Abstract

The aim of this thesis is to discuss about the topic that is “Educational Counselling Impact on the Career Development of Student in United States”, which is focusing on identifying how the students are being impacted negatively or positively. The analysis of the research reveals that educational counselling is an important part because in this counsellor focus on working on the social, emotional, and academic development of students and their other clients. Besides this, it has been identified that career development is the set of activities and programs that are designed for supporting students or clients in improving their present or future development of the career. In addition to this, it has been identified that positive and negative impact are shown by the educational counselling on the career development of the students in the United States. The positive impact that educational counselling has on the career development of the student is making them ready for the challenges that can experience in their college life, providing better outcomes for the students in their career, developing social and emotional skills of the students, their personalized growth, get support intaking decision, etc. On other side, the adverse influence of the educational counselling is hesitation, anxiety, inherent risks, expensive, incapability to understand the doubts of the student, etc. Furthermore, this thesis has also discussed about the models and strategies that can be adopted by the school counsellors for getting better results. The strategies that are suggested for the effective educational counselling are maintaining therapeutic relationship with the students, understanding the job market properly, working on own skill to better understand the doubt of the students, making use of technology in the educational counselling, etc.

1. Chapter 1: Introduction

1.1 Research Title

“Educational Counselling Impact on Career Development”

1.2 Research Background

Owing to peer pressure and intense competition students mostly underdone a dilemma to make the right choice in terms of their career. This results in huge confusion, worries and drag students to depression, stress, and anxiety. This is the area where the role of education counselling comes and where educational counselling show its impact on the students of United States. Under this, students are provided with different types of advices on building their career paths and enabling support to grow as individually as well as professionally. An educational counsellor is considered to be a counsellor who gets involve in working with school, colleges, and other educational institutes (Your Dost, 2019). Nowadays, colleges and schools hire expert educational counsellors for providing support to the students with their studies, counselling for career, depending on their accessible options to them and also support students with the personal issues.

According to Bor, (2002), the education counsellors are those who are involved in preparing students for their social, career, and academic challenges by aligning educational agendas with their future success. The role of education counsellors is important because they motivate and offer exploration of careers to the students of United States. The American Association of School Counselling provide thorough literature related to the tole of the school counsellor. The main aspects of that role is accountability. School counsellors are accountable for evaluating data effectively and adjusting their approaches to increase their value to students (Wake Forest, 2019). The result is that the role of the counsellor is ever-changing and is based on different aspects at work in the school. They are also involved in encouraging students to directly interact with their parents or any of the guardian about what they think and feel and what are things that worry them. The time students do not feel good or comfortable to talk related to their social or emotional issue at home, school or college counsellors may take an individual session of counselling with them. If there are issues with the group of students then a session of group counselling can be organized. Many times, counsellors invite the parents of the students in these sessions if the issue has major impact in order to regulate whether external counselling is required. Besides this, according to the analysis presented by Best Counselling Degree, (2019), the support that is provided by the school or college counsellors for the guardians and parents is important similar to the support they provide to the students. They may provide parent-teacher, parent-parent, or individual consultations and discussions for confirming that all the members involved are on the same page in regards to the issues faced by the students, whether it is about disciplinary decisions, precise educational material or social aggravations. According to Patel, Aronson & Divan, (2013), counsellors in school and colleges may provide knowledge to parents who ask questions about their child. They are involved in ensuring that parents get to know about the services that can be provided by other staff members like resource teachers, social workers, nurses, and psychologists for students who require special attention. The time parent in need of extra support, the counsellors are the one who help them in finding it, whether it is related to the system of school or community.

In spite of so many benefits and significances of educational counselling for the career development, it deals with some of the challenges to. Whether it is a counsellor or a student, both encounter some of the challenges. Counsellor encounter challenges while providing support in the career development of the student, and students deal with the challenges in expressing their doubts and other issues to their educational counsellor which results in impacting their path of career development. Some examples of the challenges encountered by counsellors are unable to understand the issues or problems of the student, overlooking of the physical or medical issues, unable to communicate the solution to the client, etc. On the other, the examples of the challenges experienced by the students are fear and hesitation to express the doubts or problems, social or peer pressure, etc. (Luxmoore, 2013).

1.3 Research aim and objective

The aim of this research is to analyse the influence of educational counselling on the career development among United States students. In consideration to meet the specified aim, different objectives are prepared that are listed below:

• The objective of this research is to comprehend the understanding of concept of educational counselling and career development.
• The objective is to evaluate the impact of educational counselling on career development among United States students.
• The objective is to recommend models and strategies to overcome challenges that are experienced by counsellors as well as students.

1.4 Research question

The research question for this research study are discussed below:

• What is the concept of educational counselling and career development?
• How educational counselling is impacting career development in United States?
• What are some models and strategies that can be used to overcome the challenges experienced by the counsellors and students?

1.5 Research significance

The significance of this research is it will help the stakeholders in understanding the importance of educational counselling in the career development path of the United States student. As it has been considered that education counsellors are involved in supporting students in their academic, social, and emotional development that directly groom their career path. Besides this, today the career path has become so challenging for the students which results in dragging them towards depression, anxiety, and the emotional and social challenges which divert them from their career goals. In this situation, they require a good education counselling that can again boost their confidence and motivate them to focus on their future growth and career. This is the reason this study is being presented that cannot just help different scholars in their future research, but will help students in planning their career path and understanding the importance of education counselling and counsellors in their life. Further, the study is also focusing on the challenges that are being experienced by the counsellors as well as students in the United States. Some of the examples are quoted above. However, the significance of discussing about the challenges in this study is to augment the awareness among the counsellors as well as students that can impact their career. Further, discussing about the challenges will help in the future research in identifying the solutions for the same. The concept of career development is considered to be very essential that needs to be discussed as it grabs the attention of students and counsellors to focus on. This study is providing a way to the students of United States to think about their career growth and if required then give a thought to education counselling that can help them in planning for their future. Furthermore, the use of this research can be done by the school or educational counsellors in enhancing their services for their clients such that better results can be gathered. This research study is important for these counsellors because the study has presented some of the strategies for the counsellors to overcome the challenges that will be highlighted in the section of impact of educational counselling. If the counsellor will focus on these strategies, it will better for his or her career as well as for the career of their clients. Along with this, the research has presented some of the career development models that are mostly adopted by the schools for contributing in a better way in the development of their students. Some of the models that are highlighted in this research are ASCA Model, TSCI Training Model, and TPACK Model. All these three models are also presented as the suggestion for the counsellors of United States to consider.

1.6 Outline of research structure

1.6.1 Introduction

This is the first chapter of the research study that is focused of providing the background analysis of all the details and chapters included in the research. This chapter of the research includes the details like research background, research aim, research question, and research significance to deliver a clear knowledge of the study and research problem. The information delivered through this chapter provides information to the investigator regarding the question of the research and how to identify the solution for it.

1.6.2 Literature Review

Literature review is the second chapter of the research which is included to explore the research topic and research issue. With this chapter, the investigator tries to explores diverse concepts and identify the solutions for the research question presented in the introduction chapter. Besides this, different theories are applied in this chapter in order to proof the concepts and statement presented by different authors and scholars (Harris, 2019). For this chapter, different journal articles, books, websites are explored to identify the data and presented in an organized manner to meet the aim of the research (Galati & Moessner, 2013). Further, the data collected in this section will be linked with the data collected through the primary research in order to identify the significance and reliability of the data.

1.6.3 Research Methodology

It is the third and one of the essential parts of this research study which provide details about different techniques, approaches, and methods applied by the researcher in a systematic manner and ethical manner. Different methodologies used in this study are research philosophy, research strategy, research approach, data collection, sampling, and analysis methods. Besides this, the validation of different research methods is provided in this section in order to proof its reliability for different research stakeholders (Kothari, 2004). The justification for the research methods are provided depending on the research objective and aim. In addition to this, this section has also discussed about the importance of the consideration in the research study and what ethics are adopted to complete this research. In the end, this chapter of the research has highlighted some of the limitations of the research study that needs to be focused by the researcher in the future.

1.6.4 Findings and data analysis

It is the fourth chapter of this thesis, which is considered to be very useful and important part of the thesis as it allows the investigator to segregate the information that is collected and accordingly analyse the data against all the presented objective. With this manner, it provides support to the researcher in analysing and arranging the information in logical manner by the use of data analysis method. Besides this, this section helps in generating the valid outcomes for the research issue.

1.6.5 Conclusion and Recommendations

This is the last chapter of the research, which helps the researcher in presenting the conclusion for the overall study presented depending on the findings presented in the above chapter. This thesis section presents a link between the objectives and findings for generating the reliable conclusion. In addition to this, this chapter of the research present recommendations related to the research title or research issue that is impact of educational counselling on the career development of United States students.

2. Chapter 2: Literature Review

2.1. Introduction

The chapter of literature review is very effective and essential for this study as it is helping the researcher in developing the theoretical knowledge of the research issue. This section is supporting the investigator to evaluate the diverse secondary resources like articles, books, and journals related to the topic of the research that is “the impact of educational counselling on the career development of United States students”. Besides this, this chapter is supporting the researcher in identifying the strategies for overcoming challenges experienced by the student and counsellors.

2.2. Educational Counselling

In the United States, the 20^th century beginning is called to be the starting of the profession of educational or school counselling as the movement of the vocational guidance. According to Dwivedi & Mishra, (2019), Jesse B. Davis is called to be the very first person to offer an organized programme of school guidance. In 1907, Davis was appointed as the high school principal where he got involve in encouraging his school English teachers to make use of structures and lessons to align the interest of the career, developing character as well as avoiding the problems related to behaviour. Further, Frank Parson known as the “Father of vocational guidance” introduced the vocational guidance bureau in the year 1908 in order to support and guide people while moving from school to work. Since then, there was the growth of progressive education within the United States schools between the years 1920 – 1930 so the guidance and school counselling developed. This resulted in the personal moral, and social development too. Although different schools responded to this movement by being as the anti-education group because they believed that the schools must only get involve in teaching the fundamentals of the education (Dwivedi & Mishra, 2019). The counselling work is broad and rife; thus, it becomes a difficult work to determine it in a single sentence. There are many ways of defining the work counselling and numerous ways are adopted by the psychologists are overlapping. Some of the definitions of the educational counselling are presented below.

