Bus stop display system development is the main aim of this project. Here Java code for the bus stop display system is developed. And the implementation methods and explanation for the developed coding is given below (Douglass, n.d.).

The BusStopDisplay class used to read the routes.csv file. It has the bus stop information such as bus number, source, destination, due at and status. It has eight records.  The main function is the entry point for the Java Virtual Machine. The heading is bus stop displays. The FileReader and read() function used to read the CSV file (Foster & Price, 2005). The System.out.print used to print the results. Here print the bus route information. The fread.close() function used to close the file.

Created the array list for storing the route information. The route_information is the object. It is used to add the bus details to the array list. The add keyword is also used to add the details to the array list. There are eight records are added to the array list (Friesen, 2000).

The HasExpectedBuses class used to read the timetable.csv file. It has bus arrival and departure time. The FileReader and read() used to read the file. The close() function used to close the file.

The Route class has four variables such as route_source, route_destination, route_num, and distance. These variables data type is a string. The RoutesAndStopInfoParser is the constructor. The bus is the object of the routedAndStopInfoParser (Markham, 2014).

The Route is the constructor. It has five arguments such as route_no, route_start, route_terminate, and distance_value.

The above code is to display the bus stop information. It has the route id, source, destination, and distance. The bus object used to invoke the toString function .

In the above section of the code class “RoutesAndStopParser” is shown. It helps to show the calling routes, seat number and times, etc. The class contains four variables on it. And they are callingRoutes, seat_number, departure times, and speed_value. The constructor has four variables. And they are b_num, cap, dri, and sp (McAffer, Lemieux & Aniszczyk, 2010).

The getCallingRoutes() method used to get the bus routes. It return the calling routes value. It data type is integer. The getseat_number() method has the bus available seat numbers. It data type also integer (Schmuller, 2004). The getDepartureTimes() method used to find the bus departure time and also is remain the bus display status such as on time, delay and cancelled. It data type is string.

The above codes are invoke the getspeed_value() and setDepartureTimes(). The setDepartureTimes has the dri_name arguments. The getspeed_value() used to get the bus speed value. it return the speed value. it data type is string and it has the public access modifier.

In the developed code all outputs are stored as different formats like int, float, etc. But for displaying purpose string format is preferred. So that we need to convert the output into the string. For that, we used a “toString” function. It converts output values (different format) into strings. Then the code executed and shows the results in the required format.

 

Output

In the above screenshot, the information founded from the given CSV file is shown. The developed code initially collect and store the information present in the attached CSV file. So all the data present in the three CSV files are shown here. The attached CSV file contains the details like number, source, destination due at and current status. Then the coding process the data and shows the bus routes and time similar to the below-attached screenshot. And the screenshot contains the information like Route Id, Source and destination and distance (Scott, 2001). Also, the output shows the information in a simple and understandable manner. And the output screenshots were shown in the below context.

UML daigram

There are five classes in the UML diagram such as Time table, Route, Expected bus, Bus stop display, and Route alert. The time table has the bus number and due at variables. It is associated with the expected bus. It has a bus number, available seats, and status variables. It composition to bus stop display class.

The bus stop display has four variables such as routeId, source, destination, and distance. And it has two methods such as RoutesAndStopInfoParser() and Route(). It is composed to the Route class. The route class has three variables and methods. It associates to the routealert. It has three variables and two methods such as getCallingRoutes() and getDepartureTimes().

There are two data types defined in the UML diagram such as dueat and routeid. The dueat has hours and minutes. The enumeration is created for status. It has cancelled, ontime and delay.

References

Douglass, B. Real-time UML workshop for embedded systems.

Foster, J., & Price, M. (2005). Sockets, shellcode, porting & coding. Rockland, Mass.: Syngress Pub.

Friesen, J. (2000). Java 2 by example. Indianapolis, Ind.: Que.

Markham, N. (2014). Java programming interviews exposed. Hoboken: Wiley.

McAffer, J., Lemieux, J., & Aniszczyk, C. (2010). Eclipse Rich Client Platform. [Upper Saddle River, N.J.]: Addison-Wesley.

Schmuller, J. (2004). UML. Indianapolis: Sams.

Scott, K. (2001). UML explained. Boston [u.a.]: Addison-Wesley.

Guided questions Answer Template (Please do not Remove the questions)

