Architecture: 1373986

Question 1

Main activities to be undertaken during the design stage of the project

Converting the three storey town house into 5 self-contained apartments, will involve many activities during the planning and redesign stage. The activities include;

1. Establishing a design team

 This will be the first thing to do. The client in consultation with the architect, will establish a design team. The core design will include an architect, a service engineer, a structural engineer, quantity surveyor and other specialist such as an acoustic consultant.  Even though the core design team will be developed before the actual design work, the design team will continue growing as the design progresses leading to an increase in the level of details, which will bring in other professionals.

Developing a project brief

The client will explain to the design team his/her requirements, what he/she wants to be done and how. Through consultation of the client and the design team, the design team will develop a brief detailing all the project requirements and deliverables.

Carrying out a feasibility study

The feasibility study will involve carrying out a research about the legal and physical conditions of the existing building to be converted into 5 self-contained apartment. Carrying out a feasibility study will enable the design team to identify possible constraints, opportunities and risks. Through that the design team will understand the characteristic and nature of the building better. The feasibility investigation will basically involve;

• Surveying and assessing the structural components of the building
• Assessing and analyzing site topography
• Conducting ground investigations to establish the bearing capacity of the soil, availability of mineral deposits, and presence of flora & fauna. The main aim of carrying out ground investigations is to establish if there will be need to modify the foundation.
• Reviewing and analyzing the neighborhood.

Once all the information above has been collected the design time will be having an idea of how the design will look like.

Developing a design concept

Coming up with a design concept together with a design philosophy will be the first true stages of design. Coming up with a design concept is creatively responding to the project brief.  During this stage all members of the design team will be expected to come up with estimated cost of the project, the safety measures to be observed, the buildability of the project and the project Programme.

Detailed design

This will involve on developing the approved concept by the client. During this stage the design team members describes all components of the building and how they will fit together. The detailed design will give enough information for applications for the statutory approvals. The design team will be deliver the following drawings and specification, when done with detailed design.

• The overall layout of the proposed 5 self-contained apartments
• The road layouts within the building site and in the neighborhood
• Schedules of accommodation
• The architectural drawings i.e. the plans, sections and elevations
• Building dimensions
• An outline of specifications
• Building service plans, elevations and sections.
• Room data sheets
• Structural   drawings i.e. the plans, sections, elevations and specification
• Acoustic condition and acoustic separation
• A risk assessment plan having operational issues such cleaning of facades and roof atrium.

Tasks which would involve the services of an Acoustic Consultant

Acoustic Consultant will play an important role during the design stage. The Acoustic Consultant will take part in designing, assessing and give guidelines about the management and control of sounds and vibrations in the proposed building. Some of the activities that will require the service of an Acoustic Consultant include;

• Assessing noise levels in the building and the neighboring buildings, when a feasibility study is being carried out.
• Specifying the specific construction that might be required for the development of acoustic environments. Monitoring vibrations in the existing building and assessing the impact they.
• Assessing noise pollution levels and giving noise mitigation advice.

Existing construction/s and their performance,

The existing three storey town house was mainly designed for a single family dwellings. The existing three storey building is expected to have all basic amenities of a    residential building and meet the required   standards such as  sufficient natural lighting of the building,  sufficient  natural ventilation, adherence to the building  code  standards such as adhering to the minimal  dimensions of some  building elements  such the  dimensions of the stairs.

The existing constructions performs well meeting all the functional requirements, health and requirements. Since the clients wants to convert current three storey town house to 5 self-contained apartments. The existing house was designed as a three storey town house to be occupied by a single family. The change of use of the building into 5 self-contained apartments, will mean that the building will now be occupied by more people i.e.  five families,  due to that the  current  amenities in the   building will not  be able to serve them  hence, there will be need  to  increase  the size  of   building elements such as  stairs,  balconies, water  supplies  among others.

Information exchange between the Architectural Technologist and the Acoustic Consultant

The architectural technologists will plan, design and even oversee the entire construction process of the project. On the other hand an Acoustic Consultant will be design the ambiance of the proposed apartments, by specifying the materials to be used and other specifications. Since both of them i.e. the architect and the acoustic consultant do design works, they will require to exchange information, so that each of them will effectively perform their duties. There are different ways through which they will exchange information such as;

The Acoustic Consultant will require the architectural drawings i.e. the building plans, sections and elevations to obtain information about the room or space he/she intends to develop its acoustic characteristics. The acoustic consultant will obtain a lot of information from the architectural drawings done by the architectural technologists such the room dimensions, the rom height, the material finishes and the location of services i.e. water and electricity.

