

These should be at the end of the report. They contain relevant information which is too lengthy or detailed to include in the report itself. Each appendix should contain different information. They should be referred to in the report and not left to stand alone.

Preparation

Preparing a report is a skilful process involving:

• research skills
• skills in analysing and evaluating information
• writing skills

1. The starting point is to show the purpose of the report. This will decide: what research is required, what research methods should be used and how the report might be written and structured.
2. When you have researched the topic, group the information under sub-headings.
3. You need to analyse the data and construct the report. Structure, format and layout are very important: a lot of detailed material has to be carefully presented in a coherent, logical and non-repetitive manner.
4. You have to apply intellectual skills to interpreting and evaluating findings. You have to draw valid conclusions and make appropriate recommendations.

Presentation

The report should look professional and information should be easy to find

• Use a font that is clear and comfortable to read, for example Arial. Choose fonts that convey a formal style.
• Do not use fonts at less than 12 point. Headings and sub-headings can be larger, and in bold.
• When you use diagrams, graphs or tables, number these and put them at the point where they are first referred to. They should have a heading/title and include sources – this can be in a smaller font 9 or 10.
• Use consistent and suitable formatting and numbering. For example:

1. HEADING

(a) Sub-heading one.
(b) Sub- heading two

or

A. HEADING

(i) Sub-heading one
(ii) Sub-heading two

• Bullet points can also be used – BUT the report should not read as a shopping list!
• Headings should be consistent and convey a clear meaning. They will also be used in the Table of Contents to direct the reader to the information they are seeking. Avoid writing headings in the form of questions.
• Write in the 3^rd person.
• Ensure that the length of a report adheres to guidelines or restrictions imposed.
• Proof read and carefully check grammar, punctuation and spelling

SOLUTION

We all know that games and sports have much importance in our lives. The competitive games are also the platform to show your talent and ability and on international level, it brings harmony in the relations of countries. But sometimes we saw the unruly side of these international competitions. The situation becomes worse when political and mighty powers get evolved in it and try to disturb the peace of the world. Olympic Games are the platform where the growing talents across the world stand together and show their competitive spirit. We also have seen this in Olympic Games many times that it is being used to promote political ideologies since its inception.  Many times some countries also find it a proper channel to express their aggression. But in the history of Olympics, the most shocking incident that happened was the terrorist act of 1972 during summer Olympic in Munich. We are discussing in this report two major legal issues related to games that shook the world and prompted the need of strict laws on the protection of players.

1971 Olympic Games of Munich must have been the matter of pride for the Germans. After World War II, it was the moment to heal the wounds of the racial discrimination caused by the mighty powers there, but the very unfortunate event happened and left a blot on the history of Olympics. Informally, this incident is known as the 1971 Munich Massacre, where 2 of the Israeli athlete were killed and 9 were taken as hostage and later on they were also killed by the Arab terrorists. They wanted the release of their 200 companions from the Israeli jails.

Another such remarkable incident happened during the football match of two club teams of Egypt in the city of Port in 2012. Fans of both the teams collided and resulted in the big massacre killing 74 people at the port. This was the most fateful incident for the sports community.

We are here for the discussion that the sports and entertainment things also needed to be scrutinized very carefully like the other diplomatic and political matters. And also the legal issues like negligence on the part of organizers and what should be done for the health and safety of the players. So that nothing wrong can happen and take life of the many who came just to entertain and be entertained.

