Q1.

Distributed database offer some type of major advantages in comparison to the centralized databases. A number of businesses are today switching to distributed databases (as it is distributed all over an array of servers in numerous locations), from centralized databases for a number of reasons (Corbett, Dean, Epstein, Fikes, Frost, Hochschild & Hsieh, 2013).

Reliability – Establishing infrastructure is considered to be similar to investing, therefore it is recommended to diversify in order to decrease the chances of loss. Precisely, if any type of failure happens in any area of the distribution, the complete database does not deal with the hindrance.

Security – The business can permit to single sections of the complete database, for improved external and internal guard.

Cost-effective – Bandwidth prices decrease due to users as they are accessing remote data less often (Abadi, 2012).

Growth – If the company adds a new location to the business, it is very simple to add an extra note to the database, which makes distribution highly accessible.

Speed & resource efficiency – Many of the interactivity is performed with the database at the local level, which also reduces the remote traffic.

Mostly distributed databases are utilized by the businesses that possess a number of offices at diverse geographical locations. Classically an individual branch is interrelating mainly with the data that relate to its activities and operations, with a less recurrent requirement for general data of the company.

In order to solve this, the distributed database is used which enable every business location to interrelate directly with its database during work hours. At the time of the non-peak season, complete database accepts a batch of data from every branch (Iacob & Moise, 2015).

Q2.

Response time is the very essential factor of the worker’s productivity that operates the online transactions. A Transaction is comprised of the user command from the mechanical device and the reply of the system and is the central unit of work for the users of the online system. It could be divided into two sequences of time sequences that is System Response Time and User response time

An acceptable system response time for interactive applications

The response time of a system of fewer than two seconds will be said as the acceptable system response time for the interactive applications. Preferably, a sub second response time or verdict response time will be the objective such that the attention of the user, productivity, and interest is continued at ideal stages. To have an acceptable rapid response time is particularly vital for the Web sites because the potential patrons will be disheartened if they need to wait for the longer time duration for the loading of the web page of the company (Wachs, Kölsch, Stern & Edan, 2011). Therefore, an acceptable response time of around less than three seconds will be considered to be the ideal time to continue the attention of the users in the Web systems.

Q3.

A centralized database is said to be a database that is placed, stored and preserved at the single location. This location or place is mostly a database system or central computer, for instance, mainframe computer, desktop, or server CPU. All the work related to the development and maintenance of the systems for the whole company is managed and processed by the professionals of the systems. The end customers or users do desire to have the new system or features should provide a formal request to the group and are generally ranked and positioned in a queue (You & Wang, 2011). The data control group is a link between the user and the data-processing individual. It accepts the input of the user and in return, the user receives the output. The members of the data control scan the input for the accurateness and extensiveness before transferring the input to the personnel of the data-entry.

The centralized data processing facility increased the speed of the communication that takes place in a business. In place of taking administrative layers red tape in established to manage the cross-functional projects between different teams, the main design enables those teams to come together whenever needed.

A number of businesses are established in a manner that resulted in creating silos for teams and individuals. By executing the strategy that works to centralizes information and analytics, those silos initiate to vanish. In place of having many individuals working on single datasets or projects self-sufficiently, the businesses can organize their operations and activities to have them cooperating more frequently (Mohammed & Maina, 2017).

Q4.

The basic redundancy premise is the utilization of extra mechanisms to take over the present active component of the time active component flops. In the network, redundancy could be stated at two main levels that are network level redundancy and end-node redundancy (Stein, 2019).

Major types of equipment and communication redundancies

Cold Redundancy

Cold redundancy is generally used for the non-critical procedures where time is not provided with the highest priority and human intervention is adequate. For instance, if there is a failure in the pressing machine, the mechanization system must inform the machinist and then issue an alarm. The simple response can be the cut in the supply of the power and exhibiting a red alarm light. The worker can restart the operation by just initiating another component and requesting facility for the deteriorating unit (Ardakan & Hamadani, 2014).

Warm Redundancy

When response and time to the failure are essential but not serious, a strategy of warm redundancy can serve if the temporary outage is suitable. For instance, if there is a failure in the valve to work on the fluid transfer system, the pump could be deactivated and the result is shutting down of the system. Based on the procedure, the product can have a restricted period where it will not be injured, tainted or initiate to decline.

Hot Redundancy

Hot and Warm redundancy is comparable in terms of designing however hot redundancy provides immediate procedure correction the time failure is identified. For instance, in the ore operation or mining operation, if the main supervisor for a conveyor flops, for the backup one must instantly undertake control in order to evade any type of interruptions in the transfer (Levitin, Xing & Dai, 2013).

References

Abadi, D. (2012). Consistency tradeoffs in modern distributed database system design: CAP is only part of the story. Computer, 45(2), 37-42.

Ardakan, M. A., & Hamadani, A. Z. (2014). Reliability–redundancy allocation problem with cold-standby redundancy strategy. Simulation Modelling Practice and Theory, 42, 107-118.

Corbett, J.C., Dean, J., Epstein, M., Fikes, A., Frost, C., Hochschild, P., & Hsieh, W. (2013). Spanner: Google’s globally distributed database. ACM Transactions on Computer Systems (TOCS), 31(3), 8.

Iacob, N.M., & Moise, M.L. (2015). Centralized vs. Distributed Databases. Case Study. Academic Journal of Economic Studies, 1(4), 119-130.

Levitin, G., Xing, L., & Dai, Y. (2013). Optimal sequencing of warm standby elements. Computers & Industrial Engineering, 65(4), 570-576.

Mohammed, A., & Maina, B. (2017). Centralized Database: A Prerequisite for Security and Sustainable Development in Nigeria. International Journal of Innovative Research in Computer Science & Technology, 5(1), 209-212.

Stein, J. (2019). Data Center Controls Reliability. Retrieved from http://www.taylor-engineering.com/Websites/taylorengineering/articles/ASHRAE_Journal_-_Data_Center_Controls_Reliability.pdf

Wachs, J.P., Kölsch, M., Stern, H., & Edan, Y. (2011). Vision-based hand-gesture applications. Communications of the ACM, 54(2), 60-71.

You, F., & Wang, B. (2011). Life cycle optimization of biomass-to-liquid supply chains with distributed–centralized processing networks. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 50(17), 10102-10127.