Albumin
Measuring albumin has a very good capability of determining adequate assessment of prognosis and the pathophysiology of any patient with organ diseases like the liver cirrhosis and the efficacy of treatment which is practicable with dye binding determination methods of serum albumin. Additionally, albumin measurement is essential in that it helps in conceptional definition of hypoalbuminemia as a serum albumin level of 3.5g/dl or lower than that. Measurement should be reconsidered by calling forth the investigation of the qualitative changes in albumin especially albumin’s microheterogeneity like oxidized glycoalbumin and albumin. Bachmann et al. (2017) note that such measurement is very helpful as it can help measure the amount of proteins in an individual’s blood. The leverage makes albumin and it carries substances like medicines, hormones and enzymes in the whole body. This test thus, could help in diagnosis, evaluation, watching of liver and kidney conditions. Whenever the kidneys start failing, a way for the albumin is set into the urine. This is one of the symptoms of the condition in an individual – the existence of albumin in the urine. The presence of the substances is usually because of the leaking of the substances into the urine. As a result, it reflects as low levels in the blood (Korkmaz, & Agar et al., 2016). Whenever there is leakage of albumin into the urine, the blood is left with less albumin and thus it reads low.
Nakajima. (2019) notes that the results of the measurement are given in g/dl. A normal range for the albumin is 3.4-5g/dl. Having a lower level albumin suggest that one has an issue with malnutrition. It could also suggest that an individual has an inflammatory disease or the liver disease. On the other hand, the elevated levels suggest that higher levels could be as result of acute infections, stresses and burns from a heart attack or surgery.
Alpha 1
Doan et al. (2019) argues that diagnosis of alpha 1 antitrypsin deficiency could be determined by measuring of the concentration of serum alpha 1 antitrypsin or by the genetic analysis. They also note that alpha 1 is a protein that is found in the blood and protects the lungs from serious damage facilitated by enzyme activation. The test carried out in the laboratory measure the alpha 1 levels in the blood or establishes the presence of abnormal forms of alpha 1 that an individual should help diagnose the deficiency of alpha-1 antitrypsin. Aaboud et al. (2017) also recognizes the fact that AAT facilitates inactivation of various enzymes that are produced by the white blood cells known as neutrophils. Getting tested for AAT essential size it helps in identification of possibilist of emphysema and or the dysfunction in the liver and to establish the emphysema risk or the liver disease that is usually because of the deficiency of alpha 1 antitrypsin and come up with the likelihood that a significant number of children could inherit the risk. Liu et al. (2017) state that the clinical guideline recommends some if the six best practices on testing for alpha-1, alpha-1 lung disease and liver disease, and ask when augmentation therapy is to be prescribed among other related recommendations. Among the diseases that shoud demand the tests/ diagnose against alpha 1 include but not limited to chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases, unexplained chronic liver disease and unexplained bronchiectasis.
During the testing/diagnosis, any measurement that is below the real range indicates that unindividual tested could be having AAT deficiency. In other words, the lower the level of AA in the blood, the higher the risks that an individual will develop emphysema and other related disorders associated with AAT. Ladino, Germain and Snyder (2016) ask to suggest that the degree of AAT deficiency, lung and liver damage degree can vary greatly depending in the measurement refection of the AAT.
Alpha 2
Alpha 2 ant plasmin is usually measured by specific plasmin chromogenic substrate in dilatated citrated samples of plasma. Nybo and Hvas (2018) note that in the circulation of alpha 2 antipasti, causes primary inhibition of fibrinolysis, preventing plasmin directly. Excess plasmin is usually inactivated by alpha 2 macroglobulin. This then suggests that the potential for developing thrombosis is dependent other balance that exist between activation of plasminogen and activation by t-PA.
Folsom et al. (2016) marks that low alpha levels may suggest that there exists a health issue with liver or the kidney. The high levels on the other end may indicate that there is an infection, immune disorders or existence if an inflammatory disease. The high levels of alpha 2 may also indicate that there are certainties of cancers like the multiple myeloma, malignant lymphoma or the Hodgkin’s disease.
Beta
It is essential in detection of fungal antigens that are found in body fluids, including Cryptococcus capsular polysaccharide. The measurement is usually useful at least in the diagnosis of invasive fungal infections. Blackwell, Zak and Robia (2016) notes that beta HCG testing and measuring is useful in identification and confirmation of pregnancy. It can also be due to detrain the approximate age of the fetus. The levels are moored in the blood sample. A beta level that is less than the normal range indicate that an individual is negative for preganancy. On the other hand, any test that is beyond the normal range is considered as positive for preganancy. A beta HCG tests has the ability it detects the presence of HCG in the blood. in other words, it is usually the measurement of the amount of HCG in the blood.