Munich Massacre

Starting with the incident that happened during the Summer Games of Munich in 1972. It is informally known as ‘The Munich Massacre’. The Olympic Games were going on in Munich in full joyous mood but on 5^th September, around 4 am, five Palestinian armed men entered the Olympic village by jumping off the 6-7ft fences. It was the normal routine among the athletes to hop and jump who practice every day, so nobody noticed the coming danger. All the five Palestinian men entered the apartment 31 of the Israeli sports men with the stolen keys with them. Before anyone could realize what is going on, they forcefully entered the rooms and took captive the Israeli men. They succeeded to take hostage, 9 of the athletes and during the chaos they killed two of them named Joseph Romano and Moshe Weinberg. They were killed earlier than the rest as they showed bravery and helped one of their team members to escape to safety. All the nine hostages (Youssef Gutfreund, David Berger, Mark Slavin, Yacov Springer, Ze’ev Friedman, Amitzur Shapira, Eliezer Halfin, Kehat Shorr, and Andre Spitzer) were now in the hands of the Terrrorist. [Bard, 2012] After few hours, the men declared them as the Palestinian and demanded for the release of their 200 Arab prisoners who were in the Israeli Jails. After hours of negotiation, one of the terrorists named Issa demanded that they should be provided a plane to take the hostages to Middle East. The Germans officials agreed for this and provided a helicopter to them to reach to the Airbase where Boeing 727 will be waiting for them to take all of them to Cairo. This Airbase was at the outskirts of Munich city so that the terrorists cannot create danger for the rest of the civilians. Meanwhile the Germans were also planning for the rescue operation at the airbase. [The Independent, 2006] When the helicopter reached the airbase then only the Munich police realized that the terrorists were not actually five, they were eight in number. Then the German police without even thinking about the lives of hostages abandoned their places and flew away leaving behind only five sharp shooters. On landing Issa (Palestinian) realized that they were not assisted but actually there was a trap for them. With a fateful decision the German guards opened fire. With few minutes of gunfight and missed shots everyone there realized that it has turned to an ugliest operation. This resulted in the death of all the nine hostages. Firstly the media wrongly conveyed that all the hostages were rescued but later on at 3 am Jim McKay, who was reporting the news since morning from Olympics, broke the most shocking news with teary eyes that “they are all gone”.  On a reaction the Israeli Prime minister, Golda Meir, appealed to the other countries to come and save their citizens. Many other official heads condemn this incident and called this the blow on the human civilization.

The Olympic Games were suspended for 24 hours but the officials announced that no matter what happened, the game must go on. With the heavy hearts and condolence ceremony, the next day games were carried on with their normal routine. [Morrison, 2008]

This incident was the most significant terrorist attack on the modern world which no one can ignore. The entire world was viewing the incident through the TV broadcasters. Earlier the event was predicted to be carried on the order of PLO leader Yasser Arafat but later on it was reported that the terrorists were from an independent group from PLO known as Black September Organization; it was a Palestinian guerilla group.  The United States Department of States 1988 which was on the terrorists profile, mentioned FATAH as the sister group of PLO (Palestinian Liberation Organization).

Among all the eight terrorists, five were killed on the spot and the rest three were arrested by the police. The Bodies of the Palestinians killed during the massacre were handed to Libya where all of them got a heroic funeral and called ‘freedom fighter’. Later on with another incident on 29^th October, the terrorists hijacked the Lufthansa plane and demanded the release of the murderers of Munich. Accepting their demands, German Government released all the three captives.

Who Are Responsible For the Incident?

After going through all the happenings, it is clear that the German officials lack behind in confronting with the terrorists. The officials realized very late that the number of terrorists was eight and not five, so they appointed only five snipers. They placed only a dummy Lufthansa plane with policemen dressed as crew. Theses police officers were not provided the basic arms and also they were without radio connection. Another mistake that happened was the aimless shots of German snipers. Due to this the terrorists got much time to hide themselves. One of the terrorist managed to throw a grenade on one helicopter where five of the hostages were still tied with their seats. The helicopter exploded and all of them died. Another terrorist ran to the second helicopter and shot all the other four hostages. Also German Authorities failed to clear the route from where the armed personnel were carried to the airport as a result of this they reached at midnight. Zavi Zameer, the head of Israeli Intelligence Agency Also reached their by the time the helicopters carrying hostages and terrorists reached that place. He gave a shocking statement that Germens were for nothing, they did nothing. He reported that when they reached there, it was very dark, he was expecting more lights and policemen hiding to rescue the athletes but there were only five. Hence, they five of the German fighters were left to fight with eight men armed with dangerous weapons and hostages too.

