Global Prevalence of the Disease
Prevalence Of The Disease In USA
Pathophysiology Of The Disease
Glomerular dysfunction
The main function of glomeruli is filtration that is by eliminating electrolytes, excess fluid, and waste from the bloodstream and pass them into your urine. But Glomerulonephritis or glomerular dysfunction can cause reduced glomerular filtration rate [GFR]), and water retention and renal salt, which is usually controlled or balanced by its filtration (Niddk.nih.gov, 2019).
Tubular Dysfunction
The main function of tubules is reabsorption. Thus, the incidence of tubular failure can result in the inability to produce a proper concentration of urine in response to any physiologic stimulus. Hence, it results in the production of large volumes of dilute urine, also known as polyuria, along with electrolytes and nutrients (Niddk.nih.gov, 2019).
Diagnostics Tests Of The Disease
Urine tests: These tests are used to help analyze a sample of the patient’s urine (urinalysis), which might reveal abnormalities suggesting kidney failure.
Blood tests: Sample of the blood is collected and tested to observe the presence of creatinine and urea, the two constituents used to measure kidney function.
Urine output measurements: This measurement helps evaluate how much one can urinate in a time duration of 24 hours. This method is always employed to determine if the person is suffering from kidney failure and also assist in figuring out the cause.
Imaging tests: Imaging tests like as computerized tomography and ultrasound, may be employed to assist the doctors in visually observing the kidneys, which would help them see any external abnormalities.
Removing a sample of kidney tissue for testing: In some cases, the healthcare professional might recommend a kidney biopsy to take out a minor portion of the kidney tissue in order to test in the lab.
Vaccinations Or Prevention
Vaccines are particularly crucial for people with health conditions such as renal disease. Kidney failure and other acute kidney diseases increase the vulnerability of the individual to contract other diseases. Thus, some types of vaccines which are prescribed to individuals with kidney related diseases, are stated below:
Influenza vaccine is to be given each year to protect against seasonal flu.
Pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine is given to protect against pneumonia and several other pneumococcal diseases.
Tdap vaccine is given to provide protection against tetanus and whooping cough.
Zoster vaccine can be given to an age range of 60 years and above.
Hepatitis B vaccine series is used for hepatitis B protection.
HPV vaccine are prescribed to mainly women up to the age of 26 and men up to the age of 21, to protect them against human papillomavirus.
Varicella vaccine is used for chickenpox protection.
MMR vaccine to protect against diseases like measles, rubella, and mumps.
Other Measures Of Prevention
Kidney diseases can be prevented and to an extent cured by the following measures mentioned below :
Implementing lifestyle changes and thus improving the quality of life
Contacting a dietitian to create a ‘kidney-healthy’ diet plan.
Appropriate exercising, regularly can help improve one’s life quality and reduce the occurrence of diseases.
Proper use of medications by having the right dosages in the prescribed time intervals. Avoiding harming the kidneys or causing a sudden descent in kidney function, for example Acute Kidney Injury, like Kidney infections maybe prevented or reduced by counter pain medications like Naproxen and Ibuprofen, certain antibiotics, several herbal and natural supplements.
Another element ,which is not a vaccine, but still plays a crucial role in identifying and in turn treating kidney diseases, are dyes . They are employed to make the respective organs or blood vessels observable on X-rays or other imaging tests
References
Brown, J., Rezaee, M., Marshall, E., & Matheny, M. (2016). Hospital Mortality in the United States following Acute Kidney Injury. BioMed Research International, 2016, 1-6. doi:10.1155/2016/4278579
Healthline.com. (2019). Acute Kidney Failure: Causes, Risk Factors, and Symptoms. Healthline. Retrieved from: https://www.healthline.com/health/acute-kidney-failure
Hoste, E., Kellum, J., Selby, N., Zarbock, A., Palevsky, P., Bagshaw, S., & Goldstein, S. et al. (2018). Global epidemiology and outcomes of acute kidney injury. Nature Reviews Nephrology, 14(10), 607-625. doi:10.1038/s41581-018-0052-0
Kidney.org. (2019). Tests to Measure Kidney Function, Damage and Detect Abnormalities. National Kidney Foundation. Retrieved from: https://www.kidney.org/atoz/content/kidneytests
Kidneyfund.org. (2019). Acute kidney injury. Kidneyfund.org. Retrieved from: http://www.kidneyfund.org/kidney-disease/kidney-problems/acute-kidney-injury.html
Makris, K., & Spanou, L. (2016). Acute Kidney Injury: Definition, Pathophysiology and Clinical Phenotypes. The Clinical biochemist. Reviews, 37(2), 85–98.
Nccd.cdc.gov. (2019). Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) Surveillance Project. Nccd.cdc.gov. Retrieved from: https://nccd.cdc.gov/CKD/AreYouAware.aspx?emailDate=March_2019
Neugarten, J., Golestaneh, L., & Kolhe, N. (2018). Sex differences in acute kidney injury requiring dialysis. BMC Nephrology, 19(1). doi:10.1186/s12882-018-0937-y
Niddk.nih.gov. (2019). Glomerular Diseases | NIDDK. National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. Retrieved from: https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/kidney-disease/glomerular-diseases
Niddk.nih.gov. (2019). Kidney Disease Statistics for the United States | NIDDK. National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. Retrieved from: https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/health-statistics/kidney-disease
Niddk.nih.gov. (2019). Renal Tubular Acidosis | NIDDK. National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. Retrieved from: https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/kidney-disease/renal-tubular-acidosis
Usrds.org. (2018). Chapter 1: Incidence, Prevalence, Patient Characteristics, and Treatment Modalities. Usrds.org. Retrieved from: https://www.usrds.org/2018/download/v2_c01_IncPrev_18_usrds.pdf