Question 2

Noise is defined as “unwanted sound”, “a sound harmful to the human body, both physically and mentally” or just “undesired sound”. In the built environment, noise is considered as unwanted harmful sound in indoor and outdoor spaces, usually generated by human activities such as transport activities and industrial production. The design and structure of any building should help in keeping the noise to acceptable levels for the building to be comfortable. In  residential  buildings  where the design and layout of the building  helps keeping  noise  to acceptable levels,  routine activities  are carried out  without or with minimal  undue  interference  from  external  or internal noise.

To come up with an effective design for noise control in residential development, it is very crucial to understand the potential sources of noise with the building site, the type of noise and how noise moves throughout the site. Hence, there is need when carrying out a site assessment and analysis of a residential development to establish the potential sources of noise within the site, to help the architect and the acoustic consultant come up with better building design and layout to enhance the acoustic environment within the building.

Potential noise sources

The potential sources of noise in a building site can be categorized into two categories i.e. Industrial sources and non-industrial sources. The  potential  industrial sources of noise  include the  noise from big machines and  industries  which  produces  very high  levels of noise  intensity. While, the potential non-industrial sources of noise include the noise produced by vehicular/transport and all other noise sources from the neighborhood. Non-industrial sources of noise can further be divided into two categories i.e. Natural sources and manmade.

Potential manmade sources of noise include;

1. Road  traffic  noise

Road traffic in the neighborhood can be a potential source of noise in the residential development. The motors and exhaust systems of autos, small trucks, motorcycles and buses passing near the building site produces a lot of noise.

1. Aircraft  noise

Low flying aircrafts can also be a potential sources of noise in building sites located near airports, military bases or in areas with frequent frying of large passenger, cargo or military aircrafts.

1. Construction activities

Construction activities are also potential sources of noise in building sites located in areas where there is heavy construction activities in progress. Machines and equipment used in construction of roads, building, bridges and other   structures normally produces a lot of noise.

1. Noise from rail road.

Rail road is also another potential source of noise, in sites located near railways. The noise produced by locomotive engines, whistles and horns and switching and shutting operations in the rail yard can have a serious impact on the neighboring communities.

• Noise from neighboring buildings

Building neighboring the building site can also be a potential source of noise. The noise caused by routine human activities can also be a source of noise. Playing  loud music,  noise produced  by household appliances  such as a vacuum cleaner, children  playing in the  neighboring   buildings are  some of the  potential sources of noise from the  neighboring buildings.

The potential industrial sources of noise include;

1. Manufacturing and  processing plants

 Manufacturing  and processing plants  can be potential sources of noise, when the building site  of a residential  development  is located near  noisy  manufacturing plants  such as  motors, fans, compressor  and  other  industrial  components mounted on the  building outside.

1. Mining  activities

There is normally high levels of noise produced in mining sites. The machines and equipment used in mining produces a lot of noise and vibration of the ground. During the assessment of the construction site, it is very important to analysis the mining sites near the site.

Potential noise mitigation methods

 The  best results in  coming  up with a  design  for  noise control  will be achieved ,  when  noise  mitigation  techniques are  implemented at early  stage of  planning and design  and  then followed right  through  the construction and  post  occupancy. Some of the potential mitigation methods that can be investigated before considering the make-up of the building envelope include;

1. Increasing distance between the residential building (receiver) and the source of noise.

The  level of noise  can be greatly  reduced  by increasing  the distance  between the  residential  building  to be developed and the  source of noise. For instance the level of noise can reduced when the distance is increased between a residential building and a highway with heavy traffic.

1. Proper orientation of  the building

Before coming up with the layout or design of the building, it will be very important to investigate the orientation of the building in relation to the source of noise. The orientation of the building has a direct influence on the impact of noise. The investigation should be based on the location of spaces in relation to the source of noise. Additionally it will be important to investigate the location of openings such as windows. The residential building can also be oriented on a site in a manner which exploits the site’s natural features. In reference to the source of noise natural features can be exploited and the residential building to be placed in a low noise pocket.

