Item	Sub item	Result	References	Comment/future scope
New city area	Desert + Mountain	The area is challenging for game developers because of designing the slopes	[Pallagst et al., 2015]	Not easy to design the slopes in a game environment.Use of the slope degree method in evaluating the steepness of the hills surrounding the city areas.
Required sizes of cities	Far apart	Need to bring these places or landmarks closer to avoid triggering long and boring displacements to the player.		The essential places where the action takes place are far apart. The need to bring these places or landmarks closer to avoid triggering long and boring displacements to the player.
Simplification techniques used	Point elimination	Isolated points of less importance need to be removed to bring closer the points of importance on the map.	(Pueyo et al., 2020)	The general layout of the map needs to maintained while keeping the important points in their relative positions.
Feature elimination	Small sliver features that occur between landmarks of interest need to be removed to bring the landmarks closer.	(ESRI, 2020)	Eliminated features may be of later importance hence need to develop an automatic model to add unimportant or other details and streets to the shrunken city map.
Smoothing/Line simplification	There is a need to “weed out” redundant or unnecessary coordinate information from the lines making features such as streets or landmarks to produce manuscript lines with a smooth flowing appearance.	(Ellis, 2000), (Hunter, 1998), (McMaster & Shea, 1992)	Line smoothing or simplification eliminates some points; hence there is a need to retain the perpetual characteristics of the feature.
Approaches to shrinking cities	Geostatistical approach	Need for efficient extraction of information massive datasets such as detailed city maps and street networks	(Berliner, 2001),(Murga & Rotondo, 2012)	The methodology is limited to applicability since analyses are confined to linear models, and the volume of data analyzed hence need for technological advancements to advance the applicability
Theoretical approaches	Some phenomena will need an understanding of their root causes and construct a predictive model to predict when they will happen again.	(Emmanuele, Christina, Fol, & Audirac, 2013)	Changing city environments will require constant updates to add new important features to the previous layouts.
Decision tree approach	Need to describe choices available to all players and the consequences of each choice.	(Sedig, Haworth, & Sheida, 2010),(Sheng & Thuente, 2011)	Nodes of the tree will encode choices or consequences hence should provide all the choices and their implications to the player.Choices may also change as the game progresses, which may affect the player’s success in completing the game, thus need to inform players on the strategies to examine a variety of choices to determine the best order in which they can perform them.
Modeling approach	Need to combine several different aspects to help the end-user reach the desired effects.	(Braad, Sandovar, & Zavcer, 2016),(Charles, Mcneill, Mcalister, & Black, 2005)	The designed to be well organized to make sure these aspects are well addressed. Need to develop several ways for organizing design and development and various models that will support design decisions.
Shrinking patterns	Residential vacancy	The increase in vacant houses and the need to analyze the vacant land patterns in the city.	(Couch & Cocks, 2011),(Lee, Newman, & Park, 2018)	Understand the various types and causes of urban residential vacancy and responses such as planning policies that will affect future game design and development.
Urban decay	How urban decay may result in a change in the layout of city facilities and features.	(Naughton, 2019)	Need to understand how urban decay affects the city layout and future planning.
Vacant industrial land	Determine where to place different development zones, infrastructure, landmarks, and public services.	(Naughton, 2019)	Need to determine how to develop a virtual city from a patch of undeveloped land.
Urban perforation	Need to create a sense of total spatial immersion in the game.	(Orphanides, 2018)	The virtual spaces in games need to feel as familiar as real neighborhoods; therefore, there is a need to explore, unearth, and map history and design particulars of urban spaces in the video game.
Large-scale demolition	Destruction or refurbishment of brick warehouses, industrial plants, and working-class housing and replacing them with creative industries and firms, restaurants, supermarkets, etc.	(Fox, 2013)	Large scale demolition will result in the creation of different city layouts and environments, thus need to focus on how to retain the layout and other important features and how to accommodate future changes as a result of large-scale demolitions.
Increasing open spaces	Increasing public open spaces can be utilized to create playing and action spaces.	(Rauscher, Ackermann, Ehman, & Miranda, 2016)	Need for special attention to increasing open spaces in the city that can be used as playgrounds or as spaces that can enable playful and creative encounters among inhabitants and players.