After effect of the Incident

Israelis retaliated this incident with even more dangerous way. Just after three days of the massacre Israel bombed the Airbases of Palestine targeting the Guerillas killing more than 66 across Syria and Lebanon and several badly injured. These actions were called by the Israeli prime minister as Operation wrath of God and Operation Spring of youth. He appealed to his citizen to hunt for these murderers and kill them. But many historians considered this action as another blow on the innocent civilians and continuation of the long story of terrorism. [Palestinian Facts, 2012]

After the incidence, Criticism started to come over the world. Many authors in their writings criticized German government on failing with the operation. Author Simon Reeve states that the shootout with the terrorist and the official sniper make it clear that they lack the preparations to tackle these situations. The Germans were not having any powerful plan to tackle the terrorists. Many authors also stated that, the mistake took place also because of the restriction on the German Authorities. After WW II German forces are restricted not to operate within Germany. Hence the entire responsibility was on Munich police force. Despite of the last moment information about the number of terrorists they decided to continue with their plan with less equipped police force. None of the police officers who were at the place in the get up of crew members were punished for abandoning their positions. The massacre guided many other countries to take strict actions towards the establishment of the permanent and very professional forces to face the terrorism. Also they were prompted to adopt modern arms and weapons to counter the terrorism. The Black September incident was the turning point in the history, it was never again possible to separate major sports event from the political activities. No one can deny that it was the loophole in the police and security system and lack of forces that led to such a big incident. Later on during 1976 Montreal Olympics, there were twice security forces than the officials and that of the players. The inactivity and clumsiness of Israeli Government was really disturbing. They were negotiating with the terrorists but not in a very active manner as told by Yohana Meroz the Israeli ambassador. Whereas the German government never disclosed the papers and reports related to the incident and the relatives of the deceased never knew what had happened to their loved ones.

In a report it was disclosed that the Israeli team was concerned about the security even before coming to the Munich. Before the arrival of the team, Israeli sports committee visited the host country and suggested the ways to secure the players from any kind of danger. However the newly uncovered file revealed that there was information about such kind of terrorist activity during Olympics. The major and astonishing breakdown on the part of Munich police was that after being reported since 4:10AM in the morning, the investigating teams for recognition was not send their till 6 PM. There was a gross negligence on the part of the German authorities on miscalculation of the actual number of attackers.

Analytical approach

The analysis of the incidents happened during the sports, brings us to the conclusion that what happened after these incidents were even grosser than early events. The Munich massacre was followed by the never ending clashes between the two nations. Israel bombed many places of Palestine and again within a month Palestinian terrorists hijacked the plane and demanded the release of the murderers of Munich. One after another they are attacking each other and in the course they are killing thousands of innocent lives. There was a gross negligent of human rights all over the area. The Munich killing raised another question regarding the security of the persons or the sportsmen going to play in other country. These situations can be avoided by the strict rules on the issue. The law must give power to the police force deployed in the security of the sportsmen to take any action or move to suppress the danger. They should be trained accordingly and provided modern and good quality of weapon. The main thing is that they should be well trained what we saw in Munich was aimless shots of the snipers deployed there for the operation. It was reported that sniper no. 2 didn’t shoot at all. There were no executions for anyone responsible for the failure of rescue operation. Those police officers who were standing in the crew members were supposed to fight with the terrorists and rescue the hostages but before the execution of the operation they fled leaving the others to die. They all should have been punished.

The lawyers of the relatives scathing about the manner the Munich police were stuck to belief that there were only five terrorist despite of information coming out from the local people and polices. They showed their incredible sense of negligence. [Reeve, 2012] The unfortunate thing is that despite of being proved from all sources that there was the sheer negligence on the part of German authorities regarding the issue no one has been made answerable or held accused.

This incident was an example for the nations to bring their forces into action and respect the lives and contributions of every individual. The two major legal issues which is involved in such kind of incident, is the matter of negligence and health & safety of the players. There is always the responsibility of Organizing committee or the nation to provide adequate security with an attitude to protect them and avoid these situations.