1. Noise Compatible land uses as  buffers

 Before coming up with the layout and design of the residential building, it will be important to investigate the possibility of locating compatible land use between the source of noise and the residential building. The land use should be closest to the source of noise to be more effective. The figure below shows the use location of a compatible land use between a highway and a residential building.

1. Application of noise barriers

It will be important to investigate how different barriers can be utilized before coming up with the make-up of the building envelope. Barriers are obstacles that can be placed between the source of noise and the residential building, to block the path of noise. Different obstacles can be used such as;

• Fences and walls constructed using different materials such as wood, concrete, plastic, stucco or meatal.
• Slopping huge mounds of earth, called berms.
• Planting dense planting of trees or shrubs.
• The figure below illustrates how the use of obstacles can be used to control noise in a residential building site.

Question 3

Common design errors to look out for in block work separating partitions within Schools, Hospitals or residential developments.

Today’s commercial and residential property owners are mainly concerned with the safety and comfort of the interior environment of their buildings. Noise is among the factors which influences the safety and comfort of the interior spaces. The level  of acoustics in a buildings  depends on many factors  the  effect of  poor  workmanship  and  bad  practices. This normally occurs due to mistakes of interpretation of construction details to be followed during the construction process. The installation of partitions in residential buildings, schools and hospitals also plays a very big role in the achievement of the intended acoustic levels. Even though it is a challenge  for the   builders  to construct the  construction  details  to reflect what is  drawn  on the detailed  construction details, there are a lot of mistakes committed during the  installation of  partitions  blocks  both in schools, hospitals and even schools. This usually occurs because the construction drawings issued to the contractors or builders don’t contain sufficient construction drawings or does not have details on how the partitions are to be constructed. Also the revisions made to the  constructions  drawings when  constructions  is in progress  and  they are not  cross-checked  with  other  details  issued   such as   for acoustic, fire  regulations among others.

The use of partitioning blocks in hospitals, schools and residential buildings plays a vital role in realizing acoustical insulation. Nevertheless, the achievement of acoustic benefits associated with the partitioning blocks depends on installation and construction of details during the installation of the blocks.  There are many errors committed   during the design and installation of partitioning blocks in schools, hospitals and residential buildings, which directly contributes to poor acoustic in those spaces. Among the errors to be checked in partition blocks include;

• Absence of structural beams or riddles on the floor slabs above the partition.
• Failure of interruption in the inner of the external wall in correspondence with the junction with the partition.
• Failure to interrupt the attic rooms or roof in correspondence with the junction
• Absence of  mortal   in vertical  joints , which  leads to development  of partially  filled  joints  between the  blockwork  for the  walls  which require  mortal in the  vertical junctions.
• Damages made to the partitioning blocks to create paths for service such as electricity and fibre optics cables.
• Poor workmanship during fill of mortal

Issues which occurs due to mistakes or errors design errors in partitions

1. Poor insulation of junctions between the partition blocks and the ceiling structural or the floor. Poor joining of the partition block and the ceiling or floor results to development of sound flanking paths. The figure below show how poor construction of joints brings about flanking.

Fig: sound flanking paths

• Leakage of  sound

 Design errors committed during the design and installation of partition blocks leads to leakage of sound between different partitions in hospitals and schools. The sound leakage occurs due poor design and construction of partition blocks leading to development of sound leakage paths as shown in the figure below.

Fig: sound leakage paths

• Improper fastening of the partition blocks leading to structural short circuits, hence leading to transmission of sounds from one room to another. The figure below shows how poor fastening of the partition blocks leads to sound transmission from one room to another in hospitals, schools and residential buildings.

Fig: Fastener short circuits

Examples of good detailing practice

Good detailing of construction drawings for partitions, will prevent the issues identified above. This will increase the acoustical performance of different partition blocks such as; steel and wood studs, roof-ceiling systems and floor-ceiling assemblies used in hospitals, schools and residential buildings.

 Combining dense sound barrier materials such as gypsum boards, wood framing, acoustical caulk and sheet metals can play a very crucial role in solving some of the issues identified above. The figures below shows some of good detailing practices that can be adopted.

Fig: Gypsum board blocking

Fig: Between floor caulking

Fig: Partition wall height extension

The good detailing practices above ensured that the partitions are airtight, this is because sound in most cases takes the path where there is minimal resistance, no matter how small an opening or due to poor design or construction of partition. The good detailing of the partitions ensures that all perimeter joints are completely sealed with the use of acoustical caulk or gaskets. The framing members, electrical and plumbing conduits and the fastening systems be isolated from vibrations as much as possible in order to minimize structural borne sound energy transfer.