According to Sharma, (2008), Educational counselling is also called as school counselling, which is one of the essential parts of almost every educational institution in the United States. It is in their practices that school staff, parents, guardians, and students can resolve unresolved, negative circumstances and can enhance those situations that are positive. According to McMahon & Palmer, (2014), providing support to an individual to reflect on the issues related to personal education and experiences and to develop for making suitable educational choices is called as educational counselling. Besides this, the researcher of UNC Charlotte University (2019), stated that educational counselling or school counselling is under which the practitioners of master’s level support students in different ways like eliminating barriers to academic success, providing support for the emotional/social development, and controlling college and career willingness. As per the views of Best Value Schools, (2019), school is a place of growth and infrequent, linked growing pains. In the elementary school and middle school, students get involve in learning the cooperation and interacting basics, academic tenacity, etc. At high school level, these growth benchmarks change but most of the time retain similar characteristics. Lastly, students moving to the college deal with new challenge. This is said to be they are entering in the professional field of school counselling. At all the grade level, students in the American schools are given access to the counselling operations within their school. From this, students can get help and guidance related to different types of issues that are experienced by them. It has also been stated that the practicing counsellors can take proactive step for identifying the issues in the entire school course (Wake Forest, 2019). The eventual objective is to offer healthy advice-giving services to the students as it can make a way for them from different challenges in attaining their educational goals.

According to Rao, (2002), depending on the education level of the student, the role of a school counsellor may differ. But it is focused on covering some of the wider categories. Education or school counsellors are accountable for working and collaborating with the students who are seeking help for attaining their academic objectives, future planning, and handling behaviour. The counsellors are also involved in working with the teachers, parents, and administrators for the development of comfortable and health environment at school that is free from any type of illegal activities such as bullying. The most essential recent change that has taken place in the role of the school counsellor is dealing with different types of bullying, particularly cyberbullying. Young students are involved in making use of technology for the socializing and communicating with people which drags them at risk of bulling that is tough to deal with for students as well as counsellors (Career Industry Council, 2019). A school counsellor should be updated about the social issues that regularly arise among students depending on the altering trends. Under the situations where the students suffer from different type of domestic abuse such as divorced parents, learning disabilities, or fights between parents, there is need of educational counsellor to take the charge in order to let child overcome all these situations. These factors influence the growth of the child. Therefore, an educational counsellor helps the child in overcoming different types of problems like behavioural, social, and personal.

Adding to the above role of the educational counsellors, they also perform an essential role in the procedure of planning of the career of the students. In the confusion of hundreds of career options, the educational counsellors guide students in making sensible decisions related to their career. They get involve in evaluating the abilities, skills, and interest of the students with the use of interviews, aptitude assessments, and personality assessment. Then they match the mutually selected path that best suites the interest, profile and limitations of the candidate. According to Collins, Arthur, Brown & Kennedy, (2013), an educational counsellor is a trained individual who holds the knowledge related to the educational opportunities. For instance, if the student desire to pursue his or her education in abroad, or wants scholarships, or require any kind of information related to college training programmes then the educational counsellors help them and provide access to the required information. They get indulge in helping young futures for developing great personalities and embrace life skills such that they can deal with the challenges in a better way. They also provide guidance related to preparation of their resume, strategies for searching jobs, job interviews, and many other factors that are essential for the exploration of the career (Duff & Bedi, 2010).

2.3. Career Development

According to the analysis presented by the career development institute. (2019), career development is said to be the series of the activities or the lifelong on-going procedure of an individual’s development of the career. Career development generally is about managing one’s career in the scenario considered to be inter-organizational or intra-organizational. It is comprised of training related to developing required skills, moving to higher post in the job, changing the career in the same company, changing the organization or commencing own business. According to Vondracek, Lerner & Schulenberg, (2019), Career development is related to the objectives arranged or set by any individual. It starts with the self-assessment and self-actualization of one’s capabilities. Then the interest of the individual is matched with the options available. An individual must get involve in training himself in order to develop skills that are required in the career path chosen by him or her. In last, after gaining the desired capability, the person has to work in meeting the set objectives and targets.

Source [(The University of Texas at Dallas, 2013)]

Schuler, (2013), stated that career development is the activity to recognize the needs, goals, and abilities of an individual and the job demands and job rewards of the organization and then with the use of well-organized career development programmes corresponding aptitudes with rewards and demands. According to the words of Cripe, Cripe & Mansfield, (2007), it is the procedure under which the concept of personnel experience and openly noticeable facet of career interact to precipitate all the consecutive phase of occupational positions. As per Jackson, (2000), career development is the procedure of the planning the possible jobs series one may grip in the company with time and strategies of development created to offer essential job skills as the opportunities rise.

According to McDonald & Hite, (2015), the decisions that are taken by students during their school days have a major influence on their lives as it affects their further education, employment, or training, but also their health, finances, and social lives outcomes. The key role performed by the secondary schools is to help students in changing or developing their personality positively that is focused towards their better career. This is comprised of offering prospectus opportunities to create general aptitudes of the students, provide them support, and supporting in taking knowledgeable decisions related to their choices of the subjects and paths. Students are majorly involved in their education and highly interested for their future when they are clear about themselves and the way they might work and live after leaving school. Career education of high quality and assistance is very much important and a key part of schooling in preparing students of Australia for their coming future. Career education hence said to be very essential for the career development of the student. Nowadays, careers are not be chosen but are created by the series of options related to learning and work (Patrick, Eliason & Samide, 2011). In this way, career education must be accessible to all.

According to report presented by the Everyday Wisdom, (2019), career development is essential for the students of high school to understand the significance of career development. In the effort exerted for preparing students for their future career path, high schools all over in United States have organized a Career Day for the students or seniors at graduation level from last many years. On this day, business professionals of local area go and visit different high school and provide a brief of different career options to the students. Inappropriately, these Career days are yet not being able to truly guide the student in preparing their future plans. This is considered to be the key reason that many of the middle-aged adults and young adults are searching for the assistance of career development counsellors. While these counsellors of career development provide required services for those who have not planned for their career at early stage, more must be done for guiding the students in selecting a correct career path (Goethe Institute, 2019). The time students from high school get a proper understanding of the best choices of career for themselves, the final results are good planning, increasing number of college enrolments, and higher productive society for the future. There are number of high schools that are involved in offering a Career Week for addressing different issues related to career development to students. This Career Week is considered to be an extension of the Career Day. In a week, one or two days are devoted to presenting students to different options for the career by experienced professionals or counsellors of the society. Besides this, the rest of the week is then devoted to the valuations much like provided by the career development counsellors (Awareness days, 2019). The modified assessments of career development enable students of high school to discover their values, weaknesses, interest, and strengths. Their assessment of the career development is then processed in a computer system, which provide a customized report with the detail of the summarized best career options for those students. Students of high school after this work on themselves for the career development by focusing and working according to the Occupational Outlook Handbook (Everyday Wisdom, 2019).

U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. (2019), highlighted that the Occupational Outlook Handbook is considered to be the top tool of career development used at setting of the high school. The data presented in this outlook is available in the book as well as electronic form by the Labor Bureau of Labor Statistics of United States Department. This handbook enables the school students in exploring the options of career development by offering information related to the details of the career, industry, and job for the future, required education, and average salaries. Once the students of high school finish their assessment of career development and discovered different options of carer, all the students from of high school involve in the interview of the career development with the counsellors of high school (Youth.Gov., 2019). This interview enables the student for exploring and discussing the options of career, and take decisions related to the future path. The educational or school counsellors then offer the students of high school with different resources such that it can support them in their career path of the development procedure. This career development sessions have another part. In this the counsellor visit the classrooms of the senior students of high school. The counsellor conducts different sessions in which he or she provide information related to the significance of setting objectives in the career development. The students in this process are provided with the resources for setting practical objectives and they lay out career development plan. The significance of the career development is not a new concept for the students of high school. But schools are now preparing their plans for educating students related to the career development. These initiatives in the United States have resulted in preparing more students to focus on their careers, thus making a productive society.

2.3.1. Stages of Career Development

2.3.1.1 Exploration

The stage of exploration in the career development is said to be a period of transition from college to work. This period is also considered to be the period nearly prior to employment. It is generally the time duration of an individual’s early 20 s and ends by mid-20 s (Chiagouris, 2011). At this stage, the students explore their skills and then make choices related to their career.

2.3.1.2. Establishment

This stage of career development starts when an individual initiate for searching for work. Therefore, at this stage an individual is more likely to make mistakes and also has the opportunities for learning from these mistakes and can also undertake greater errands. An individual takes challenges at job and develop capability in a risking area. He or she develop creativity and switches to new zone after around 3 or 5 years (Greenhaus, Callanan & Godshalk, 2010).

2.3.1.3. Mid-career

At this stage of the career development, the performance of an individual may improve or decline or may remain constant. Though few of the workers may attain their objectives at the early stage and may attain superior altitudes in the job, few are capable to maintain their performance. The former here are known as ‘climbers’, the later ones are not considered to be determined but are capable (Watson & McMahon, 2016). At this stage, the worker put efforts to update his or her knowledge technically and grows skills during counselling sessions. Here, he or she may switch to new job that require or demand for new skills.

2.3.1.4. Late-career

This stage of the career development is generally said to be pleasing because the worker neither works on trying new things nor put efforts to enhance his or her performance. He or she takes the benefits of and based on their status enjoy the role of an ageing statesperson. The person may switch from his or her power role to the consultation role (Masuda, Ebersole & Barrett, 2013). The individual begins recognizing and creating inheritors and also commence activities outside the organisation.

2.3.1.5. Decline

As it is the last stage of the career development of an individual, which ends at the retirement of the worker after working for decades in the service segment that is comprised of incessant successes and achievement stories (Lam, Ng & Feldman, 2012). However, this last career development stage of an individual is considered to be hard.

2.4. Impact of educational counselling on career development among United States Students

Today, educational counselling performs an essential role in the sector of education. Their assistance not just support students in their academics but also provide guidance in different life circumstances. According to Gagnon & Mattingly, (2016), around 90% of the schools in the United States reported that they have hired at least one counsellor for providing support to the students in their academic, social, and emotional development. These educational counsellors develop the overall personality of the student incudes personal, academic, emotional, and social development. Many studies have revealed that the educational counselling is useful for students that are presently enrolled in the elementary schooling and also for the students transferring to the higher studies. The programs of education counselling are created for enabling student accomplishment restructuring their behaviour, presence and supporting them in their social development (Bodenhorn, Wolfe & Airen, 2010). The initial step that is taken in the counselling is to define the situation that can result in the effectiveness of the program. The programs of educational counselling or school counselling deliver counselling in the system of three factors that are social bonding, academics, and career. These programs perform an essential part in the school climate and in progressing the achievements of the students.

2.4.1. Positive Impact of Educational Counselling 

2.4.1.1. College Readiness

According to Knowledge Review (2019), students of United States that are involved in seeking the support or guidance related to academics have enhanced their high school and college readiness which have a positive influence on their decisions related to their career path. There are many studies that have revealed that the graduation rates of high school and enrolment rate of the four-year college augmented when an additional counsellor is hired at high school. Students in the United States that are involved in working with the counsellors in the high school before 10th grade is likely to appear to the college. Besides this, the students having access to the college supervision have reflected higher rates of college applications which is enhanced their career path. Schools that hire one counsellor for every 250 students or less shown more than 90% of the rates of graduation, with attendance rate of 93%, and around 2% rate of the discipline issue. In consideration to the small group counselling, the supervision assists in enhancing the 80% of the failing grades of the elementary school student (Gagnon & Mattingly, 2016).