Guided Question	Qualitative Study	Quantitative Study
Aim andSignificance (5 marks 200 words)
a. What was the aimand significance ofthe study?
Methods (10 marks 700 words)
a. Identify the research design used in the study and was it appropriate for the issue discussed?
b. Discuss the sampling technique, inclusion and exclusion criteria used for the selection of sample in the study
c.Explore the data collection method and its appropriateness to the research design of the study
Data analysis and results (10 marks 600 words)
a.How was the data analysed and was it appropriate for the study?	Data was analysed parallel with the interviews, After every interview the data was coded independently and the codes were compared and analysed for creating  coding tree. The consensus meetings and the codings were performed recurrently for the first 15 interviews. The coding for the remaining 5 interviews was divided with one author reviewing and the other coding. Sorting and analysis of test fragments was done as per the identified themes.	. In this study, data was analysed through Statistic Package for Social Sciences version 20. Descriptive statistics was applied on the data collected from online survey to identify the logical responses and missing data.  The strength of association between the three variables (medication errors, safe medication practice and workplace relationships) was investigated using frequency distribution and spearman’s correlation (SC). SC is a technique implemented to evaluate the direction and strength of a relationship between the two or three variable factors (Shuttleworth, 2018). In this study SC found that unsupportive workplace relationships are inversely associated with medication errors and erosion of safe medication practices. It was appropriate for the study for targeting a particular section of people, assessing their opinions and genuine views of genuine cross section of the nurses, and finding correlation between the three.
b.What were the findings/results of the study?	20 Nurses were approached and three themes were analysed namely: Nurses role and responsibilities in medication safety, nurses’ ability to work in safe practices and their acceptance of safe practices. The factors affecting the nurses ability to work safely were identified as awareness of the risk of medication errors and the circumstances in which the nurse work.	The result of the study was: An increase in disruptive nurse and physician behaviour ruins the safety of medication among the graduate nurses. Study identified the importance of disruptive nurse behaviour in eroding the safe medication practices.
c.Discuss the limitations and recommendations of the study?	The findings of the qualitative study could be transferrable and may be relevant to other healthcare settings as well. The factors like work pressure and dependency of others might influence the practice environment of the settings which might impact the nurses role to perform the essential functions. Ethical approval was also not considered necessary for the study. The study recommends that the role of nurses should be supported by evidence based safety practices. The safety principles should be addressed by the nursing managers to develop a  professional practice environment with consistent professional development.	The participants were recent graduates who were contacted through emails. It is possible that they did not access their email accounts. Another limitation was convenient sample, shortage of information on non responders and use of self report. The self reported data could be inaccurate and the sample of respondents’ population may not reflect the people under study.

References

Shuttleworth,M.(2018). Survey Research Design. Retrieved from https://explorable.com/survey-research-design

Introduction:

A 42-year-old indigenous Australian male, named Reggie, residing near Blackall in Central Queensland, married with three children and the sole worker of his family, came with acute decompensation of heart failure. In this essay, we report a case of an adult man categorising it into two priority problems, for which we will discuss further interventions. The problems discussed in detail will be Pulmonary Edema and Venous Thromboembolism. Pulmonary edema will be managed by administration of Furosemide and Intra-aortic balloon pumping. Interventions in Venous Thromboembolism will be anti-coagulant therapy and the use of graduated compression stockings. In treating this critical case, the nurse has a significant role in monitoring and clinical reasoning to ensure improvement in Reggie’s health. The aforementioned interventions will help reduce edema of the alveoli, increasing cardiac output by reducing blood pressure, resolving stasis and promoting blood flow in the legs, which will lead to the healing of edema in the legs, which will cause a general improvement in the condition of the patient that threatens his life.

Body:

The patient presented with pain on inspiration. When examined, he had a high systolic blood pressure of 184, increased respiratory rate of 28 breaths per minute and coarse crackling sound on auscultation. Pulmonary Edema is a condition in which there is an accumulation of fluid in the parenchyma and the alveoli of the lungs. “It is due to either failure of the left ventricle of the heart to remove blood adequately from the pulmonary circulation, or an injury to the lung parenchyma or vasculature of the lung” (Arrigo, Parissis, Akiyama & Mebazaa, 2016; Thompson, Chambers & Liu, 2017). Hence, in this case, it would be known as Cardiogenic Pulmonary Edema, because Reggie is a patient of Acute Decompensated Heart Failure which is the rapid deterioration of earlier heart failure. The pathophysiology is best understood by the neuro-humoral pathway. “In the presence of cardiac dysfunction, several neuro-humoral pathways, including the sympathetic nervous system, the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and the arginine-vasopressin system, are activated to counter the negative effects of HF on oxygen delivery to the peripheral tissues. Neuro-humoral activation in HF leads to impaired regulation of sodium excretion through the kidneys which result in sodium and, secondarily, fluid accumulation” (Njist et al., 2015; Arrigo et al., 2016).

It is essential in Pulmonary Edema for the nurse to diagnose and start the treatment as early as possible in order to avoid any grave results. The most important intervention here is the administration of a diuretic, preferably loop diuretic, Furosemide. This is a Dependant (physician initiated) intervention. Responsibilities that a nurse has in the whole administration process of this drug are to “Monitor the urine output as well as other vital signs. Watch for a drop in blood pressure. If your patient is on a cardiac monitor, watch for any arrhythmias that could be caused by a shift in electrolytes. Monitor labwork: watch for changes in the BUN and Creatinine and also potassium and other electrolytes” (Wilson, 2017). It is important to listen to the heart and lung sounds since the patient has heart failure. In case multiple doses are being administered, the nurse should be careful to note any signs of dehydration and stop or decrease the drug immediately. It is also necessary for the nurse to make sure that a bathroom is nearby for the patient to go to whenever needed. If a urinary catheter is placed, he/she should make sure that does not leak or become kinked and also clean around the area in order to prevent any infection (Wilson, 2017). Furosemide helps relieve edema by increasing the output of urine. “Furosemide, sold under the brand name Lasix among others, is a medication used to treat fluid build-up due to heart failure, liver scarring, or kidney disease” (Still, Davis, Chilipko, Jenkosol & Norwood, 2013). Therefore, Furosemide will alleviate edema in the alveoli by acting on the kidney and increasing the output of urine, causing recovery and prevention of the pulmonary edematous condition that was causing Reggie to have coarse crackles, high systolic pressure and pain on inspiration. “Furosemide reduces preload by diuresis in 20-60 minutes” (Sovari, 2017).