Suggested hypothesis:

Hypothesis 1 (New city area): Use the slope degree method in evaluating the steepness of the hills surrounding the city areas to apply the game environment.

Hypothesis 2 (Required sizes of cities): The use of procedural techniques is a powerful solution to large-scale urban modelling for application in video games.

Hypothesis 3 (Required sizes of cities):Manual modelling of details of large 2D and 3D urban environments for use in video games is very time consuming and requires a lot of human resources.

Hypothesis 4 (Required sizes of cities):Creation of compelling city representation models is an essential task in the gaming industry, urban industry and various training applications.

Hypothesis 5 (Simplification techniques used):need to develop an automatic model to add unimportant or other details and streets to the shrunken city map.

Hypothesis 6 (Approaches to shrinking cities): Need for technological advancements of geostatistical approachto advance the applicability on non-linear models.

Hypothesis 7 (Shrinking patterns): Need to focus on how to retain the layout and other important features and how to accommodate future changes as a result of large-scale demolitions.

• Formulate problems/hypothesis:
• Formulate problems/hypothesis:
• This section presents our hypothesis for each problem in section 4. For each
• hypothesis, we explain the hypothesis along with the reason behind specifying
• this hypothesis.

          Hypothesis 1 ( name of problem ):

     Build an enhanced 3 D MODEL which can help in mapping out transition to sustainable trajectories. Sustanbility can be dedfined as tri-partie concept which  comprise of economic,environmental as well as social equity.The model can be used  in city planning and management which can comprise of  harzerds removal.The model can help in planning for residencial building so as to reduce the number of vacant houses in the city.The model will also help in understanding the and building of green infrastructure.

Hypothesis 2 (name of problem ):

The overexploration oil wells and different fossil energy sources, and climate change, has decisively and largely influenced the  global settlement growth in the recent time.Hence we plan to build an advanced technology which can reduced the over depancy on fossil fuels so as to reduce the exhaustion.
Climate change, has had a major heterogeneous impact on the planet resources, and has influenced the  factor of the settlemts development. While a  big part of obtainable settlement structures are only  trivially and in part even constructively influenced by the climate change, a big number of sites are deeply impaired and also existentially vulnerable by heterogeneous climate impacts:

         Hypothesis 3 (name of problem ):

    There are industrial buildings as well as high-density housing which have been largely  affected by  vacancy and abandonment; the  deurbanization has progressively affected office districts and suburbs.Creating a technological plan which canhelp the vacant spaces to be used as recreational parks
      A high number the suburbs in the Middel East already suffer residents loses in the recent past, so far generally due to ongoing suburbanization into ever more remote suburbs. In the future, the suburbs will lose population primarily because of total population loss and due to partial pulling out into the city center. Increasing mobility costs as well as aging population which has  has different mobility wants will contribute significantly to the process of reconcentration.

    Hypothesis 4 (name of problem  ):

Shrinking processes has resulted in dual societies: economic development, lifestyles,  urban development,  and much more differ basically between the zones of growth and that of  shrinking.Coming up with technological advanced methods which can help in urban planning and development so as to ensrue that thereare low or minimum vacancy in the city settlements.The technologiucal will help in urban planning and space usage,it will ensure that the spaces in the city are used adequately to avoid the above mentiond issues.

                            Research plans:

Research plan1 (name of hypothesis ):

       Explore the usage of 3 D model  in tackling  urban  shrinkage challenges.Human being number seem to grow on daily basis ,this has led into various problems in the city,since it put more presuure on few urban structures.It will attempt to research on found more information on the issue of sustainability in the shrinking cities and how it handles the numerous challenges it may faces as long as the issue of city sustainability is concerned .This model will tend to provide clear ideas on how to use sustanbility to enhance the the issue of rapid human growth.

       Research plan 2 (name of hypothesis ): Climate has had a major effect on the settlemtn as well as the development of cities,hence it is an essential topic which must be looked into as long as development and urban infrastructure is concerned.Researching and developing new and innovative ideas of dealing with climate change can be of a great help to the shrinking cities since it is considred as one of the major factor which needs to be addressed first when it comes to dealing with issue of immigration.The technological advancementand ideas developed or suggested will be of a great help to the topic under discussion.