2.4.1.2. Refining Student Outcomes

Educational counselling reveals a broader variety of positive outcomes for the student like increased attendance, higher grades, math proficiency, low rate of suspension, increased proficiency of reading, etc. Results scored through the school or educational counselling programs contribute in the value to the education of the student and improves the performance as well as engagement of the student towards their academic and social development (Carey, Harrington, Martin & Hoffman, 2012).

2.4.1.3. Social-emotional Skills

According to Walker, Shenker & Hoover-Dempsey, (2010), Educational counsellors are involved in endorsing positive environment and improving the abilities of the student to appropriately manage the emotional as well as social demands of their lives. These counsellors deliver commands, assistance to teams, teaching the programs of counselling, core values, and learning activities in the schools focused on the emotional and social development. They are skilled with passable understanding of the human characteristics and the nature precise to child and teenage development. Suitable approaches are indorsed by the counsellors in the environment of the school for propelling students in the direction of developing a positive attitude and supporting their emotional as well as social development by the use of indirect and direct services. Counsellors support in building cognition attitude, social skills, self-regulation, and behaviour (Wang & Sheikh‐Khalil, 2014).

2.4.1.4. Personalized Growth

Most of the programs of educational counselling are introduced with the passable counsel-to-student-ratio. This specific ratio is highly related with the outcomes of the student. School counselling programs are very effective when the counsellors give high attention to the needs (Moyer, 2011). A properly applied counsel-to-student ratio could support the students in the academics, discipline proceeding, transitions, special education, etc. Besides this, the programs of social counselling support the students in developing a positive attitude, aptitude, and actions that are needed for attaining their educational goals as well as future professional goals. Considering the influence of the indiscipline, or accepting the accountability are considered to be very essential factors in refining a positive environment of learning.

2.4.1.5. Refining Organizing

According to McKenzie, Murray, Prior & Stark, (2011), a properly planned program of educational counselling delivers positive benefits for the students in understanding themselves. As the programs of educational counselling are dependent on the determined objectives or aim and deliver and prepare all the involved students in attaining their important organizing skills. These types of programs guide in analysing the weakness, strengths, and opportunities. Positively evolving these important skills of problem solving enable students in familiarizing with the applied reasoning and taking tough decisions. Identifying and comprehending these skills help students in releasing their complete potential. Focusing on the purpose, programs of educational counselling helps in recognizing the long-term goals and short-term plans of the students.

2.4.1.6. Helping in making Decisions

At a specific school stage, the students are asked to take some decisions that can result in making or destroying their future career. But these decisions can be made easily and can be better if the use of educational counselling programs are done at school level (Sabella, Poynton & Isaacs, 2010). These decisions can be far reaching, small, or holds the power to change anything. In this, school counsellors perform an essential role in taking decisions as they take account of individual student or participant. They exert efforts in involving their students in making decisions, assessing career options, and guide in preparing a list of pros and cons in order to consider the personal preference of the participants.

A complete program of educational counselling includes components such as the academic mission of the school and is determined by the data of the student that is dependent on the social, career, and academic development (Lunenburg, 2010). Educational counsellors make use of these information on the student’s behaviour, achievements, and attendance which results in enhancing their future outcomes. They get closely involve in working with the students and personalize their way of education, develop required understanding, mindset, and skills for attaining the academic as well as other life success.

2.4.2. Negative Impact of Educational Counselling

2.4.2.1. Anxiety or hesitation

For many students, discussing their personal or academic related issues with any third person at school level becomes very tough. It has been identified in the United States that students hesitate in expressing their weakness or their doubts in front of the school counsellors which results in impacting the results of the counselling sessions. Besides this, incomplete information by the student results in increasing complications for the counsellors to assess the skills of the student and provide any type of guidance in the selection of career choices (Bitsika, Sharpley & Melham, 2010).

2.4.2.2. Trust Issues

According to O’Keeffe, (2013), sometimes student feel uncomfortable in revealing their personal issues in front of counsellor and to break their trust of sharing their issues. Besides this, there are some students that are engaged in any type of domestic violence or abuse due to which they avoid trusting everyone. This is a major issue for the student as well as for the counsellors are, they are restricted to their feelings which also restrict the counsellor to help them individually. This may also bring out rejections for that specific student in while working in a group. Besides this, these rejections drop down the motivation and confidence of the student and comes as a hurdle in his or her career path.

2.4.2.3. Inherent risks

According to the Reddy, (2019), in the school setting, the counsellors train or assist students in a classroom where there are number of students. But few students in that group may display their violent behaviour that may result in causing clashes among different students and among student and counsellor. Fragile people will not understand what is going on in the group. It must be analysed that this damages the group while working on different practices of career development. They are unable to handle the inherent risks that will be broken by the members at some level.

2.4.2.4. Social Phobias

According to the Reddy, (2019), few of the students in the classroom may be nervous to talk with the counsellors. But, the main motive of the counselling is to bring out things from an individual while addressing about themselves. It needs to be highlighted in front of all the students appearing for the counselling sessions. This demands for detailed research related to the phobias that a student is going through.

2.4.2.5. Expensive

Many times, parents try to get an appointment from an external counsellor for the issues that are being faced by their children. But a good counsellor is not all the time affordable for the parents due to their high fees for single session only (Habib, 2011). Besides this, expressing personal and private information can be an expensive thing for the client or student.

2.4.2.6. Incapability to understand the issue of student

According to Glasheen, Campbell & Shochet, (2013), sometimes there are situations when the counsellor is unable to understand the issues of his or her client or student. This situation may arise due to the hesitation of the client or incomplete knowledge or understanding of the concepts of counselling of the counsellor. There is the possibility that the counsellor lacks in the communication and understanding skills due to which student or client does not express their feelings properly due to which the entire session becomes waste for the student. Further, the inability of the counsellor results in impacting his or her reputation in the society or school and cause the termination of the counsellor.

2.4.2.7. Overlooking the physical and medical issues

According to Pereira & Rekha, (2017), while providing emotional, social and academic support to the student, sometimes there are chances that the counsellor overlooks their medical and physical issues. There are situations when the student is medically and physically ill which decline his or her motivation level and causes negative impact on the academic and career development. Therefore, it is very important for the counsellor to understand and get the complete details related to their clients such that they can provide effective services.

2.4.2.8. Incapability to communicate the solution

According to Barnes, Cross, Lester, Hearn, Epstein & Monks, (2012), the lack of communication skills of the counsellor is one of the causes that impacts the career development path of the student. For a counsellor it is very significant to work on developing their communication skills and skills for motivating the depressed student in order to provide possible solutions that can help him or her in focusing on their career development.

2.4.2.9. High Job-pressure

As stated by Peters, C. (2018), nowadays, school teachers have reported high job pressure which is negatively impacting them. Like the life of other service professionals, the life of school teachers is not a calm job. Similarly, working as a school counsellor is not an easy job in terms of job pressure and even there is high stake at their job. This is because there are many students who are suffering from domestic abuse and violence which increases the responsibilities and duties of the =counsellor for supporting and delivering help to those students such that they can focus on their present academics and future career.

2.4.2.10. Limited Resources

There are few of the schools who only give importance to the academic development of a student and avoids their social and emotional development. This results in getting access to limited resources for the job of counsellor (Grothaus & Cole, 2010). This not just restrict the work of the counsellor but also restrict the learning as well as development of the student.  

2.5. Suggestion of Models in the School Counselling in US for Overcoming Challenges

The above discussed issues that are experienced by the students and counsellors in the United States can be overcome by applying different models at school setting to get better outcomes in the form of student development. The models are complementary because they are formed to concentrate on the activities as well as roles of the working counsellors and on the training of those counsellors. The following models that are going to be discussed in this section have been permitted by some of the training programs of the universities of school counselling and the professional associations.

2.5.1. ASCA Model

According to the Romano, Goh & Wahl, (2005), the ASCA is the National Model for the school counsellors is comprised of four main components that are management system, accountability, system of delivery, and foundation. Foundation is all about fundamental philosophy, structure, and mission of the counselling of the school and the program of guidance. The components of the delivery system is dependent on the foundation of the programs of the school counselling, and defines the methods, interactions, as well as activities for delivering the program. The system of delivery is comprised of four components that are:

(a) Guidance curriculum is dependent on the classroom lessons that are developed in a structural form that are pervaded through the curriculum of the school.

(b) Planning on the basis of individual student for supporting the students in attaining their individual objectives, comprising career and academic counselling (Martin & Carey, 2014).

(c) Response services is all about considering the crisis experienced by the students or the life events that hinder their learning as well as growth.

(d) Systems support is said to be the management and administrative support systems available in a school that are important for the counsellors in the school for delivering their services.

According to Pyne, (2011), the overall management system component of this model enables the execution of the delivery system of the school counselling program in the school and district. A successful management system may comprises agreement between the administration of the school and school counsellors related to the activities and goals of the programs of school counselling; the teachers, parents, and student’s advisory council; data of school for the development of the school counselling program; effective utilization of the time of the school counsellor by reallocating the non-counselling errands (for example, clerical and testing program duties administration) to any other employee. The ratio of school counsellor-to-student is high in the United States.

Studer, Diambra, Breckner & Heidel, (2011), revealed that the component of the accountability of the ASCA model is also very essential. Accountability may be comprised of the evaluations for the determination of the efficiency of the programs of school counselling, evaluating the performance of the counsellor of the school, and distribution of the responsibilities, and evaluating the outcomes for the main stakeholders as well as for the funding agencies. For the maintenance of the feasible program of the school counselling, the school counsellors are accountable for presenting the evaluative data to the stakeholders that highlights the significance and requirement for the school counsellors.

2.5.2. TSCI Training Model

According to Ockerman, Mason & Chen-Hayes, (2013), where the ASCA model is concentrated in the activities and programs of school counselling in the schools, the TSCI model concentrates on the school counsellor’s graduate-level training in the universities and colleges of United States. TSCI is especially created for focusing on the school counsellor’s training for meeting the gap in the academic achievement between the students with low and high performance. Numerous teachers or faculties from the University of Minnesota were the contributing members of the evaluation teach of TSCI.