The advantages of this intervention include reduction of edema, and drop in high blood pressure, which would further prevent strokes, heart attacks and kidney problems. (WebMD) The disadvantages of this drug intervention comprise of dizziness, headache, vision problems, dehydration, muscle cramps, itching/rash, stomach pain, diarrhea, constipation, jaundice, and clay coloured stools. There are several adverse effects of the drug that are caused by its interaction with other drugs such as Sucralfate, Cyclosporine, various antibiotics, cardiac and hypertension medications, laxatives, salicylates, etc  (Lasix Oral, n.d.). A lactating mother should avoid it as it has the ability to pass into breast milk. It is also reported to delay the production of breast milk (Cunha, 2018).

Intra-aortic balloon pumping (IABP) is aggressive form care in cardiogenic shock patients. “Regardless of the cause, when the cardiogenic shock is recognised in the early stages, the IABP may decrease the high mortality rate significantly” (Cunha, 2018). It is a collaborative intervention. “An intra-aortic balloon pump is a short-term catheter solution to help the heart pump blood. IABPs are used to increase blood flow through the coronary arteries and reduce the heart’s workload by decreasing the afterload” (Intra-Aortic Balloon Pump, n.d.). The patient’s femoral artery is where the IABP, which is a pumping chamber, is inserted from. It is then passed into the abdominal aorta ultimately reaching the descending thoracic aorta. At the start of diastole, the balloon inflates, while the aortic valve closes, to expand the coronary artery. As the aortic valve opens again, deflation occurs. Therefore, the workload of the left ventricle is consequently decreased as there is a reduction in the intra-aortic fluid volume. It is important to note that the balloon should inflate at the accurate time in the cycle.  The nurse must have all the facts and information about the intervention so as to direct patients to the normal cardiac status. The patients should be given a thorough neurologic examination, to make sure they are aware of their orientation. It is the nurse’s responsibility to help the patient comprehend every aspect of his treatment. Inappropriate conversations should be made away from the patient where he is not able to hear them. The nurse should keep the incisions clean and dry. To aid the patient in turning, coughing and deep-breathing is imperative to prevent any complications. To avoid the risk of thrombus formation, all the pulses must be taken at every hour, along with the temperature. This intervention is suitable for the patient because it can increase the oxygen perfusion of the myocardial tissue and cardiac output by 40%. This intervention will assist in the reduction of pulmonary edema that is caused by the inability of the heart to pump blood, backing up of blood and increase in blood pressure. “IABP is the most frequently used and has saved countless patients with advanced heart disease over the past 50 years” (Jiang et al., 2017).

Intra-aortic balloon pumping is imperative to assist cardiac function in heart failure patients. It is also used as a temporary procedure for anyone waiting for a transplant. “Various studies have shown that as many as a quarter of patients may encounter bleeding at the IABP’s access site” (Senecal, 2015). A Ruptured aorta is a very serious complication of the procedure. There could be an occlusion of the femoral artery (where the catheter is inserted) causing blockage of blood flow to other parts of the body. Hematomas could form under the groin skin. There is also kidney failure reported as a complication of this procedure from a few patients (Senecal, 2015). “Major vascular complications, including limb and mesenteric ischemia as well as bleeding and hemorrhage, have been associated with IABP” (de Jong et al., 2017).

Types of evaluation data comprise of Primary sources, and Secondary sources. The edema in the patient’s lungs was greatly reduced. An absence of coarse crackles on auscultation was noticed. Breath sounds were normal. He stopped experiencing any pain on inspiration.

The patient presented with fatigue and weight gain. When examined, bilateral pitting edema of both legs was seen. Venous Thromboembolism (VTE) consists of Deep Vein Thrombosis and Pulmonary Embolism (Yu-Fen et al., 2018). It is the formation of a blood clot deep in the legs (DVT) which travels and embeds in the lungs, forming pulmonary embolism (Uhlig et al., 2016). The three conditions inclining towards VTE are Hypercoagulability, Stasis and Endothelial damage (Lasix Oral, n.d.). In this case, it occurs due to stasis of blood which is a factor of heart failure.

The major intervention in a patient with the risk of VTE is the management with Heparin and Warfarin as VTE Prophylaxis. These are anticoagulant agents. It is an independent nursing intervention. “Anticoagulant therapy prevents further clot deposition and allows the patient’s natural fibrinolytic mechanisms to lyse the existing clot” (De Palo, 2019).  Moderate-risk patients (40-60 years) are ought to be given Heparin, preferably low-dose unfractionated heparin or low molecular-weight heparin (De Palo, 2019). A nurse should have a comprehensive knowledge of the condition to be able to perform efficiently in its prevention. “Lack of knowledge about VTE is an important barrier to effective nursing performance” (Yu-Fen et al., 2018).

As important is the administration of the drugs is, monitoring of the patient holds equal importance. It is essential to monitor a patient that is being given heparin prophylaxis to look for any signs of VTE in addition to bleeding and thrombocytopenia which are the side effects of the drug. Signs include pain, tenderness, edema and discolouration of the lower limbs (Senecal, 2015). This intervention is appropriate for the patient because since he shows signs of edema in his legs, this drug will help resolve the stasis causing the blood flow to move in its proper direction, which would lead to the reduction of the edema, diminishing any risk of DVT or PE.