Workmanship issues which affects the performance of partition blocks

Good workmanship of the partitions in hospitals, schools and residential buildings enhances     the acoustical performance of any space. With improved acoustical performance, partitions will greatly improve the quality of learning facilities, healthcare buildings and the residential dwellings. Unwanted sound has a great impact on the well-being of human beings. Noise affects all of us both psychologically and physiologically. Good workmanship of the partitions in hospitals will enhance the privacy and dignity of patients, hence promoting essential sleep patterns, which are key condition for healing. In schools building, good workmanship of partitions will enhance the acoustic characteristics of classrooms, library, offices among other facilities with the school, hence bringing many benefits in terms of learners and staff comfort and morale as well as enhanced efficiency and usability of equipment.

QUESTION 4

The main reason why old-fashioned building, used massive walls and massive floors was to reduce the possibility of noise transmission within the building. The given scenario of a scheme of four-in-a block houses, experiences problems of noise transmission from one dwelling to another. Just like the given case of Scottish housing association, noise transmission in multiple-dwelling buildings such as apartments is the fastest growing area of disputes and complains in urban areas globally. Hu8man exposure to high noise levels  has been linked  to annoyance,  sleep deprivation  among other health  issues  such  as  hypertension  and hearth disease The  living conditions in multiple-dwellings  buildings across the  world have not met the  required health and safety standards and  presence of excessive  noise  penetrating the dwellings  through  floors, ceiling , doors, windows and  even through  water supply pipes  makes the use of such dwellings to be extremely  unpleasant exposing the residents  to many health  risks.

The possible separating floor construction method

Noise produced by hard floors remains to be the greatest source of complains in many multiple-dwelling buildings. Poor installation  and insulation of floor systems in multiple-dwelling buildings such as the scheme of four-in-a block houses Scotland, creates  a lot of  problems  to the neighbors  downstairs  since they will be exposed to  noise from  scraping of furniture,  residents walking around in heels, children playing with different  objects among other  human activities upstairs.

Suspended timber floor system is the most likely separating floor construction method that was used in scheme of four-in-a block houses. The suspended  timber flor  systems have  timber  joists  that are  suspended  from the bearing  walls .Once the structural stability of the  suspended  timber  joists  has been assessed and approved, they are covered with  covered with  floor boards  to create a separating floor system. In the given case of scheme of four-in-a block houses.,  complains  about  noise  by the  occupants may be  due  to loosening of the  flooring boards  and the development of  squeaks and creaks. The noise can also be easily transmitted from one dwelling to another easily if this separating flooring system was used, this is because the flooring boards used have a small thickness, through which   noise can be transmitted if other insulating materials are not used.

Issues likely to occur due to the use of separating wood flooring system.

If the separating timber floor systems are properly installed and insulated properly, it will be possible to achieve sound proofing within individual   dwellings. But   if the  separating timber systems are  not   well maintained they will  deteriorate  very fast and the  flooring system will  develop  squeaks and  creaks hence 8increasing the  level of  noise experienced  in the building.

Possible remedial options

The high noise levels experienced in the given scheme of four-in-a block houses and other multiple-dwelling buildings across the world is really annoying. In order to address that issue of noise transmission, there is need to come up with ways on how to improve the acoustic qualities of the floors, ceiling and ceiling. The best way to block the transmission of noise is to separate the construction materials attached each other. Some of the possible solution include;

1. Replacing the ceiling with an acoustic ceiling

To improve the acoustics of the  dwellings there will be need to remove all  ceiling materials attached to the main joints, the ceiling dry wall and  all other  parts of a ceiling that are in contact with the floor joists. This is aimed at blocking the transmission of noise produced upstairs.

 Acoustic ceiling tiles will work perfectly in controlling noise from the upstairs floors and at the same time blocking sounds produced in a room from being transmitted to the neighboring dwellings. There are a wide variety of acoustic ceiling tiles and panels that can be used to control noise in the given scenario. Being residential buildings, acoustic ceiling tiles will be the better option, because the tiles are easy to easy to use and the same time they make the rooms they are used in more comfortable for the occupants.