According to Romano, Goh & Wahl, (2005), in the United States, the school counsellors are qualified and trained at the post-baccalaureate level, and are provided with the license or certificate by the education department of the country where different school counsellors practices. In the US, minimum of Master’s degree is convocated by most of the practicing school counsellors. TSCI consider the school counsellor as most essential professional in the school for advancing the academic achievement goals of the school student. As a prelude for introducing the initiative of TSCI, the educational leaders clinched that, as currently offered in the United States: (a) the training of the counsellors of school is concentrated on preparing them to become the psychological therapists, or individual counsellors; (b) the education is provided to the school counsellors by the professors with little work experience in the school counselling stream and school; (c) school counsellors frequently work in the administrative and clerical roles and these roles when combined with exceptionally high student caseloads, decrease the influence of the school counselling, and (d) data and technology based decisions is not generally the portion of the preparation of the school counsellors. According to the report of the group pf educators, to correct these limitations, the TSCI model was introduced for enhancing the school counsellor’s training by graduating the school counsellors who were: (a) well-informed about the school as well as their systems; (b) capable enough for supporting the students in meeting their personal, career, and education objectives and concentrated on the strengths of the students in place of their deficits; and (c) counsellors who are trained like advocates for bringing a systematic change in the school, particularly to eliminate the educational blockades that obstruct the academic achievements of the student.

TSCI model focus on the education and training of the school counsellors for becoming an essential educational school team member (Singh, Urbano, Haston & McMahan, 2010). For carrying out this function, the counsellors of school should be trained in order to be the school leaders and capable to influence the systemic change initiatives. The universities that are one major portion of the TSCI model reviewed their curricula of the training of the school counsellor and done vital alterations in the procedure of admitting and recruiting the students. For instance, these universities updated their existing courses for incorporating skills and knowledge accompanied to social and educational advocacy. They provided instructions to the students on the technology use in the procedure decision-making. The training programs of the school counsellor united with the schools that were supportive of the objectives of TSCI to provide students pertinent and quality overseen repetition experience previous to graduation. While enrolling new students to the profession, the institutions demanded for the nominations from the leaders of the school and reached to the ethnic communities for the potential students who were supportive of the goals of TSCI.

2.5.3. TPACK Model

The Full form of TPACK is Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge. According to Romano, Goh & Wahl, (2005), it is considered to be the theory that is introduced for explaining the set of knowledge that teachers are supposed to communicate to their students related to the subject, use technology, and effective teaching. Technological pedagogical content knowledge (TPACK) is a model for understanding and describing the type of knowledge that is required by the teachers for the operative educational practices in the learning environment enhanced by the technology (Jang & Tsai, 2013). Koehler and Mishra are the one who added the technology as the element of modelling to the pedagogical content knowledge of Lee Shulman. They projected that highlighting the pedagogical knowledge, technological knowledge, as well as content knowledge simultaneously delivers a framework for the integration of technology in the prospectus. This framework working on building the relationship between content, pedagogy, and technology. A teacher who is capable of presenting the negotiations related to these relationships signify a type of proficiency different from, and wider than, the information of a disciplinary professional, an expert in technologies, or a professional at the teaching/pedagogy.

Source [(McGraw Hill, 2019)]

2.5.3.1. 2-area overlap

According to Benton-Borghi, (2013), the technology knowledge is said to be the understanding or clarity of the way of using the technologies in a precise content domain. For instance, for the teachers of physics, it is about the clarity of the technologies range that is used by the physicists in the science and industry. In the technological integration context within the schools, it most of the time referred to as the digital technologies like internet, software applications, and laptops. Technology knowledge go beyond the digital knowledge in order to have the understanding of how to alter the aim of current technologies (like wikis) such that they could be utilized in an improved way. On the other side, CK or content knowledge is said to be the detailed grounding in the subject matter at college-level or subject command. It can also comprise concepts understanding, conceptual frameworks, adopted ways of developing knowledge, and theories. Besides this, PK or Pedagogical knowledge talks about the general knowledge like how students learn, assessment methods, understanding of different learning theories, and approaches of teaching. This understanding or knowledge is important but considered to be inadequate for the purposes of teaching. Besides this, there is requirement by teacher of content knowledge (Margaret, 2016).

2.5.3.2. 3-area overlap

According to Herring, Koehler & Mishra, (2016), Pedagogical content knowledge is considered to be the knowledge related to how to syndicate effectively pedagogy and content. This is the knowledge related to how to clear the understanding of a subject to the learners. According to the reports of Crippen and Archambault, PCK is comprised of the knowledge related to the aspects that makes a subject tough or easy for the learners to understand, and the understanding of the common misunderstandings and possible preconceptions deal by the students in the classroom. Technological content knowledge is related to the knowledge of the way technology can be utilized for providing strategies of teaching content. For instance, the digital animation allows students to theorize how there is sharing of electrons between atoms at the time of formation of chemical compounds (Management Association, 2019). The Technological pedagogical knowledge is related to the technology’s constraints as the enabler of diverse approaches of teaching. For instance, the tools of online collaboration may enable social learning for the learners who are separated geographically (Brouwer, Dekker & Pol, 2013).

2.5.3.3. 4-area overlap

Mishra and Koehler then included T of technology to the pedagogical content knowledge of Shulman, getting pedagogy, content, and technology. TPCK is all about the understanding of the interaction that takes between TK, PK, and CK at the time when there is use of technology for the learning and teaching. It is comprised of an understanding related to the relationship’s complexity between content, technologies, students, practices, and teachers (Elena, 2015).

2.6. Strategies for overcoming challenges experienced by students and counsellors

People in America deal with an average of the 5 to 6 unemployment period in their life. In order to support them through the uncertainty of the employment period and stress, they need to turn to a career counsellor for the support. This is not the least of American’s problems, they also deal with the challenges like academic down turn, anxiety, social and emotional breakdown, and many more that require close assistance of a counsellor. The college and school counsellors guide graduating college and high school students for their future career and support help in experiencing a change in the profession. It is generally said that career counsellors can make difficult things easier for people. Not just students, there are many counsellors to who deal with some challenges in the counselling profession. Therefore, apart from models in school counselling, there is suggestion of some strategies that could be utilized to overawed the above-stated challenges experienced by the students as well as counsellors in the United States.

2.6.1. Developing a therapeutic relationship

In consideration to all the types of counselling, career counselling is considered to be the one that best most of the benefits and is successful too when the counsellor develops a good and meaningful relation with its clients or students. According to the analysis of Walden University, (2019), where many school or career counsellors make use of personality tests and career aptitude, the top counsellors completed a master’s program of clinical mental health and utilize their training in the clinical stream in order to go ahead of the simple vocational guidance. They get involve in working in understanding the worries, fears, demands, and interest of the clients at a level that provides deeper results in comparison to any other test. By founding a therapeutic relationship with the customers or clients, the top school counsellors can offer complete assistance and support. This strategy has been suggested because it can help the counsellor in boosting the confidence of its client which can eliminate their hesitation and anxiety that restrict them to share their issues or any other personal issues. Besides this, maintaining a therapeutic relationship works on developing a trust between the school counsellor and their clients or students that can eventually support in the career development. In addition to this, by focusing on the therapeutic relationship, the counsellor also focuses on the medical and physical issue that is being experienced by the student while helping in his or her career development (Pereira & Rekha, 2017).

2.6.2. Defining goals

There are many top school or educational counsellors who get involved in setting specific objectives with their students or clients and readdress the attention of their clients toward those set objectives if the conversation between them shifts to any other point. It has been believed that the school, educational, or career counsellors can ask from their clients to detail about their perfect job, or talk about their 5-year goals from now (Stewart, 2005). The professionals in the stream of career counselling can also drag the attention of their clients on the things that are essential in life and the things they enjoy the most while completing their work. Asking all these specified questions could support in determining the career focused objectives. As discussed about, there are many students who feel conscious in expressing their feelings and goals in life due to low motivation, by working on these specified questions the school counsellor can effectively set the career focused objectives for the students.

2.6.3. Working of creating room for self-exploration

Top school counsellors do not directly handover the results of the vocational test to their students. Here, they work on understanding their students and allow students to discuss about the matters that are impacting their choices of career and career too. A good session of counselling might work as a gateway to self-discovery, but this only happens if the counsellor is knowledgeable and skilled in supporting his or her client open avenues of self-reflection (Dewing, Mathews, Schaay, Cloete, Louw & Simbayi, 2013). For the good career counsellors, information such as vocational assessments are only the beginning. If a counsellor work on boosting the confidence of his or her client to express their feelings and issues then he or she can contribute in eliminating the social phobias of their client (Reddy, (2019). Besides this, providing some time and space to the client for expressing his or her feelings and issues, helps the counsellor in understanding their problems in detail and providing suitable solutions.

2.6.4. Understanding the job market

It is very essential for the professionals in every type of counselling to have a clear understanding of their job and its significance. As per the analysis presented by Walden University. (2019), the top school counsellors hold the knowledge of their job and put their maximum efforts to stay well-informed about the issues that their job market is dealing with. They provide close attention to the ways of outsourcing, automation, downsizing, and to the competition that influence the job opportunities and precise careers. In addition to this, they have the understanding of the attitudes and skills that are required to succeed in this modern employment environment. Frequently, counsellors get involve with their clients in order to assure that they ate competent with the technology, longsuffering of variety, ready to manage the modern job uncertainties, and accomplished of upholding the occupational consciousness required to evade falling or becoming redundant. As it has been noticed above that there are many school counsellors who deal with challenges in the counselling market. Some of the challenges like inability to communicate the solution to client, problem in understanding the client’s doubts, limited resources, and high job pressure. These challenges can be overcome by the counsellors by grabbing the detailed understanding of the job market and working on own skills that can provide benefits to the career development process of the students who are in need.

2.6.5. Helping into changing the life themes into career goals

The top school counsellors do not just provide recommendations related to the possible professions. They get involve in supporting their students expose a formerly unrevealed passion for precise careers. In order to do this, the counsellors adopt a holistic approach, by considering all the clients as a whole person and then searching for the life themes that have natural relation with the career and above which the client is qualified. There are some long-term benefits for opting that career in which the client can do better but do not like it. The best possible approach is to identify a career option that can match a tuning with one’s capabilities and the goals of life (Good Therapy, 2019). Most of the top school counsellors work on supporting their students to find these types of career.

2.6.6. Making use of Technology in the Career Counselling

According to Oberman & Studer, (2009), internet and the technology are considered to be precious resources in the field of career development. Clients are capable to click and type their way of information on any topic. Therefore, one could not highlight the requirement for the installation of the technology in an individual’s course of career counselling with the clear information that few of the websites are more dependable and reliable in comparison to others. One of the examples of technology incorporation in the class of the career counselling is having each student with a career website to share with the entire class that can add value to their future practice. For instance, the Occupational Outlook Handbook is best example of the website in this field that deliver a range of resources for all the career seekers. But, because of the propagation of web resources, it sometimes becomes tough to select from those that are trustworthy and those deliver imprecise information.