Heparin has a short half-life allowing easy dose adjustments and an immediate effect. Moreover, it is a natural agent. It causes magnificent effects on the clotting cascade. Warfarin has a longer half-life and exceptional bioavailability, as it works for a longer period of time (Brown, Wilkerson & Love, 2015). Bleeding (thrombocytopenia), Bruising or bluish discolouration of the skin and mild itching of the feet can be seen as side effects (Unfried, 2017).

Graduated compression stockings are special stockings that endorse blood flow in legs. It is an Independent intervention. “It also demonstrated that GCS probably reduce the risk of developing DVT in the thighs (proximal DVT, moderate-quality evidence) and PE (low-quality evidence)” (Sachdeva, Dalton & Lees, 2018). They work by compression therapy to decrease venous pressure and prevent venous disorders like edema, phlebitis, and thrombosis. “By squeezing the leg tissues and walls of the veins, compression stockings can help blood in the veins return to the heart. They can also improve the flow of the fluid (called lymph) that bathes the cells in the legs” (Barone, 2016). The nurse’s responsibilities in this intervention are to assess the size of the stockings properly with a measuring tape, to educate the patient about the pros and cons of it. The nurse should also remember to remove the stockings and examine the patient’s skin after every 12 hours (Wade, Paton & Woolacott, 2017). “Graduated compression stockings exert the greatest degree of compression at the ankle, and the level of compression gradually decreases up the garment” (Lim & Davies, 2014). It is appropriate for the patient because it works by decreasing the diameter of distended veins and increasing the velocity of venous blood flow and maintaining valve efficacy. This intervention will resolve the oedematous condition of the legs of the patient while preventing VTE. 

Their advantages include the fact that they are a conservative method of treating venous disorders. They decrease pain and discomfort associated with the underlying venous disorder. They also aid in the reduction of bruising and clot formation (Webb, Walter, Overby, Hall & Griffin, 2019). They may cause skin irritation if they are worn for long periods of time (Nall, 2018).

Conclusion

After these interventions, the patient was active, and the previously noted exhaustion was gone. Bilateral pitting edema of legs was managed, and the swelling was diminished to a great degree. The patient also lost significant weight.

Since the patient was in a serious condition of acute decompensated heart failure presenting with symptoms that directed towards the risk of pulmonary edema and venous thromboembolism, it was imperative to use interventions whose benefits outweigh the risks. They included: administration of Furosemide, insertion of Intra-aortic balloon pump, administration of Heparin and Warfarin, and provision of graduated compression stockings (Still et al., 2013). These interventions aided in the reduction of edema from the alveoli, increasing the cardiac output by reduction of blood pressure, resolution of stasis, and promotion of blood flow in the legs leading to the cure of edema in legs, causing an overall improvement in the patient’s life-threatening condition

REFERENCE

Barone, J. (2016, September 22). Compression Socks and Stockings: Benefits, Risks, How to Buy. Retrieved April 27, 2019, from http://www.berkeleywellness.com/self-care/over-counter-products/article/rough-guide-compression-stockings

Brown, D. G., Wilkerson, E. C., & Love, W. E. (2015). A review of traditional and novel oral anticoagulant and antiplatelet therapy for dermatologists and dermatologic surgeons. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, Vol. 72(3), pp. 524-534.

Cunha, J. P. (2018). Common Side Effects of Lasix (Furosemide) Drug Center. Retrieved April 27, 2019, from https://www.rxlist.com/lasix-side-effects-drug-center.htm#overview

de Jong, M. M., Lorusso, R., Al Awami, F., Matteucci, F., Parise, O., Lozekoot, P., Gelsomino, S. (2017). Vascular complications following intra-aortic balloon pump implantation: an updated review. Perfusion, Vol. 33(2), pp. 96–104. doi:10.1177/0267659117727825

De Palo, V. A. (2019, January 29). Venous Thromboembolism (VTE) Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Anticoagulant Therapy, Thrombolytic Therapy. Retrieved April 27, 2019, from https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1267714-treatment

Intra-Aortic Balloon Pump (IABP). (n.d.). Retrieved April 27, 2019, from https://utswmed.org/conditions-treatments/intra-aortic-balloon-pump/

Jiang, X., Zhu, Z., Ye, M., Yan, Y., Zheng, J., Dai, Q., & Ma, P. (2017). Clinical application of intra-aortic balloon pump in patients with cardiogenic shock during the perioperative period of cardiac surgery. Experimental and therapeutic medicine, Vol. 13(5), pp. 1741-1748 Available at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5443233/ [27^th April 2019]

Lasix Oral: Uses, Side Effects, Interactions, Pictures, Warnings & Dosing. (n.d.). Retrieved April 27, 2019, from https://www.webmd.com/drugs/2/drug-3776-8043/lasix-oral/furosemide-oral/details

Lim, C. S., & Davies, A. H. (2014). Graduated compression stockings. CMAJ: Canadian Medical Association journal = journal de l’Association medical Canadienne, Vol. 186(10), E391–E398. doi:10.1503/cmaj.131281

Nall, R. (2018, April 28). Compression stockings for varicose veins: Benefits and risks. Retrieved April 27, 2019, from https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/321662.php

Nijst, P., Verbrugge, F. H., Grieten, L., Dupont, M., Steels, P., Tang, W. W., & Mullens, W. (2015). The pathophysiological role of interstitial sodium in heart failure. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, Vol. 65(4), pp. 378-388. Available at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25634838 [27th April 2019]

Sachdeva, A., Dalton, M., Lees, T., Graduated compression stockings for prevention of deep vein thrombosis (2018). Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Issue 11. Art. No.: CD001484. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD001484.pub4

Senecal, P. A. (2015). Venous thromboembolism prophylaxis. Nursing2018 Critical Care, Vol. 10(6), pp. 16-25.