Gamma
According to Sposini et al. (2015), the Gama test measures the amount of the enzyme GGT in the blood of an individual. Whenever the liver damages or is damaged, the levels of GGT tends to be higher. The tests are often carried out alongside other tests that measures enzyme if the liver in situations where liver damage is suspected. As a test, it can be very useful in restoring the wellness if the liver. When the liver damages, there will be subsequent interference with enzymes which will reflect upon measuring gamma. Zoch, Clemens and Riddle (2016) suggest that activity of gamma GT gives valuable aid in various diagnostics of liver illnesses.
Elevated levels of gamma may suggest that there is a liver disease lie the hepatitis, cirrhosis. However, they may also be due tither conditions ice diabetes and congestive cardiac failure. On the other hand, Nybo, and Hvas (2018) notes that a low level normal gamma test indicates that it is unlikely that an individual has a liver disease or any related conditions that suggest in that line.
Plasma creatinine
Mera et al. (2016) notes that creatinine is usually an indicator of renal health since it is excreted in the urine as an unchanged and easily measured muscle metabolism by product. In case where the kidney is healthy, little or no creatinine is reabsorbed, where as in situations where there is presence of the kidney disease, the concentration of creatinine in the blood goes high. They also note that an elevated creatinine kevels indicates that there is aproblem with kidney. In other words, the kidney could be impaired or having a kidney disease. The creatinine levels increase as the kidneys become impaired because there is usually poor clearance of creatinine by the kidneys. Thus, abnormal high levels of creatinine may be a sure warning that there could be possible malfunction or kidney failures. On the other hand, the low levels suggest that the liver or the muscle are not working properly as they are supposed to work. Most times, low creatinine levels are a sign of losing muscle mass as people grow old, it could also be temporary problem during preganancy or illness periods because if malnutrition.
BUN
Nybo, and Hvas (2018) notes that it is also called blood urea nitrogen or the test. It is used alongside creatinine test to specifically evaluate functioning of the kidney disease and facilitate monitoring of people with acute or chronic dysfunction of kidney or is failure. It is the measurement of the nitrogen in the blood when the from the waste product urea.
Also, notes that increased levels of BUN indicate that there is an impaired kidney function. This could be because of the acute or chronic kidney disease failure or damage. The levels could increase depending on the amount of protein in the diet. diets that are high on protein may cause abnormally high BUN levels while diet low in proteins can cause abnormal low levels of BUN. On the other hand, low levels suggest that a reduced BUN level indicates that there are possibilities f any kidney disease or kidney failure.
PTH
According to Sposini et al. (2015), parathyroid hormone levels are essential in determining the calcium levels in the blood. the four glands can regulate the levels of calcium inside the blood. whoever, the calcium levels drop, the gland immediate releases PTH to bring the level of calcium back to its normal range. If the PTH is high and the calcium levels are high or low, there is a high possibility that it is nothing to do with parathyroid glands. High levels of PTH could suggest that there exist conditions that causes increase in levels of phosphorous like the chronic disease. On the other hand, low levels of PTH may be because of increased calcium or to an abnormality in PTH production causing hypoparathyroidism.
Fibrin D-dimer
Nybo, and Hvas (2018) notes that it determined by the blood test to aid diagnose thrombosis. He also notes that since its introduction in 1990s, it has become a very useful tool/ test carried out among the patients with suspected thrombosis disorders. They also note that a positive D-dimer resultant indicate that there is the presence of abnormally degradation of products fibrin in high levels. It suggests that there could be significant blood clot formation in the body and its break down. On the other hand, negative D- dimer suggest that there are very low chances that their thrombosis condition.
Calcium
Nakajima. (2019) states that it is important to measure the amount of calcium in the urine or blood to make certain diagnosis and make conclusions. The measurement of calcium reflects the amount present and iodized calcium in the body. An elevated calcium level may cause hypercalcemia. Too much calcium in the blood have the potential to weaken the bones, create kidney stones and interferes with brain and heart work. Low calcium levels below the normal range could certainly lead to cataracts, changes in the brain, osteoporosis and cataracts.
Plasma thrombin time
Camacho (2016) notes that it is the blood test that measures the time a clot takes to form in the blood sample of plasm having anticoagulant, after an excessive thrombin has been added. A longer thrombin time would mean that there is high fibrinogen, low fibrinogen or fibrining that is not functioning well.
Osteocalcin
It is usually a marker of bone formation, it marks the bone turn overs. Casser, Seddigh & Rauschmann (2016) notes that Osteocalcin Levels are increased in metabolic bone diseases because of increased bone.