2.6.7. Cognitive behavioural therapy for classroom anxiety

School environment sometimes considered to be tough for the students, no matter if they are appearing for the college or elementary school. Experiencing challenges related to academics can even worse the school experience for a student. Academic performance may result in raising some of the serious issues such as high anxiety, or needing support with the disabilities, such as autism, learning, or ADHD disabilities (The Behaviour Institute, 2019). If any student is dealing with academic challenges, they are recommended to try counselling sessions for overcoming these challenges and enhance his or her overall performance. Any student may be dealing with the social anxiety that makes him or her feel very uncomfortable while interacting with other class mate. They may feel like all other mates have a negative feeling about them, or even feel like teacher will scold him or her. This type of students feels embarrassed in the classroom. If the student takes the help of a counsellor, then he or she can teach him about the strategies of cognitive behavioural therapy in order to deal with this kind of anxiety. With the sessions of CBT, that student can learn the way to identify his or her irrational thoughts and can learn ways to challenge them and replace those feelings with the healthy or positive thoughts (Haugland, Raknes, Haaland, Wergeland & Bjaastad, 2017). For instance, the student may feel insecure to talk or speak in the classroom due to negative thinking. With the help of CBT, that student will be able to learn the way to challenge those thoughts by asking himself, “Am I a mind reader? No. Like this, asking questions from yourself help in overcoming the negative thoughts.

2.6.8. Undergo Psychotherapy

Psychotherapy could be utilized for any the challenge related to academics that the student is dealing with. It is a therapy provided by any of the mental health professional. Talk therapy can be useful for any of the academic challenge like social anxiety, learning disabilities, test anxiety, or depression (American Psychiatric Association, 2019). Making use of talk therapy enable student a safe as well as supportive environment to interact about the challenges related to academics. The student can get involve in confronting their feelings and work over them. As the test anxiety is considered to be a main problem that stems from a precise type of anxiety disorder, then the psychotherapy can be useful. Besides this, the student can learn to recognize any of the fundamental causes him or her test anxiety. In addition to this, the psychotherapy is also useful if the student has issue related to his or her behaviour, like feelings of isolation, anger issues, or depression because of the mental situation or learning disability. Therefore, these types of students are recommended to visit a professional therapist or a counsellor in the school.

2.6.9. Maintaining a Positive Attitude

According to Berongoy, (2019), there are situations in the life that can make a person discouraged and isolated but he or she must keep this in mind that everything will be fine in the end. Just being an optimistic person can help him or her feel relaxed as well as less worried about the situations and can start seeking for a better future. A mind with negative thoughts will never let a person live a positive life. Therefore, it is said that life is like a tunnel with darkness that has an end with light. Students must concentrate on those things that are essential and allow them to meet their life dreams.

All these above recommended strategies are not just focusing on the challenges experienced by the students but also consider the challenges for the counsellors in their job environment. From the analysis, it has been realised that it is very important for the student to reveal or expose their feelings or issues such that the counsellor can help him or her for their future career development. On the other side, a counsellor needs to have a detailed understanding of their basic work and the mental and physical status of their client such that he or she can provide proper solutions that can also contribute in the career development of the client (Pereira & Rekha, 2017).

2.7. Conclusion 

This part of the research has presented the literature review of the selected research topic that is “Educational Counselling impact on the career development of the Students of United States”. The analysis of this section reveals that career development procedure of the students of United States is impacted by the educational counselling in both the manner that is positive and negative as they provide effective guidance and assistance to the students for their personal, academic, social, and emotional development. Different counsellors make use of different strategies to boost the motivation and moral of the students that can help student in their future. However, educational counselling also has negative impact on the career development of the student like trust issues, hesitation, anxiety, expensive, etc. In the end, this section has provided the suggestion of some strategies that can be used by the counsellor for better outcomes of counselling sessions. In the conclusion, it could be said that if a counselling has complete understanding of his or her work and situation of his or her client then the positive results can be gathered through counselling.  

3. Chapter: 3 Research Methodology

3.1. Introduction

Research could be determined as the activity that is about finding things that are less known in a systematic manner. While, Research Methodology is said to be the philosophical framework in which the research is executed or the basis on which the entire research is dependent (Suri, 2011). This chapter of research methodology is determining the methods, approaches, and designs of the research in the detail highlighting those used throughout this study, mitigating the choices made by determining the advantages and disadvantages of all the approaches and design considered and their practical applicability. Besides this, this chapter of the thesis is essential because it helps the researcher in identifying the research limitations that needs to be focused by the researcher in the future research. Further, it has been noted that the researcher has focused on the ethical consideration while working on the research topic that is considered to be very important and if avoided the negative consequences needs to be faced by the researcher.

3.2. Research Philosophy

The research philosophy term is said to be a system of assumptions and belief related to the development of knowledge. Though, this seems to be rather deep, it is exactly what an individual is doing when working on the research; increasing understanding or knowledge related to specific topic and field (Mkansi & Acheampong, 2012). The development of knowledge that is being done is about answering a particular issue in the specific business or field. In other words, the research philosophy is considered to be the belief related to the ways under which the data about the phenomenon must be gathered, evaluated, and utilized (Leitch, Hill & Harrison, 2010). There are two research philosophy types that is generally applied by the investigator for development of knowledge that are interpretivist and positivist.

The aim of the interpretivist research is to develop new as well as richer understanding and interpretations related to the contexts and social worlds. This research is comprised of interpretation of the basics of the study; therefore, it integrated the interest of human in the study. Consequently, interpretive researchers undertake that reality access is only through the social structures such as devices, language, shared meanings, and consciousness (Moini, 2011). According to this method, it is significant for the investigator being the social actor to appreciate the differences between different people. Besides this, interpretivism studies usually concentrate on the meaning and make use of different methods to reveal diverse aspects of the issue.

As a philosophy, positivism follows the assessment that only the factual understanding is gathered with the observation, comprising dimension is dependable. In this study, the part of the investigator is restricted or limited to only collection of the data and explanation in objective manner (Taylor & Medina, 2011). Under these kinds of studies, the findings of the overall study are generally computable as well as observable. Positivism is dependent on the quantifiable observations that results in the statistical analyses. It has been reported that a positivism philosophy is in agreement with the pragmatist view that is stems through the human experience.

Considering the nature of this study, the investigator has selected interpretivist philosophy because it has enabled the access to present perceptions and views of the research participants. It has provided a depth support to the researcher in presenting reasonable conclusions in relation to the research topic that is “Educational Counselling Impact on Career Development of students of United States”. Besides this, the researcher has not adopted the positivism philosophy for this study because there is not requirement of presenting a structural methodology that is comprised of developing hypothesis and evaluation of the outcomes.

3.3. Research Approach

The concept of research approach is considered to be essential for the study as it support in justifying the selected approaches and design of the research. This section of the methodology supports the researcher in representing the information in an organized manner (Alase, 2017). Generally, there are two kinds of approach that is adopted by the investigator for conducting their research that are inductive and deductive approach.

When a researcher selects the inductive approach for his or her research, they start their work in collecting the data related to the selected research topic. When a required amount of data is gathered by the researcher, he or she then take a step back and analyse the data properly in order to have a proper and valid results. This approach is also called as inductive reasoning in which the major importance is provided to the observations and theories (Liu, 2016). Any type of hypothesis is not applied in this approach in the beginning and researcher gets a free choice to alter the direction of the entire study. It is essential to highlight that the inductive approach do not suggest to ignore the theories while framing the research objective and question. The aim of this approach is to generate meanings from the information gathered for recognizing the patterns as well as relationships for creating a theory (Moretti, Vliet, Bensing, Deledda & Mazzi, 2011).

Beside this, the focus of the deductive approach is to create hypothesis depending on the present theory, and after than creating a research strategy for testing that hypothesis. It has been reported that the meaning of deductive is reasoning. If there is a casual link observed to be disguised by a definite theory, it could be true in diverse cases. A deductive approach is applied to check if this link did get on more general conditions (Jahn, 2011).

For conducting this research on the topic “educational counselling impact on career development”, the researcher has used inductive approach. This is because the approach has provided a subjective understanding to the researcher linked to the research topic. By this, the investigator is able to improve the validity of the results of the research. The inductive approach has supported the researcher in collecting the information and create particular conclusion for the discussing of impact of educational counselling on the career development among the students in United States. Further, the deductive approach has not been applied to this study because it is not appropriate for the topic and there is no requirement of developing hypothesis.

3.4. Research design

It is the section in the research methodology that talks about the set process and methods utilized in gathering and evaluating the measures of the variables stated in the research problem, experimental design, and hypothesis and if required the methods of data collection and a statistical analysis plan. In simple words, it is a framework comprised of methods chosen by the investigator for combining numerous mechanisms of the research in a reasonable way such that the research issue is professionally managed (Mitchell & Jolley, 2012). It helps in identifying the detail related to how to execute the research with the use of specific methodology. The research design is of three types that are qualitative research design, quantitative research design, and mixed research design.

Qualitative Research is said to be a scientific method of the observation for the collection of non-numerical data. This kind of research is all about meanings, definitions, metaphors, concepts, description, characteristics, and symbols of things (Tufford & Newman, 2012). This type of research provides answers related to how and why a specific phenomenon can occur in place of how often. The approaches of qualitative research are used in many academic disciplines, concentrating on the human elements of the natural and social sciences.

Quantitative Research is said to be a methodical experiential study of observable phenomena through computational, mathematical, and statistical techniques. The goal of the quantitative research is use and create mathematical models, hypothesis, and theories related to the research topic (Yilmaz, 2013). The procedure of measurement is domain to the quantitative research because it provides the fundamental connection between the mathematical expression and empirical observation of quantitative relationships.

Mixed Research design is the approach that is framed with the combination of quantitative as well as qualitative research. Mixed methods help the researcher with difficult approach to responding to the questions of the thesis. In simple words, it is the methodology for executing research that is comprised of gathering, evaluating, and integrating the qualitative and quantitative research (Yvonne Feilzer, 2010).

In consideration to the nature of the research topic and to have a detailed analysis of the research, the investigator has opted mixed research design which is comprised of both qualitative and quantitative research. The research has selected the mixed research design because this research is not comprised of theoretical data but it is also presenting the statistical and numerical presentation of the views of research participants. Besides this, only making use of qualitative research or quantitative research would have restricted the research and findings of the researcher which impacts the conclusion of the research. Further, using mixed research help researcher to equip both numerical and non-numerical data in the report.

3.5. Research purpose

The research purpose is present a descriptive analysis of the selected research topic that is “Educational Counselling Impact on the Career Development of Students in United States”. This research is not just supporting the researcher in clearing his concept but also supporting other research stakeholders in understanding the importance of educational counselling in the career development of student and its contribution among the students of United States. There are three approaches of research purpose that are explanatory, exploratory, and descriptive approaches (Chakraborty, 2010).