Sovari, A. A. (2017, December 21). Cardiogenic Pulmonary Edema Medication: Preload Reducers, Afterload Reducers, Inotropic Agents. Available at https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/157452-medication [27th April 2019]

Still, K., Davis, A., Chilipko, A., Jenkosol, A., & Norwood, D. (2013). Evaluation of a pharmacy-driven inpatient discharge counselling service: impact on 30-day readmission rates. The Consultant Pharmacist®, Vol. 28(12), pp. 775-785.

Thompson, B. T., Chambers, R. C., & Liu, K. D. (2017). Acute respiratory distress syndrome. New England Journal of Medicine, Vol. 377(6), pp. 562-572.

Uhlig, C., Bluth, T., Schwarz, K., Deckert, S., Heinrich, L., De Hert, S., & Schmitt, J. (2016). Effects of Volatile Anesthetics on Mortality and Postoperative Pulmonary and Other Complications in Patients Undergoing SurgeryA Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Anesthesiology: The Journal of the American Society of Anesthesiologists, Vol. 124(6), pp. 1230-1245.

Unfried, A. (2017). Heparin: Classification, Uses & Side Effects. Retrieved April 27, 2019, from https://study.com/academy/lesson/heparin-classification-uses-side-effects.html

Wade, R., Paton, F., & Woolacott, N. (2017). A systematic review of patient preference and adherence to the correct use of graduated compression stockings to prevent deep vein thrombosis in surgical patients. Journal of advanced nursing, Vol. 73(2), pp. 336-348.

Webb, A., Walter, K., Overby, J., Hall, A., & Griffin, M. (2019). Effectiveness of TED Stockings on Circulation and Blood Clotting.

Wilson, B. (2017). What is the nursing role of Lasix? Retrieved April 27, 2019, from https://www.quora.com/What-is-the-nursing-role-of-Lasix

Yu-Fen, M. A., Yuan, X. U., Ya-Ping Chen, X. J. W., Hai-Bo Deng, Y. H., & Xin-juan, W. U. (2018). Nurses’ objective knowledge regarding venous thromboembolism prophylaxis: A national survey study. Medicine, Vol. 97(14) Available at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5902296/ [27^th April 2019]

Markov Chain (Final Project)

The Markov Chain with one-step transition matrix is given below.

P =

1. The above transition matrix is right stochastic if the sum of each row is 1 or it can be right stochastic if the sum of each column is 1 or it can be said that the matrix is doubly stochastic if both sum of row and column sums up to 1. Now, a MATLAB script is written to find the sum of each row and column.

MATLAB code:

P = [0.25 0.35 0.15 0 0.25;0.15 0.2 0.4 0.1 0.15;0.1 0.35 0.05 0.3 0.2;0.55 0 0.25 0.15 0.05;0 0.6 0.25 0 0.15];

for i=1:length(P)

scol(i) = sum(P(:,i));

srow(i) = sum(P(i,:));

end

srow

scol = scol’

Output:

sumprob

srow =

     1     1     1     1     1

scol =

    1.0500

    1.5000

    1.1000

    0.5500

    0.8000

Hence, as the row sum is 1 hence the state transition matrix is right stochastic only.

2. The nth step of Markov chain simulation is given by,

Where,  is the probability vector after nth step.

 = initial state distribution.

n = simulation number.

MATLAB code:

P = [0.25 0.35 0.15 0 0.25;0.15 0.2 0.4 0.1 0.15;0.1 0.35 0.05 0.3 0.2;0.55 0 0.25 0.15 0.05;0 0.6 0.25 0 0.15]; % state transition matrix

pi0 = [3/15 2/15 4/15 5/15 1/15]; % initial state distribution

n = 10000; % number of steps is 10000

fprob = pi0*(P^n); % final state probability matrix

row_sum = sum(fprob);

fprob

row_sum

Output:

EE380_Exp10_A

fprob =

    0.1781    0.3050    0.2316    0.1176    0.1676

row_sum =

    1.0000

Hence, it can be seen that after 10000 simulation the sum of probabilities in the row is equal to 1. Hence, the final state transition matrix is also right stochastic.

3. Now, the final probability array is generated after 10000 simulations for 20 randomly chosen initial distributions. The initial distributions are chosen from uniform distribution having values between [0,1].