TTG IgA
Holick (2017) states that it is immigrant to have an early diagnosis to prevent compilations regrading CD. IgATGT antibodies are usually preferred tests for patients screening. Positive result patientcare to be referred to a gastroenterologist for endoscopic small biopsy to confirm the diagnosis.
eGFR
According to McCrindle et al. (2017), it is used to screen and detect an instances of kidney damage way before it damages. It also useful in diagnosing chronic kidney diseases and slo in monitoring the kidney status. Less eGFR that is below the normal range indicates that an individual has been diagnosed with kidney disease. A higher eGFR indicates that an individual could be having some degree of kidney damage
Part 2
As much as Edna is in her old age, it is notable that she consistently feels weak in her bones, abdominal pain and fatigue. Looking at her calcium levels, the first test demonstrated normal range of calcium by the second time she was being tested fir calcium, it shot to abnormally high levels. Aboyans et. (2017)) suggest that in any instance, whenever there are high calcium levels in an individual, it poses a greater danger of weakening the bones, create kidney stones ad interferes with heart and brain work. In other words, McCrindle et al. (2017) simply meant that whenever there are symptoms like weak bones, it is important to perform a diagnosis and determine the calcium levels of an individual. There could be so many other confounding factors for the symptoms or other related symptoms, but because at the first glance calcium is a bit high, it is right to conclude that the weak bines are a result if excessive calcium. Edna must have shifted drastically from her usual diet t eating food that was too much in calcium. Holick (2017) again provide a recommendation on how one can reduce the calcium intake so that they do not finally result inti unreasonable complications as prevention is better than cure. Edna will be required to be drinking plenty of water everyday is that she will stay hydrated all the time. staying hydrated all the time has a potential to reduce blood calcium levels and I can help prevent progressive development if kidney stones. The other management plan is to train herself to be exercising and stretching her bones physically. It is also necessary that Edna follows the guidelines to medication and supplements.
potential for developing thrombosis is dependent to the balance that exist between activation of plasminogen and activation by t-PA. alpha 2 has a lot to with the calf pain that Edna was feeling. There symptoms of the sharp pain in the case of blood clotting. Calf pain according to McCrindle et al. (2017)0 may be caused by the blood clot in the deep veins of the leg. Blood clot can cause classic symptoms like redness, swelling, warmth, tender and cramping pain in the calf. Aboyans et al. (2017) also note that there are certain conditions that increases an individual’s risk of developing a blood clot. These factors include: smoking, increasing age, pregnancy, cancers, undergoing through a surgery, immobilization. Increasing age is one of the mist probable cause of Edna’s condition in the legs. It is possible that Edna might have had a blood clot that comes with an increasing age. Additionally, McCrindle et al. (2017) note that without treatment, the blood clot could move from the point of occurrence to the lungs and cause pulmonary embolism. Further treatment should be done before the is an occurrence of another serious problem. Earlier treatment is recommendable fir Edna.
Edna’s possible old age puts him ta a risk if developing hypertension and other related cardiovascular disease. Bagdasarian et al. (2015) note that there are people who will develop some of cardiovascular diseases. One of these disses come in the old age. Example of these diseases is diabetes and hypertension. As evident for the symptoms of Edna, her previous of mid hypertension and other related diseases, she must have ben progressively advancing the condition
Some of the predisposing factors to the wellness of Edna is that she is old. Habif, Chapman, Dinulos, and Zug (2017) note that as old as she is there a great need for to be engaging in activities- that are well enjoyed back at her home. The other recommendation is that Edna should be doing some exercises every day even though it should be not vigorous. There could be a possible attraction of whatever one loves. Mild hypertension is a stage that is still not badly off, it mems that there something that can be done to reduce or stop it from advancing to the next level. this will help keep her flexible and reduce risks for developing other complications. Aboyans et. (2017) note that osteoporosis is associated with muscle spasms and a lot of pain in the muscles. The diagnosis that was made against Edna of pulled muscle and osteoporosis is a clear indicator that Edna lacks some of the important hormones especially the estrogen. According to Aboyans et al. (2017) women, especially those that are of age beyond 60 years have higher chances of being diagnosed with the disease. They also note that menopause is companied by the reduced estrogen levels. In connection to this, Hallek (2017) also notes that there could be an imbalance between the new borne formation and the resorption of the old bone. There are two essential minerals that are essential in one formation: calcium and phosphate. The body uses these minerals to make bones. This is the reason why calcium is essential in for the proper working of the brain, heart and other related organs. To keep the organs functioning, the body will need to reabsorb calcium that is in the bones to maintain the required normal blood calcium levels. If the calcium is nit enough to facilitate absorption of calcium for the diet, the bones are likely to suffer”. Normally, the loss of bone happens for a prolonged time an individual might sustain a fracture before realizing that they have the condition. Because Edna had low levels calcium, it was more probable that her bones would have issues. The insufficient amount if calcium inhibits better absorption of calcium and hence poor bone development, risk osteoporosis. Edna should ensure that she follows exclusive good diet that’s rich in calcium so that she will have enough calcium supplements that would act as boosters.
The additional tests that Edna will be subjected to performing density scan. To determine the truthfulness of osteoporosis, an assessment of the foot will be carried out to determine the need for the treatment. The density scan will act as an exam to measure bone mineral density. It is done using energy ray absorptiometry
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