Explanatory research is adopted by the researcher for finding the solutions for a problem that was not studied in detail in the past. This research is not just adopted for presenting the conclusive indication but provide support in understanding the issue more professionally. While working on this research, the investigator must be capable of accepting new information and the new visions at the time of studying the specific subject (Kahreh, Shirmohammadi & Kahreh, 2014). This research does not focus on presenting final and conclusive solutions to the research question but enable the investigator to discover the research topic with variable level of depths.

As the name suggest, Exploratory Research is about exploring the research issue or problem that has yet not been studied clearly. This research does not focus on presenting the definite solutions to the current problems. This kind of investigation is generally done for studying an issue that has not be well-defined yet (Goeman & Solari, 2011). The Exploratory research is conducted for defining the research problem nature. Besides this, it aids the investigator in defining the method of data collection, selecting the subjects, and research design.

On the other hand, the descriptive research is determined as a research purpose approach that determines the characteristics of the population that has been planned to study. This methodology concentrates on what is the research subject and why it is being studied. In simpler words, this research primarily concentrated on describing the nature of the research issue deprived of talking about why a specific phenomenon took place (Kim, 2013). The descriptive research is used by the researcher for diverse sorts of calculation. The main part of this investigation is survey which is conducted by considering the number of selected population and reviewing their opinions. Further, descriptive research is related with the observational studies, however not restricted with the observation method of data collection. Surveys and case studies can be used as most known methods of data collection with the descriptive research. (Oliveira & Medonça, 2012).

In order to present viable and reliable data for the selected research topic that is “Educational Counselling Impact on Career Development of students in United States”, the researcher has used descriptive research purpose approach. This has been selected because it has allowed the researcher in understanding the views and characters of the selected research participants. Besides this, selecting a descriptive method does not restrict the observation of the researcher to presenting the views and opinions of the participants but it also illustrates the views and opinions previously presented by different scholars and authors on similar research topic.

3.6. Research Strategy

The research strategy sections talk about the key elements of the research study like research perspective, topic, and focus of the entire study. This part of the research methodology is one of the important parts as it consents the investigator to researching about the issue for presenting their solutions in an organized manner (Verschuren, Doorewaard & Mellion, 2010). With the use of proper research strategy, the investigator is able to gather the detailed evidence and evaluate the data for presenting specific conclusion. For attaining the objective and aim of the research as discussed above, the researcher can make use of different strategies like literature review, focused group, observation, questionnaire, case study, interview, and experiment (Saleh, Aich, Plazas-Tuttle, Lead & Lowry, 2015). For presenting the reasonable research solutions, the researcher has made use of literature review and survey through questionnaire as the research strategy. Both of these strategies have been used because these strategies have enabled the researcher in presenting both secondary and primary data.

Literature Review is also called as narrative review which is a inclusive summary of the preceding research on the specific topic. The literature review section of the research is comprised of the analysis of the books, journals, scholarly articles, and many other secondary sources for a specific research topic (Galati & Moessner, 2013). In this study, the literature review has been presented on the research topic that is “Educational Counselling Impact on the Career Development of Students in United States. This research strategy has supported the researcher in describing, reviewing, accurately assessing, and clarifying this previous research topic. It has provided a theoretical basis for the research topic and supported in determining the research nature. This section has reviewed and acknowledged the work of previous researchers, and while doing so, he has assured that their work has been properly conceived. In addition to this, the literature review has created a “landscape” for the stakeholders of the research, providing them a complete understanding of this specific field.

A questionnaire is one of the instruments of the research that is comprised of series of questions with the aim of gathering information from the research participants. The questionnaire is created for the statistical analysis of the views presented by the research participants (Lietz, 2010). Making use of questionnaire in the research study enable the researcher with numerous advantages. Some of the advantages for the researcher are it is cheap and does not demand for much efforts of the researcher in comparison to other surveys like telephonic and verbal surveys. Besides this, questionnaire helps in getting standardized solutions that makes simple process of compiling the data for the researcher. Furthermore, conducted survey through questionnaires are said to be sharply limited because of the fact that the participants of the research must be able to understand the questions and accordingly provide their responses. Therefore, for some of the demographic groups directing a survey with the use of questionnaire may not be concrete.  

3.7. Data Collection Method

Data collection is the procedure of collecting and evaluating the evidence on different interest variables, in a recognized methodical manner that allows an individual to respond to the presented questions, testing hypothesis, and evaluating the results (Henderson, Evans-Lacko, Flach & Thornicroft, 2012). The data collection section of the research methodology is general in every field of research comprising social sciences, business, physical science, and humanities, etc. The methods of data collection may differ in terms of discipline, the focus on confirming the precise and honest collection remains the same. The main motive of the data collection is to get the quality evidence that enables the analysis for leading to the designing of substantial and trustworthy answers for the research question that have been modelled. There are two methods of data collection that are primary data collection method and secondary data collection method (Hofisi, Hofisi & Mago, 2014).

Primary data is the data that the investigator gathers with the use of fresh or first-hand sources with the adoption of methods like interviews, experiments, and surveys. It is gathered by considering the entire research study directly from the primary sources (Mills, Teplitsky, Arroyo, Charmantier, Becker, Birkhead & Bushuev, 2015). This primary data term is utilized in the contracts with the secondary data term. Interview method of the primary research is mostly utilized where there is an interviewer who ask questions personally or with the use of mail or telephone. Questionnaire is the mostly used method in which the researcher set a series of questions and present it to the participants to fill it in the form of survey.  

Secondary data is the information that is gathered by different researchers and authors while conducting their research in specific topic and field. Some of the secondary data sources that are used in different studies are government reports, books, journals, websites, articles, etc. Making use of secondary data in the research many times saves the time of the researcher that otherwise is invested in collecting new data and specifically in the quantitative data collection (Andrews, Higgins, Andrews & Lalor, 2012). Secondary method of data collection is considered to be beneficial for the researcher as it is economical, save efforts, less expensive, time saving, provide clear understanding of the issue, and also provides a basis for comparing the data that is gathered by the investigator (Giuliano, Gordon, Pan, Park & Wang, 2010).

As discussed above, for conducting this research the investigator has make use of descriptive approach as the research purpose and literature review and questionnaire as the research strategy considering the nature of the research. By considering these selections of the research strategy, for this section the researcher has selected both the approaches of data collection that is primary method and secondary method of data collection. For the collection of primary data, the investigator has made use of survey through questionnaire as its primary source, whereas, for the collection of secondary data, the researcher has made use of journals, government reports, books, websites, and different articles as its secondary sources.

3.8. Methods of Sampling

Sampling is the procedure utilized in the statistical analysis in which a prearranged observation number is taken into consideration from the huge population. In the research methodology the sample is taken from larger population based on the kind of analysis that is being performed and the type of sampling method is selected (Suri, 2011). In other words, sampling is the choice of a subset of individuals from a statistical population for estimating the features of the entire population. Statisticians put their efforts for the samples for representing the selected population in the question. There are two benefits of performing sampling in the research study is faster collection of the data and lower cost. Each observation evaluates the properties of the observable bodies eminent as self-governing individuals. Under the survey sampling, weights can be used for the data to regulate for the designing of sample, specifically in the stratified sampling. There are two types of sampling that are generally considered by the researcher while conducting their research are probability and non-probability sampling strategy (Karaman & Frazzoli, 2011).

Probability Sampling is one of the methods of sampling under which sample is chosen from the larger population with the use of methods depending on the probability theory. Under this, if the participant needs to be selected for the research then it needs to be ensured that it is a random selection (Acharya, Prakash, Saxena & Nigam, 2013). Under the probability sampling, the most essential condition is that all the people included in the research population needs to get equal chance of getting selected for providing their responses for the research. Probability sampling makes use of statistical theory for selecting the research participants randomly, a small group from the present population and then estimating their responses to the questions will be somewhat similar with the overall population (Smith, Swanson, Chiappone, Miller & Ault, 2011).

Non-probability Sampling is another method of sampling in which the investigator chooses the samples depending on his or her subjective judgement in place of making a random selection. Under the non-probability sampling method, all the members of the overall population do not get the chance of taking part in the research study same like probability sampling, in which entire population gets the equal chance to be selected in the research (Etikan, Musa & Alkassim, 2016). This type of sampling is majorly useful while conducting an exploratory research such as pilot survey. Non-probability method of sampling is utilized in the research where there is no possibility for the preparation or selection of the random probability sampling because of the cost or time considerations. This method of sampling is a less severe technique, because it is majorly based on the investigator’s expertise. It is carried out by the observation methods and is broadly utilized in the qualitative research. There are different types of non-probability sampling methods some of them are convenience sampling, quota sampling, snowball sampling, judgemental sampling, and consecutive sampling (Miller, Johnston, Dunn, Fry & Degenhardt, 2010).

In order to get viable information and better results for this research, the investigator has selected the method of probability sampling or random probability sampling. This is because the probability or random probability sampling method allow the researcher to provide equal chance to the entire population to get selected in the research study. This method of sampling eliminates the chances of biasness in the study which helps the researcher in presenting reasonable conclusion. Besides this, the use of probability sampling method is effective for the researcher while selecting the participants to the survey. For this study, the researcher has selected 50 school students and 70 college students from United States. On the other side, the method of non-probability has not been selected by the researcher due to avoiding any type of biasness in the research by enabling equal chance to the entire population to be the part of the study.

3.9. Data analysis

The data analysis section in the research methodology is considered to be essential as it helps the researcher in analysing the collected data and presenting the reasonable conclusion. According to the Gelman, Carlin, Stern, Dunson, Vehtari & Rubin, (2013), data analysis is the procedure that is utilized by the researcher for presenting the collecting information in the form of a story and interpreting it to stem understandings. The procedure of data analysis support in decreasing a huge data chunk into small parts that makes some sense. There are three things that takes place in the procedure of data analysis that are organization, categorization, and summarization to be the method for data reduction It support in identifying the themes and patterns in the information for easy linkage and recognition. According to the statement of Silverman, (2018), data analysis is a disordered, unclear, and time-consuming process, however, it is a fascinating as well as creative procedure by which a huge pile of gathered data is structured properly in order to get a suitable meaning. There are different methods of data analysis used by the researcher that are conversational analysis, disclosure analysis, thematic or content analysis, and statistical analysis method.

Thematic analysis is considered to be one of the most general type of data analysis method that is used in the qualitative research. This method focuses on the identification, analysis, and understanding outlines of meanings in the qualitative data (Clarke & Braun, 2013). Thematic analysis is mostly utilized as the technique in comparison to other approaches of qualitative analytics like narrative analysis, grounded theory, interpretative phenomenological analysis, and discourse analysis that could be determined as the methodologies or the theoretical frameworks for the research study. This method of the data analysis is best for different approaches in place of singular method. Diverse versions of thematic analysis are reinforced by diverse conceptual and philosophical assumptions and are different in the form of procedure (Nowell, Norris, White & Moules, 2017).