MATLAB code:

P = [0.25 0.35 0.15 0 0.25;0.15 0.2 0.4 0.1 0.15;0.1 0.35 0.05 0.3 0.2;0.55 0 0.25 0.15 0.05;0 0.6 0.25 0 0.15]; % state transition matrix

for i=1:20

pi0 = rand(1,length(P)) % initial state distribution chosen randomly from uniform distribution

n = 10000; % number of steps is 10000

fprob = pi0*(P^n) % final state probability matrix

row_sum = sum(fprob)

end

Output:

EE380_Exp10_B

pi0 =

    0.6557    0.0357    0.8491    0.9340    0.6787

fprob =

    0.5617    0.9617    0.7303    0.3709    0.5286

row_sum =

    3.1533

pi0 =

    0.7577    0.7431    0.3922    0.6555    0.1712

fprob =

    0.4845    0.8295    0.6299    0.3199    0.4559

row_sum =

    2.7198

pi0 =

    0.7060    0.0318    0.2769    0.0462    0.0971

fprob =

    0.2063    0.3532    0.2682    0.1362    0.1941

row_sum =

    1.1581

pi0 =

    0.8235    0.6948    0.3171    0.9502    0.0344

fprob =

    0.5024    0.8601    0.6532    0.3317    0.4727

row_sum =

    2.8201

pi0 =

    0.4387    0.3816    0.7655    0.7952    0.1869

fprob =

    0.4574    0.7832    0.5948    0.3021    0.4305

row_sum =

    2.5679

pi0 =

    0.4898    0.4456    0.6463    0.7094    0.7547

fprob =

    0.5426    0.9289    0.7054    0.3583    0.5106

row_sum =

    3.0457

pi0 =

    0.2760    0.6797    0.6551    0.1626    0.1190

fprob =

    0.3371    0.5772    0.4383    0.2226    0.3172

row_sum =

    1.8924

pi0 =

    0.4984    0.9597    0.3404    0.5853    0.2238

fprob =

    0.4645    0.7953    0.6039    0.3067    0.4371

row_sum =

    2.6076

pi0 =

    0.7513    0.2551    0.5060    0.6991    0.8909

fprob =

    0.5526    0.9462    0.7185    0.3649    0.5200

row_sum =

    3.1023

pi0 =

    0.9593    0.5472    0.1386    0.1493    0.2575

fprob =

    0.3655    0.6258    0.4753    0.2414    0.3440

row_sum =

    2.0519

pi0 =

    0.8407    0.2543    0.8143    0.2435    0.9293

fprob =

    0.5490    0.9400    0.7138    0.3625    0.5167

row_sum =

    3.0821

pi0 =

    0.3500    0.1966    0.2511    0.6160    0.4733

fprob =

    0.3361    0.5755    0.4371    0.2220    0.3163

row_sum =

    1.8870

pi0 =

    0.3517    0.8308    0.5853    0.5497    0.9172

fprob =

    0.5762    0.9865    0.7492    0.3805    0.5422

row_sum =

    3.2347

pi0 =

    0.2858    0.7572    0.7537    0.3804    0.5678

fprob =

    0.4890    0.8372    0.6358    0.3229    0.4602

row_sum =

    2.7450

pi0 =

    0.0759    0.0540    0.5308    0.7792    0.9340

fprob =

    0.4229    0.7240    0.5498    0.2792    0.3979

row_sum =

    2.3738

pi0 =

    0.1299    0.5688    0.4694    0.0119    0.3371

fprob =

    0.2703    0.4627    0.3514    0.1785    0.2543

row_sum =

    1.5171

pi0 =

    0.1622    0.7943    0.3112    0.5285    0.1656

fprob =

    0.3495    0.5983    0.4544    0.2308    0.3289

row_sum =

    1.9619

pi0 =

    0.6020    0.2630    0.6541    0.6892    0.7482

fprob =

    0.5267    0.9017    0.6847    0.3478    0.4956

row_sum =

    2.9564

pi0 =

    0.4505    0.0838    0.2290    0.9133    0.1524

fprob =

    0.3258    0.5578    0.4236    0.2151    0.3066

row_sum =

    1.8291

pi0 =

    0.8258    0.5383    0.9961    0.0782    0.4427

fprob =

    0.5132    0.8787    0.6673    0.3389    0.4830

row_sum =

    2.8811

Hence, ti can be seen from the above simulations with 20 restarts that the sum of row probabilities are not equal to 1. Only, the sum is closest to 1 (1.1581) when the initial distribution is

Hence, if the sum of probabilities in the initial distribution is equal to 1 then the final probabilities after simulation of Markov chain will be equal to 1.

4.

Now, distribution is stationary as the sum of the probabilities of initial distribution is not equal to 1 and the equation for being stationary distribution is not satisfied. The equation for stationary distribution is

Immigration Law; Case Study

INTRODUCTION

There are times that a country is faced with a short in skilled human resource. This shortage has been the leading causal factor in increasing the number of expatriates. However, this is for s temporary basis.[1]Although there is the need to allow skilled foreigner into Australia to help curb the shortage of skilled labour, it is essential that this is done through the implementation of correct laws and the creation of policies that provide for a useful framework that the government can monitor the admission of skilled foreign foreigners.[2] Jacob Hassan possesses impeccable skills in the world of engineering and would like to realize his hydrogen fuel for cars ambition. However, due to the strained relationship between Britain and other European countries following the Brexit exit, Jacob approaches David Meyer an Australian Businessman to help him get to Australia in order to achieve his dream. This letter seeks to advise the parties on the various ways that would enable Jacob Hassan to get a visa to Australia so as to work on his cut-edge project.