Research plan 3 (name of hypothesis ):

Vaacncy space elimantion has been one of the major challenges of many cities,and numerous reaserchers has suggested that it has negative impact of the city population.Usage of modern technological means can help in creating spaces for people while reducing the number of vacancy in the city.The technological advanced model can be used to elimate this problem since it will offer proper planning as well as development plans fpor the city

Research plan 4 (name of hypothesis ):

Developing entrepreneurial city can be one of the best way to deal with city shrinking problem which has created challenges for the city dwellers.  In developing urban areas, the principle of the entrepreneurial city can develop remarkable  forces of development; but shrinking regions are more and more characterized by disinvestment – by a capitalism without the  capital. The middle East regions, the principle of redlining prototypically symbolizes exclusion from the reputable forms of globalized,  capitalism. In  the shrinking areas the classical economic groups of major banks and businesses  are replaced by local, frequently jointly organized micro-businesses. In small-scale projects, they use the specific local situation and their intense social networking, realizing long-term projects with little capital on the principle of  the  “weak urbanism”. Government and the  private-economy forms of governance and processes of development thereby differ deeply between regions of growth and that of  shrinking.

References

Berliner, L. (2001). Geostatistical Analysis: Spatial Statistical Methods. International Encyclopaedia of the Social and Behavioural Sciences.

Braad, E., Sandovar, A., & Zavcer, G. (2016). Processes and Models for Serious Game Design and Development. Entertainment Computing and Serious Games.

Charles, D. K., Mcneill, M., Mcalister, M., & Black, M. M. (2005). Playe-Centered game design: Player modeling and adaptive digital games. Proceedings of DiGRA 2005 Conference: Changing Views-Worlds in Play.

Couch, C., & Cocks, M. (2011). Housing Vacancy and the Shrinking City: Trends and Policies in the UK and the city of Liverpool. Journal of Housing Studies, 28(3), 499-519. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/02673037.2013.760029

Ellis, F. (2000, December 22). Line Smoothing Algorithms. Retrieved from Geogra: geogra.uah.es/patxi/giswebLGmodule/LGSmoothing.htm

Emmanuele, C. C.-S., Christina, M.-F., Fol, S., & Audirac, I. (2013). Theoretical approaches to shrinking cities.

ESRI. (2020). Eliminate/Data Management. Retrieved from https://pro.arcgis.com/en/pro-app/tool-reference/data-management/eliminate.htm

Fox, M. (2013). Creative Margins: Cultural Production in Canadian Suburbs. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.

Hunter, G. (1998). Generalization Techniques for Spatial Data. University of Melbourne, 451-620.

Lee, J., Newman, G., & Park, Y. (2018). A Comparison of Vacancy Dynamics between Growing and Shrinking Cities Using the Land Transformation Model. Sustainability, 10(5). doi:10.3390/su10051513

McMaster, R., & Shea, S. (1992). Generalization in Digital Cartography. The Association of American Geographers, Washington D.C, 71-91.

Murga, B., & Rotondo, F. (2012). A Geostatistical Approach to Measure Shrinking Cities: The Case of Taranto.

Naughton, J. (2019, February 10). What’s the best way to halt the march of urban decay? Playing SimCity. Retrieved from The Guardian: theguardian.com/commentisfree/2019/feb/10/best-way-to-halt-the-march-of-urban-decay-playing-simcity

Orphanides, K. (2018, June 18). From Fallout to Half-Life, Urban Planning is Crucial for Game Design. Retrieved from Wired: wired.co.uk/article/fallout-half-Life-2-urban-design-video-games

Pueyo, O., Wimmer, M., Sabria, A., Pueyo, X., & Patow, G. (2020). Shrinking City Layouts. Computer and Graphics, 86, 15-26. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cag.2019.11.004

Rauscher, A., Ackermann, J., Ehman, P., & Miranda, M. H. (2016). Game Design for Urban Spaces. Digital Spaces, game design, art., Siegen, University of Siegen.

Sedig, K., Haworth, R., & Sheida, S. (2010). Visualizing Decision Trees in Games to Support Children’s Analytic Reasoning: Any Negative Effects on Gameplay? International Journal of Computer Games Technology, 1-11. doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2010/578784

Sheng, X., & Thuente, D. (2011). Decision Tree Learning in General Game Playing. Proceedings of the 11th IASTED International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Applications, AIA 2011.