Statistics is considered to be a science that is comprised of data collection, interpretation of the data, and validation of data. Statistical analysis of the data is the process of executing different statistical operations. It is considered to be a type of quantitative research that seeks to measure the data or information, and characteristically, smears some type of statistical analysis. Quantitative data is comprised of descriptive data, like observational data and survey data. Statistical analysis of the data is normally comprised of some type of statistical tools that a layman could not perform deprived of having any type of statistical knowledge. There are different software packages for performing the statistical data analysis. Data in the statistical data analysis is comprised of variables. The data can be sometimes is univariate or multivariate. Based on different variables, the researcher performs different statistical methods (Reimann, Filzmoser, Garrett & Dutter, 2011).  

For conducting this research, the data analysis method that has been selected by the researcher is statistical data analysis method. This method has been selected because it provides detailed and proper analysis of the collected data. By using this method the researcher is able to present the statistics in detail of the collected data comprising tabular and graphic representation. For this, Ms-Excel has been used for the presentation of the tables and graphs as it has helped the researcher in properly understanding the data and presenting the findings related to the research topic that is “Educational Counselling Impact on Career Development of Students of United States”.

3.10. Ethical Consideration

The ethical consideration could be specified as the most essential portion of the research study. Dissertation can also fail if the researcher misses to follow all the ethical practices in the study. According to Bell, Bryman & Harley, (2018), there are some points that are the principals aligned with the ethical considerations in the research study and the points that are followed by the researcher while conducting this research:

The participants of the research are not harmed in any way by the research or any of the conduct of the research study. The respect of the research participants is considered to be the highest priority of this entire study in order to main their dignity. Besides this, the consent of the participants of the research (that are students of school and college) has been taken by the researcher before presenting any type of survey in front of them. The privacy of the participants has been ensured in order to avoid type of misuse of their personal information. The researcher has also ensured the confidentiality level of the data of the research because if the data is leaked or misused can impact the image of the researcher and the results of the research study. The organizations and individuals who are the part of the research their anonymity has been ensured. In addition to this, while conducting the research study any deception related to the research objectives and aim is avoided at highest level. The associations in any forms, funding sources, and any possible conflicts of interests has been properly declared by the researcher. Further, the communication related to the research is done with transparency and honesty with all the related parties and stakeholders (Hammersley & Traianou, 2012). In the end, this research study has not presented any type of misleading information and the presentation of the findings of the primary data is not biased. In order to have a reliable and viable data of the research, the researcher has taken personal care of all the above mentioned points as he believes that in order to grab the attention of the stakeholders it is important to provide true and honest data that can increase their knowledge and understanding related to any selected topic. Moreover, if the unethical research is carried out, always leaves the research participants and the stakeholders feel vulnerable and get expose to some of the negative thoughts. Further, the researcher has avoided the unethical behaviour while conducting this research because it raises the questions on the reliability of the data that is collected. For avoiding these types of issues, the researcher has ensured careful planning of the entire process and maintained the ethical standards of the research study.

3.11. Research Limitations

The research limitations are the characteristics of the methodology that influence the interpretation of the research findings. They are considered to be the restrictions on the generalizability, submissions to exercise and or usefulness of the presented findings that are the outcomes of the way under which the researcher originally selected to present the research or the techniques utilized to introduce the internal and external cogency or the outcome of unexpected challenges that arose during the study (Gunaratne, 2010). In spite of the fact that the research will have some limitations, the researcher needs to maintain his or her eye to reduce the scope of such limitations in the entire procedure.

While conducting this research, the researcher has experienced some issues due to which few of the limitations are left within the research study. Some of the limitations of this study is that the researcher has only conducted the survey on school and college students and did not considered the importance of the feedback of the teachers, educational or school counsellors, and parents of students. This is being considered as a limitation because counsellors, teachers, and parents are the one who are closely related to students who are dealing with any type of academic, social, or emotional situation and therefore they can provide proper details and information for the importance, significance and impact of counselling. Further, taking feedback from the above specified parties would have provided more depth understanding and solutions on the research topic that is “Educational Counselling Impact on the Career Development of the Students in United Nations”.

Furthermore, another research limitation that has been encountered while conducting this research is availability of limited funds. For working on this detailed and dept research, the researcher has limited funds due to which the data that has been collected is from limited sources and even the primary data that has been collected from the research participants is limited due to funds. If the researcher, would have more funds for the research he would have included more research participants and have presented more depth analysis for the research topic. In addition to this, this was a time-consuming research study due to which the researcher had to invest his lot of time in conducting it. The reason behind which the research because a time-consuming process is the detailed and lengthy structure of the thesis. Moreover, the main research section that consumed maximum time of the researcher was collecting secondary data for presenting literature review and collecting primary data through survey.

Furthermore, another limitation of this research study is that the researcher has only considered the impact of educational counselling on the career development of students of United States which is providing its negative and positive influence in this specific region. This research is only providing the impact of educational counselling on students of United States and not of the entire population of different regions. This is being considered to be the limitation because nowadays educational counselling is performing an essential role in not just the life of students but also the working professionals of different regions like Asia, Europe, and United Kingdom.

3.12. Conclusion

This section of the report has discussed about different methods, approaches, and techniques that are used by the researcher for gathering data, interpreting data, evaluating data, and analysing the data. From the analysis of the report it could be concluded that, in order to get better and detailed results, there is requirement of both primary as well as secondary research as it not just provide fresh data but also provide the views and opinions of different authors and scholars on similar research topic. In consideration to the research topic that is “Educational Counselling impact on career development of student of United States”, it has been revealed that research strategies like literature review and survey through questionnaire is effective for both primary and secondary research.

4. Chapter: 4 Findings and Data Analysis

4.1. Introduction

The findings and data analysis chapter of the research study is focused on presenting the analysis of the data that has been collected through primary research and then relating those results with the data collected with the use of secondary research. Besides this, this section of the research study helps in identifying the results and accordingly presenting the conclusion for the research issue. In addition to this, this chapter of the research also reveals the entire findings of the research by the use of different methods and techniques that are discussed in the research methodology chapter. This section of the study is supporting the researcher in identifying the significance of the research topic and then presenting the solutions. Along with this, it is helping in identifying the conclusion of the research on the research topic “Educational Counselling Impact on the Career Development of Students in United States”.

4.2. Survey Questions

Q 1. Please Specify your Gender

(A) Male

(B) Female

Q 2. In which age group you fall in?

(A) Under 16

(B) 17-20 years

(C) 21-24 years

(D) 25 years and above

Q 3. Presently you are appearing for?

(A) Below High School

(B) High school

(C) College (Graduates and Post-Graduates)

(D) Transferring for first job

Q 4. Have you ever consulted a counsellor (for academics, social, or emotional issue)?

(A) Yes

(B) No

Q 5. Is counselling a help for your career development?

(A) Yes

(B) No

Q 6. Do are think educational or school counselling helped you positively in your career?

(A) Yes

(B) No

Q (7) According to you, what are the major challenges for the students while appearing for counselling?

(A) Anxiety or Hesitation

(B) Trust Issues

(C) Expensive

(D) Social Phobias

(E) All the Above

Q 8. Do you agree that educational or school counselling has negative influence on student’s career?

(A) Strongly Agree

(B) Agree

(C) Neutral

(D) Disagree

(E) Strongly Disagree

Q 9. According to you what are the major challenges that can arise for counsellors while counselling?

(A) Understanding the issue of student/client

(B) Incapability to communicate the solution

(C) High Job-Pressure

(D) Limited Resources

(E) All the above

Q 10. Would you like to suggest some strategies?

(A) Yes (Please Specify…)

(B) No

4.3. Data Analysis

According to Silverman, (2018), data analysis is the procedure that is utilized by the researcher for presenting the collecting information in the form of a story and interpreting it to stem understandings. The researcher has used survey through questionnaire in which the responses has been collected from 50 School students and 70 College Students of United States. The researcher has framed total ten questions in the survey that are related to different aspects of the research topic like demographic questions related to student, questions related to counselling and career development, and the challenges that are being experienced by the students and counsellors. The questions that are framed are of different types that are yes or no questions, close ended questions, and multiple-choice questions.

Question (1)

Please Specify your Gender
Male	80
Female	40

The question one is a demographic question that is asking about the gender of the total 120 research participants who belongs from different schools and colleges of United States. The researcher has adopted the random sampling method for this research in which there are 33% female that is around 40 out of 120 and 67% are male that is around 80 out of 120 research participants.

Question (2)

In which age group you fall in?
Under 16 years	30
17-20 years	40
21-24 years	40
25 years and above	10

Second research question is discussing about the age group of the research participants in order to identify how many students are in school, or appearing for high school, or are in college, or transferring for their first job. From the analysis of the data collected in this question, it has been identified that most of the participants lie under the age group of 17 to 20 years and 21 to 24 years that is 40 in each group. Besides this, 30 of the research participants belongs to the age group of under 16 years. There are only 10 participants out of 120 research participants who belongs from the age group of 25 years and above, the reason being most of them have fewer academic issues and mostly engaged in their job. Besides this, this research has provided major focus to the school and college students rather than people who are engaged in their job life.

Question (3)

Presently you are appearing for?
Below High School	20
High school	40
College (Graduates and Post-Graduates)	35
Transferring for first job	25

The third question of the survey is discussing about the present status of the participants like they are in high school, college, or transferring for their first job. All the 120 research participants positively provided their responses and in which it has been identified that there are around 40 participants who are presently in high school, whereas there are 20 participants who are in below high school. Besides this, 35 of the research participants in college and 25 of the participants out of 120 are transferring for the first job. This data reveals that most of the high school and college students appeared for the survey reason being they are the one who mostly encounter academic, social, and emotional issues in their life, for which they require close assistance of a counsellor in United States. Besides this, those who have almost completed their tenure of school life and are transferring for their first job also require assistance or guidance of a counsellor for boosting their moral and confidence.

Question (4)

Have you ever consulted a counsellor (for academics, social, or emotional issue)?
Yes	90
No	30

The fourth question of the survey has asked research participants that have they ever consulted a counsellor in their life for any of the issues related to academics, social, or emotional development. The analysis of the data reveals that there are 90 out of 120 research participants who have consulted a counsellor, whereas there were only 30 out of 120 participants who have never contacted to a counsellor for any type of help or assistance. The above data reveals that around 90% of the population has consulted a counsellor for their issues related to their academics, social issues, or emotional breakdown. This also reveals that most of the schools and colleges of United States has appointed a counsellor for the assistance and career development of their students (Gagnon & Mattingly, 2016).