 Legal Framework

The Rules, Policies, and Laws

According to the Immigration Act 1958 section 30 states the types of visas that one can apply for when seeking to visit Australia. Subsection 2 allows for one to apply for a visa that enables them to visit Australia on a temporary basis with the aim of carrying out an activity or until the end of an event. This is the subsection that allows applying for a visa in order to carry out a business venture.[3]

Section 41 of the Immigration Act allows the government to restrict the kind of activity that the holder of the visa is to undertake depending on the class of the visa. For instance, if Jacob Hassan would like to achieve his dream of creating a new form of energy he should apply for the visa class that enables him to work in Australia. However, Jacobs’s application must meet conditions set out under the Temporary Skilled Subclass 482 Visa.[4]It could be difficult for an employer to find a skilled Australian citizen to help him execute the mandate of his company; thus, the creation of the TSSV. The TSS Visa serves will enable Innovative Technology and Engineering to employ Jacob Hassan who has a vast knowledge in engineering that may help grow the Australian economy. However, it is essential to note that priority is given to Australian workers. Most of the times, TSS Visa leads to permanent residency.[5]

Jacob’s Eligibility Medium Temporary Skilled Subclass 482 Visa

This visa will grant Jacob the liberty to stay, work, and study in Australia. The validity will enable you to travel to and from Australia at any given time. Through Medium TSS visa ones stay in Australia is only limited to four years.[6]

Since most employers would appreciate the input of a skilled worker, this visa allows for sponsors to recruit competent non-Australian citizens subject to the requirements set out under the occupations list and that the relevant individual has at least two years’ experience in the said field. The TSS visa outlines requirements that have to be met for one to qualify as a skilled foreign worker in Australia. These requirements include:

1. The worker’s occupation must be listed under the Medium and Long-term Strategic Skills List. Jacob Hassan being a petroleum engineer, he matches the descriptions of the jobs listed according to the Medium and Long-Term Strategic Skills List (MLTSSL). This is a list which comprises of occupations that allow one to apply for a medium-term TSS that last for four years and may be enhanced to permanency.[7]
2. The applicant must be able to undertake the IELTS 5 test and score no less than 5. This to verify that the applicant can speak fluent English at all times as this is the official and popular language in Australia. However, there are exemptions to this requirement as will be discussed.[8] Jacob, despite being of Iraqi descent he has managed to gain the citizenship of Britain making him a British citizen. Jacob has lived in Britain since 2007, meaning that he is now fully able to speak English with high proficiency as he has worked and held prestigious positions as an engineer working for Jaguar. Therefore, Jacob is exempted from the English proficiency test as dictated by the TSS 482.
3. The applicant must have at least two years of experience in the area of speciality. Hassan started working with Jaguar since 2015. The four-year experience satisfies the minimum requirement of 2 years of working experience according to the MLTSSL visa requirements. Moreover, the work experience falls within the five-year gap needed when calculating the age experience, according to TSS 482. It is mandated by law that once Jacob has acquired his visa, his work should be within the job he was nominated for as that is the reason for the visa granted failure to which he will be held liable for the breach of the Migration Amendment (Reform of Employer Sanctions) Act 2013.[9]

Whether Jacob is Eligible for Global Temporary Visa Australia?

This is an Australian government program launched on 1 July 2018. This program just like the TSS visa serves to invite brilliant business minds to come and work in Australia. Jacob Hassan could for this scheme and audition his talent. Sic Jacob Hassan’s idea-based fuel for cars is unique he stands a better chance of qualifying for the start upstream. Through this Innovation Technology and Engineering as an accredited sponsor may employ Jacob for his cutting-edge skills in petroleum engineering. This must be done in line with the TSS 482 visa. Hassan’s idea is alien to many and falls under Science Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) category which is a basic requirement for Jacob to be granted a Global Temporary Visa Australia.[10]

Whether David Meyer Can Sponsor Jacob Hassan through ITE?

Recruitment of skilled labour remains one of the most fundamental and challenging tasks that an employer could ever face. David Myer is defined as a local businessman and the head of ITE based in East Melbourne, Australia. David has shown a clear interest in the ideas propagated by Jacob and as promised to help sponsor him to Australia so Jacob could realize his project.  However, for David to be successful in his intentions, he needs to observe the requirements set out by TSS 482. Australia allows for the movement of skilled workers from one state to the other according to the World Trade Organization General Agreement on Trade in Services 1994 (WTO GATS)[11]