1. Changing the  flooring system  of the building to achieve better  soundproofing

The best  and the most effective  option of  reducing  the  noise  produced  as a  result  of footfall and moving  furniture and other objects on the floor is  to fix  sound insulation objects  which will be able to  offer an excellent  level of  resilience. The sound insulation materials used will absorb the energy of the impact noise generated. There are different options of sound insulation that can be used to enhance the acoustic characteristics of the floor.

1. Use of  acoustic platform floors

Acoustic  platform  floors are generally  made up of a resilient  layer which acts as a  backing to a deck system  having  tongue and groove edges, for  example the  compressed  chipboards. The use of  pre-bond  resilient layer  in the  given building will  ensure  that  the treatment  of the floor is uniform and creating a hard surface that will reduce  the possibility of the resilient layer  being damaged.

1. Replacing the existing floor system with a  resilient  cradle floor system

The  resilient   cradle  floor system  are mainly  made  up of a deck system which rests  on the timer  batters  which will be  held in  Central positions  using  resilient supports.

1. Use of acoustic underlays

This will involve separating the floor from the rest of the building.  Separating the floor from the building structure will involve installation of an acoustic floating flor. The floor will be made up of a surface layer resting on a resilient acoustic underlay, which isolates the upper part of the floor from the lower part of the floor, and all the surrounding walls.  The use of acoustic this option presents itself as the best option of improving the impact sound performance of the floor. The thickness of the acoustic sublays that can be used for the given scenario can vary depending the activities carried out in a given space.  

Question 5

Performance requirements are for internal partitions in Scotland

• The strength and stability of the partition must be able to meet the requirements of BS 5234-2:1992 to the appropriate duty category. The duty categories range from the light duty  for the partitions used in residential  buildings, medium duty  which is used in offices and the  heavy duty  which is used  in public  buildings  such as schools and  hospitals. The impact of small hard bodies, large soft bodies, door-slamming and crowd pressure; fixing methods Partitions are expected to have a service life of about 60 years
• The partition must meet all the acoustic requirements mentioned in SHTM 2045. Partition being  very crucial  to the  building’s  acoustical performance , all partitions  must offer insulation  from  flanking, airborne  and impact sounds,  and the partitions must be able to  control  sound  reverberation  and absorption.
• All partitions must have a fire resistance of 120 minutes.Fire resistance of the partitions regarding their collapse, the  transference of heat when exposed to fire, should be meet all the  building (Scotland) Regulations 2004 and the relevant provisions of Fire code SHTM 81, SHTM 84 and SHTM 85.
• The cavity barrier in partitions should be located in the partition according to the Building (Scotland) Regulations 2004 and the relevant provisions of SHTM 81. Protection against mechanical damage should be considered in all areas where the partitions may be subjected to hard body impact from mobile equipment
• All the electrical installation in partitions should be carried out in accordance with the current IEE regulations for electrical installations.
• The space ( void) in the  partitions  must be able to accommodate  all  the major services  which include the electrical installation, water piping  network,. The diameter of all these services when running horizontally will be limited by the width of the cut-outs in the metal studs.
• Back to back fixing of all engineering terminals will be avoids as much as possible, especially in fire resisting partitions.

According to the information given by the plasterboard manufacturer showing the laboratory performance of different metal studs partitions. I would expect the following metal stud’s partitions to be suitable for internal partitions in Scotland.

Metal studs partition 1.  Of one layer of board each side of 48mm. Gypframe ‘C’ studs at 600mm centres.

Metal studs partition 2.  One layer of board each side of 48mm Gypframe ‘C’ studs at 600mm centres. 25mm ISOWO APR 1200 in the cavity.

Level of acoustic insulation these partitions would achieve if tested on site against the DnT,w criteria.

Dw is a term which is used to relate to the sound insulation between different rooms on-site. Simply Dw refers to the noise level in the source room minus the noise level in the receiving room. Dw is a performance standards which in most cases is used for describing the final requirements of the site. This is in most cases used to show the compliance with the building regulations for residential, hospital and school developments.

DnT,w  refers  to the performance  parameter  required  for the  schools  and the  healthcare  buildings . The nT stands for normalization (n) of reverberation (T) which allows one to compare the sound insulation outcome objectively on a level field. For the given partitions given above will be able to achieve an acoustic insulation of 56 dB DnT,w if tested on site against the DnT,w criteria.