Health and Safety Mechanism

In today’s world we need a strong government and security forces that can protect people from these kind of violence and gross negligence of human values. The organizers of these kinds of sports must take care of the health and safety of the players. Every country before sending their teams to the other nation, they should send their own security forces to check the security system. Also there should be a team of home security guards who can be available at every time around their players and protect them from any unseen danger. Leaving the history behind we have to look forward in the future where sports and international Games must not be treated as the platform to express the aggression or taking revenges from their political matters but to gather our courage and enlighten our sporty spirit. Health and safety plays a very important role in any organization especially in sports organization. Every employer who receives any kind of payment or his work during these games, are responsible as far as it is practicable, towards the health and safety of the players. Employers are therefore responsible for both the risk arising out of their act or the act of others. (Vicarious liability)

Today every country has its health and safety law. These laws hold the employers responsible for the health and safety. They owe the duty of care towards the players. So it is very important that the organizers and their employees must understand their duties and responsibility in respect of health and safety management. Generally the duty of care applies equally to the sports as the other areas and failure to implement this duty could be regarded in law as the act of negligence. Then the duty of police comes to catch the person responsible for this gross negligence and present him for the prosecution. The UK legislation on health and safety do not implies an absolute duty on the organization and employer to avoid all accidents but to find out the risk and apply the proper measures to avoid that situation. The procedure of estimating the risk is associated with the understanding the way the hazard is going to effect. The procedure must be simple and understandable and effective. The safety measures for the danger risking lives of the sportspersons should not be estimated in light manner. There should be no chance of mistake.

An ideal way to achieve health and safety of participants in any sports is to share the responsibilities at different levels. It will be wrong to hold any particular group solely for any incident. First will be the national governing bodies, the association and the clubs, the officials and the participants themselves. All the legislation on health and safety have their common aim to compel the big stadiums that are organizing the game for the risk assessments related to the activity before that activity take place. So that the young people, who are interested in sports activities, can freely take parts in the events organized and develop their skills without risking their lives.

Conclusion

All the studies and findings related to the topic brings us to the conclusion that a man can truly express himself in front of everyone when his mind accepts that he or she is free from any kind of risk attached from the work, same as with the sports activity.  But the issues of health and safety are the real concern in this area. Every organization or association that organizes any event must be sure about their plans regarding the safety of everyone. From the history, either it be the Munich Massacre in 1972 or the recent killings in Egypt during the football match, we realize that how some minor mistakes can turn into a disaster endangering lives of thousand people related to it.  The legislations on health and safety during sports, imposes the duty of care on the organizations to provide secure environment and failing from which will hold them negligent towards their duty, as a result of which they can be prosecuted by law. The law will not serve its purpose until and unless it is fully applied.

REFERENCES

1. Mitchell Bard, The Munich Massacre, (2012), Viewed on 9^th April 2012, http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Terrorism/munich.html

1. The independent, Olympics Massacre: Munich – The real story , Sunday 22 January 2006, viewed on 9^th April, http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/olympics-massacre-munich–the-real-story-524011.html
2. Simon Reeve, One Day in September, (2012), Viewed on 12^th April 2012,  http://books.google.co.in/books?id=bKZa91YO_4YC&pg=PT282&lpg=PT282&dq=negligence+in+MUnich+Massacre&source=bl&ots=DkwHCTKYch&sig=ZKAx0C6W4FZtkB8rNdzANqKhJLc&hl=en&sa=X&ei=vDSGT8fBMsn5rAeG8IjEBg&ved=0CCIQ6AEwAA#v=snippet&q=security%20of%20players&f=false

3.     Mike Morrison, Munich Massacre: The worst tragedy in modern Olympic history, 2012, viewed on 9^th April, www.infoplease.com/spot/summer-olympics-munich-massacre.html

4.     Palestine Fact, Israeli 1972 Olympic Team Murdered in Munich, 2012, viewed on 9^th April 2012, http://www.palestinefacts.org/pf_1967to1991_munich.php

6.     The guardian, (2012), Egypt football violence spills over into clashes, viewed on 9^th April, http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2012/feb/02/egypt-football-violence-cairo-

7.      BBC News Middle East, Egypt football violence leaves many dead in the port, (2012), Viewed on 9^th April 2012, http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-16845841

JF88

But you can order it from our service and receive complete high-quality custom paper.  Our service offers Law essay sample that was written by professional writer. If you like one, you have an opportunity to buy a similar paper. Any of the academic papers will be written from scratch, according to all customers’ specifications, expectations and highest standards.”