1. David Meyer owns a company related to Innovative Technology and Engineering (ITE). It is mandatory that ITE gets the nod as an approved business sponsor. Since ITE is based in Australia, most of its business is carried out within Australia thus it could be termed as a standard business. After the approval of the sponsorship by the department of home affairs, a nomination has to be put up matching the qualifications of Jacob Hassan. The nomination of the position you would like to be filled by the 482 visas. The occupation you would like to be filled must fall under the recommended categories such as the Medium and Long-Term Strategic Skills List (MLTSSL).[12]
2. ITE must ensure that before seeking the expertise of a Jacob Hassan, a local resident and citizen must have been sought without success. It is highly recommended that ITE carry out Labour Market Testing unless it is dictated otherwise by International Trade Obligation.[13] If Jacob was a citizen of Canada or New Zealand then ITE would have enjoyed the exemption of LMT. It is required that ITE must show the Department of Home Affairs that Jacob Hassan is the best fit for the job description and no Australian can fill up the position. To meet this requirement, ITE most run an advertisement on the government’s website and one of the leading job websites. The advertisement should run for 28 days. On the expiry of the 28 days, you only have four months to put up a nomination for the important position you would like filled.[14]
3. Once the nomination is done, David should inform Jacob to fill in the application form since he meets the standards necessary for one to be work on a Medium Long-Term Skilled Subclass. The nominated position must be full time, and genuine. If Jacob Hassan is successful for the nomination and it appointed it a dictate of the law that he works strictly according to the job description that granted him the TSS 482 Visa failure to which both ITE and Jacob Hassan shall be deemed to have breached the terms of the visa under Migration Amendment (Reform of Employer Sanctions) Act 2013.
4. the payment of Nomination Contribution Training must be done depending on the turnover of your business. If your business has a turnover of more or less than $10 Million annually, you are to pay a fee of $1,800 and $1,200 per year, respectively. [15]
5. ITE must adhere to the primary and minimum requirements when it comes to paying Jacob as the government strives to ensure that foreigners are not exploited when it comes to getting paid cheap wages while working for extra hours.[16] The government of Australia through the Fair Work Act of 2009 recommends that Jacob Hassan be at a rate that is similar to that of Australian citizens and residents. The government has gone ahead to instruct that the foreigners be paid just as Australian citizens and permanent residents are paid. Every employer is encouraged to pay the foreign workers a minimum of AUD 250,000 per year. Similarly, if there exist no comparable rates for which Jacob Hassan may be paid, ITE may rely on to pay the worker, the employer is at liberty to consult other instruments such as modern employment awards that may help in giving an estimate of what he ought to be paid to the worker.
6. It is a requirement the ITE be able to pay the Nomination Contribution Training according to the annual turnover. If your business has a turnover of more or less than $10 Million annually, you are to pay a fee of $1,800 and $1,200 per year, respectively.

Conclusion

Since the introduction of the TSS visa 482 as an improvement of 457 Visa, a comprehensive framework based on the law, regulations, and policies that have made it easier to sponsor skilled foreign workers to come and work in Australia to build the economy. Jacob Hassan has two options for which he could freely pick from so as to facilitate his travel to Australia to work on his project. Firstly, Jacob Hassan could apply for the Temporary Skilled Shortage 482 visa, which will grant him a period of four years to work on his project and can be enhanced to permanency after three years. Also, Jacob could explore the Global Talent Visa option which is STEM-oriented; that is, fits which his career as he is a fully-fledged engineer. The Global Temporary Visa sets up an avenue where Jacob Hassan would showcase his unique ideas so as to secure the sponsorship of an innovative company. Moreover, David Meyer through Innovation Technology and Engineering could sponsor Jacob Hassan by following the processes stipulated in the Temporary Skilled Subclass 482 Visa. This involves the nomination of Jacob to fill the position that describes his qualification. Also, ITE may take part in theGlobal Temporary Visa and select Jacob Hassan as a beneficiary of their sponsorship program.

Bibliography

Books/ Articles

Cañas, Kathryn A and Harris Sondak, Opportunities And Challenges Of Workplace Diversity (Pearson, 2014)

Hawthorne, Lesleyanne, “A Comparison Of Skilled Migration Policy: Australia, Canada And New Zealand” [2014] SSRN Electronic Journal

Others

Migration Amendment Act (Skilling Australians Fund) Bill 2017

Migration (Skilling Australians Funds) Charges Bill 2017

Migration Agents Regulation 1998 No. 53 of 1998

Migration Act 1958 No. 62 of 1958

Fair Work Act 2009 No. 28 of 2009

Legislative Instruments Act of 2003 (LIA)

Migrations Amendment (Temporary Sponsored Visas) Act 2013

Tendering and Performance of Building Work 2016 (Code)

Migration Amendment (Reform of Employer Sanctions) Act2013

The Global Talent Scheme (2018)

World Trade Organization General Agreement on Trade in Services 1994

Migration Amendment (Reform of Employer Sanctions) Act 2013

Migration Legislation Amendment (Temporary Skill Shortage Visa and Complementary Reforms) Regulations 2018

Migration Regulations 1994 (Cth) No. 268 of 1994

Migration Amendment (New Skilled Regional Visas) Regulations 2019

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[1]Kathryn A Canas and Harris Sondak, Opportunities And Challenges of Workplace Diversity (Perason, 2014)

[2]Lesleyanne Hawthorne, “A Comparison Of Skilled Migration Policy: Australia, Canada And New Zealand” [2014] SSRN Electronic Journal.

[3]Immigration Act 1958 s30 

[4]Migration Amendment (New Skilled Regional Visas) Regulations 2019

[5]Ibid

[6]Repealed Migration Legislation Amendment (Temporary Skill Shortage Visa and Complementary Reforms) Regulations 2018

[7] Regulation 1.03 of Migration Regulations 1994

[8]See explanatory on Migration Act 1958 and Migration Agents Regulation 1998

[9] Migration Amendment (Reform of Employer Sanctions) Act2013

[10] See; The Global Talent Scheme (2018) Retrieved from

[11] World Trade Organization General Agreement on Trade in Services 1994

[12]Ibid

[13] 1840GBA(2) Migration Act 1958, read with s44 of the Legislative Act of 2003 and the Migrations Amendment (Temporary Sponsored Visas) Act 2013

[14] s11F of Code for the Tendering and Performance of Building Work 2016(Code)

[15] Migration Amendment Act (Skilling Australians Fund) Bill 2017 and Migration (Skilling Australians Funds) Charges Bill 2017)

[16] Fair Work Act of 2009