Question (5)

Is counselling a help for your career development?
Yes	75
No	45

With the use of above question, the researcher has tried to ask his research participants about the contribution of the educational or school counselling on their career development. The analysis of this question reveals that most of the research participants believes that counselling is one of the major helps for their career development, whereas there are only 45 participants out of 120 participants who disagree with the statement that counselling is a help for career development. Moreover, it could be said that there are both the aspects of educational or school counselling that is it provides benefits but also have challenges or drawbacks for the students in United States.

Question (6)

Do you think educational or school counselling helped you positively in your career development?
Yes	95
No	25

With the use of this question, the researcher wanted to know about the opinion of the research participants regarding educational or school counselling and its impact on the career development in the United States. The analysis of the questionnaire has revealed that out of 120 research participants there are only 21% that is around 25 participants who responded that educational or school counselling has not positively supported them in their career development. Whereas, 79% of the research participants that is 95 participants said that they got positive results from the educational counselling. The analysis of this question reflects that counselling not just support emotionally but also support an individual in their future career.

Question (7)

According to you, what are the major challenges for the students while appearing for counselling?
Anxiety or Hesitation	25
Trust Issues	10
Expensive	30
Social Phobias	35
All of the above	20

This question of the research survey is highlighting the challenges that are being encountered by the students while appearing for the counselling sessions. The data analysis of this question reveals that 35 participants out of 120 says that they experience social phobias which are raising challenges for them during counselling. Besides this, 25 out of 120 research participants deal with anxiety or hesitation while expressing their issues or views related to their academics, social, or education issues to the educational counsellor. Further, 30 participants have said that counselling sessions are somewhat expensive due to which they avoid these services. This case takes place during the situations when student deal with any type of issue and their parents desire to take the support of any external counsellor, but due to their high fees they are unable to hire them or take their guidance for their kids in the United States (Habib, 2011).

Question (8)

Do you agree that educational or school counselling has negative influence on student’s career?
Strongly Agree	5
Agree	20
Neutral	5
Disagree	40
Strongly Disagree	50

This question of the research survey discusses about the negative influence of school or educational counselling on the career of the student. This question has revealed that 50 out of 120 participants strongly disagreed with this statement and specified that in the United States they have got involve or engaged with a counselling and it has positively supported in their career development. Some of the positive impact of the educational counselling on the students of United States are boosting confidence, refining the outcomes of the students, make them ready for the challenges that student can face in their college, developing social-emotional skills, and also their personal growth. On the other hand, there were only 5 and 20 participants who responded by saying that they strongly agree and agree with the statement respectively. According to these research participants, educational or school counselling even make them hesitate to reveal their issue, they hesitate in trusting the counsellors, and for them counselling is expensive.

Question (9)

According to you what are the major challenges that can arise for counsellors while counselling?
Understanding the issue of student/client	20
Incapability to communicate the solution	20
High Job-Pressure	40
Limited Resources	30
All the above	10

This question is focusing on identifying some of the common challenges that a counsellor may or is facing while counselling his or her client. The data analysis has revealed that 40 out of 120 research participants believes that the challenge that counsellors deal is high job pressure while counselling students or clients at their workplace. Besides this, around 30 of the participants believe that the challenge that impacts counsellors the most is limited resources that is required for counselling job. In the end, there were equal number of responses that is 20 for the challenges like understanding the issue of client and incapability of the counsellor to provide solution to client. All these responses by the participants reveals that not just students but counsellors also deal with challenges in this type of work.

Question (10)

Would you like to suggest some strategies for effective educational counselling?
Yes (Please specify…)	80
No	40

Here, the motive of the researcher to ask this question was to find out some of the strategies that students believe will be effective for improving the educational counselling. The responses provided by the students are very interesting as most of the participants provided some of the strategic suggestions for effective educational counselling. 80 out of 120 participants provided their suggestions. According to the response of the research participants, it has been identified that most of them consider maintaining positive attitude, using technology in the career counselling, determining goals, understanding the job market, etc.

4.4. Findings

4.4.1. Concept of Educational Counselling

According to the results presented in the data analysis section, it has been interpreted that Educational counselling is very essential for the academic, social, and emotional development of students in United States, due to which maximum of the schools of US have at least hired one counsellor for the guidance as well as assistance of the students. In reference to this, Sharma, (2008), stated that educational counselling is one of the important elements of the almost every educational institution in the United States. It has been adopted in their practices that school staff, parents, guardians, and students can resolve unresolved, negative circumstances and can improve those circumstances that are positive. Besides this, Gagnon & Mattingly, (2016), revealed that 90% of the schools of United States have hired at least one counsellor for the support of the students in their academic, social, and emotional development. These educational counsellors contribute in the overall development of the student including their personal, academic, emotional, and social development.

4.4.2. Concept of Career Development

In order to attain success in the future, a student of school and college require guidance related to their career and the ways for development of career. Career development is very much essential for the student due to which their get into contact with an educational or school counsellor. In support to this, career development institute, (2019), revealed that career development is generally about managing the career of an individual in the situation considered to be inter-organizational or intra-organizational. It is also about providing training related to developing new skills, for moving to higher post at workplace, changing the career in the same company, switching the company or commencing own business. In addition to this, Everyday Wisdom, (2019), presented that career development is important for the high school students for understanding its role in their life. In the effort exerted for preparing students for their future career path, high schools all over in United States. Besides this, the research has revealed that career development is very essential for the schools of United States due to which they have organized a Career Day for the graduating seniors from last many years.

4.4.3. Impact of Educational Counselling on Career Development of United States students

It has been believed that educational counselling has contributed its major part in the education sector. In support of this, Bodenhorn, Wolfe & Airen, (2010), stated that educational counsellors work on developing the personality of the student. Many of the studies have been conducted that has revealed that the educational counselling is very useful for students that are enrolling at the elementary schooling and those who are transferring to the higher studies. Besides this, the data analysis section has revealed that students and counsellors both of them deal with the challenges due to which it has been said that educational counselling has positive as well as negative impact on the career development of the students in the United States. In reference to this, Bitsika, Sharpley & Melham, (2010), stated that educational counselling has negative impact on the students has it increases their hesitation or results in anxiety while sharing their personal, academic, or social issues with the counsellors. Besides this, as per the review of Reddy, (2019), the counsellors guide students in a classroom with different number and type of students. However, there are few students in those classes that may display their violent behaviour that can cause clashes among different students and among student and counsellor. These clashes can result in huge issues and misunderstanding that cannot just impact the career of a student but also the career of the counsellor. On the other side, Walker, Shenker & Hoover-Dempsey, (2010), revealed that educational counselling can result in the social as well as emotional development of the student. This is because counsellor gives commands, assist students, teach different counselling programs, core values, and learning activities in the schools that results in the emotional as well as social development of the students. The educational or school counsellors are skilled with passable understanding of the human characteristics and the nature precise to child and teenage development.

4.4.4. Strategies for making effective educational counselling

It is known that in this world nothing is perfect, there is always a possibility to improve. Similarly, in the case of educational counselling and the strategies that counsellors adopt to train student holds the chance to get better such that most effective results could be gathered from it. The data analysis section also revealed that there are some of the strategies that can be adopted by the counsellor for getting better results like understanding the job market, maintain therapeutic relationship with client, etc. In reference to this, Walden University, (2019), suggested that in order to get better results from the counselling it is important to develop a therapeutic relationship with the students. In relation to this, the author specified that where many career counsellors use personality tests and career aptitude, best counsellors adopt master’s program of clinical mental health and utilize their training in the clinical stream in order to go ahead of the simple vocational guidance. They get involve in working in understanding the worries, fears, demands, and interest of the clients at a level that provides deeper results in comparison to any other test. This helps the author in understanding the emotional as well as physical skills and issues of the student. Besides this, Walden University, (2019), suggested that properly understanding one’s job that is counselling can help a counsellor in providing better as well as effective solutions to students or clients which can contribute in their future career development. In addition to this, Oberman & Studer, (2009), stated that using technology in the career counselling can be effective and can provide improved results of counselling session for counsellor as well as student.

4.5. Conclusion

In the end, it could be concluded that educational counselling is nowadays very important for school as well as college students because this is the life stage where people get involve in different type of emotional, social, and academic issues that require close assistance otherwise the career of student can be destroyed. The data collected through survey and secondary research revealed that educational counselling is essential for the career development of students and it has performed major role in the student’s life of United States. However, educational counselling has both impact that is positive and negative for the students and counsellors that needs to be considered in order to get better results.

5. Chapter: 5 Conclusion and Recommendation

The above dissertation has been conducted on the topic that is “Educational counselling impact on the career development of Students of United States”. This research is presenting the answers for the four-research question of the thesis that majorly discusses the role of educational counselling in the career development of students of United States. The analysis of the research reveals the concept of educational counselling is one of the essential requirements for the development of the student, as a school or educational counsellor provide close assistance and guidance to the students dealing with the issues related to their academics, emotional, and social background. The research has revealed that counsellors are contributing their knowledge for the overall development of the student. Besides this, this research has also discussed about the concept of career development which is comprised of series of activities and programs for supporting a student or an individual to develop his or her overall personality such that it could enhance their career. It has been noted from the above discussion that nowadays in the United States, educational or school counselling is gaining major attention due to its major significance and impact on the career development of the students. Educational counselling is positively contributing in the boosting the motivation of the students in the United States by providing assistance in the form of emotional and social support. The educational counselling has helped students in getting ready for the challenges that they may face in their college life, boosting their moral, motivation, development of the social and emotional skills, personality development, etc. Due to this, 90% of the schools in United States hire one counsellor for their students such that a little focus can be given to their social and emotional development along with their academic growth. However, educational counselling has some negative impact on the students of United States such as hesitation and trust issue by the students, social phobias of student, incapability of the counsellor to communicate the solution, limited resources, and high job pressure for the counsellors. The issues that are experienced by the counsellors in the school and college setting can be overcome by giving a look at the strategies that are recommended in this research. The strategies that are suggested for the school or educational counsellors to adopt are understanding the basics of the job market, developing a therapeutic relationship with the students, maintaining a positive attitude in life, etc. Focusing on these strategies can improve the efficiency of the student as well as counsellors that can overall contribute in the increase in the productivity of both. Furthermore, the researcher has also proposed some of the career development models that can provide support to the school counsellors of United States in enhancing their skills and services and better understanding the issues of the students or clients.

This research has been considered on the counselling impact on the career development, however in order to get better and detailed results it can be recommended for the future research that researcher not just need to restrict his or her study to any specific region like United States. The researcher is recommended to focus on different regions where there educational counselling is considered to be essential and also in that region that has yet not understood the importance of educational counselling in the career development of the school and college student. Besides this, for the future research, the researcher is recommended to concentrate on arranging and investing more funds in the research such that it can involve more people as the research participants and can get better results. In addition to this, the researcher is recommended to focus on saving more time while working on the thesis such that more focus can be invested on presenting the results of the entire study. By doing this, the researcher will be in the future able to present more detailed and better solutions for the users of the research.  

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