Reasons why it is difficult or impractical to test internal partitions within a residential building

It is challenging to test the internal partitions of a residential buildings because of the due to the following reasons.

The sounds produced in residential houses in most cases are unwanted sound. This is because the sounds   produced by the house occupants does not affect each other.

The size of rooms or spaces in a residential building is small, making the internal conditions such as indoor temperature and humidity in all the rooms to be the same.

The nature of activities taking place in the rooms within the residential buildings is almost similar.

The number of occupants in residential buildings is small as compared to those in the public buildings such as hospitals and schools.

References

Austin & Simon, “Analytical design planning technique: a model of the detailed building design process.” Design studies 20.3 (1999): 279-296.

Barkokébas Jr and  Béda. “Analysis of noise on construction sites of high-rise buildings.” Work 41.Supplement 1 (2012): 2982-2990.

Buchegger, Blasius, Heinz Ferk, and Martin Schanz. “Flanking sound transmission in connected panels of cross-laminated-timber at low frequencies.” The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 140.4 (2016): 3281-3281.

Cornick, Tim. “Quality management for building design.” (1991).

Davy, John L.. “The prediction of flanking sound transmission below the critical frequency.” The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 132.4 (2012): 2359-2370.

De Geetere, Lieven, Bart Ingelaere, and Monika Rychtarikova. “Flanking sound transmission measurements on a timber frame mock-up.” Proceedings of Internoise 2013 (2013).

Faber, Nathan D. “Costs and Benefits for Pipeline Acoustic Fiber Optic Monitoring.” Pipelines 2017. 2017. 12-22.

Gray, Colin, Will Hughes, and John Bennett. The successful management of design: A handbook of building design management. Centre for Strategic Studies in Construction, 1994

Hill, Jennifer G. “Centro and the monitoring board-legal duties versus Aspirational ideals in corporate governance.” UNSWLJ 35 (2012): 341.

Höller, Christoph. “Laboratory Study on Flanking Sound Transmission in Cold-Formed Steel-Framed Constructions.” INTER-NOISE and NOISE-CON Congress and Conference Proceedings. Vol. 253. No. 7. Institute of Noise Control Engineering, 2016..

Jik Lee, Pyoung, and Michael J. Griffin. “Combined effect of noise and vibration produced by high-speed trains on annoyance in buildings.” The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 133.4 (2013): 2126-2135.

Korkmaz, Sinem. “High-performance green building design process modeling and integrated use of visualization tools.” Journal of Architectural Engineering 16.1 (2010): 37-45.

Martello & N. Zuccherini “Analysis of direct and flanking sound transmission between rooms with curtain wall facades.” Energy Procedia 78 (2015): 164-169.

Miedema, Henk ME. “Relationship between exposure to multiple noise sources and noise annoyance.” The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 116.2 (2004): 949-957.

Patterson, Doug “New Acoustic Acquisition and Processing Method Assist in Delineating Structure in an Exploration Play in the Gulf of Mexico.” SPWLA 57th Annual Logging Symposium. Society of Petrophysicists and Well-Log Analysts, 2016.

Pierce, J. R. “Physical sources of noise.” Proceedings of the IRE 44.5 (1956): 601-608.

Secchi, Simone. “Sound transmission between rooms with curtain wall façades: a case study.” Building Acoustics 22.3-4 (2015): 193-207.

Sharland, I. Jr. “Sources of noise in axial flow fans.” Journal of Sound and Vibration 1.3 (1964): 302-322.

Tunstall, Gavin. Managing the building design process. Routledge, 2006.

Smyth, Fiona. “‘A Matter of Practical Emergency’: Herbert Baker, Hope Bagenal, and the Acoustic Legacy of the Assembly Chamber in Imperial Delhi.” Architectural History 62 (2019): 113-144.

Singh, Narendra, and Subhash C. Davar. “Noise pollution-sources, effects and control.” Journal of Human Ecology 16.3 (2004): 181-187.

Wax, Mati. “Detection and localization of multiple sources in noise with unknown covariance.” IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing 40.1 (1992): 245-249.

Zeitler, Berndt, Stefan Schoenwald, and Frances King. “Flanking sound insulation of wood frame assemblies with high axial and lateral load bearing capacity.” INTER-NOISE and NOISE-CON Congress and Conference Proceedings. Vol. 247. No. 3. Institute of Noise Control Engineering, 2013.