INTRODUCTION

Evolution of mobile communication systems

The origin of distance communication is attributed to Graham Bell from Bell industries and the original systems implemented the circuit switched systems. The mobile communication system is radio-wave based and radio waves form part of the electromagnetic spectrum. The antennae in the communication systems are used to send and receive radio signals. The common range of the radio signals is 850MHz, 900MHz, 1800 MHz, and the 1900 MHz frequency bands. In a cellular network, the base stations are used to connect with the user equipment as well as transmit and receive from the mobiles based on the set spectrum. There are multiple base stations that utilize a specific spectrum as a result of the frequency reuse principle[1]. The service area for a given base station is a cell and the mobile terminal is regarded as the closest base station. The network allows for a handover when a user moves from one cell to another. A base station in a cellular network has many mobile terminals which perform both the uplink and the downlink of data traffic at the same time[2]. There is interference due to environmental factors as well as electrical noise from the sender and receiver equipment.

As the system advanced, so did the access schemes advance. The initial advancement was from the circuit-switched systems to the packet switched systems which could be routed to the receiver through different paths. The first generation mobile systems were developed for the speech signals in 1979. The systems operated between the frequencies 869-894 MHz for the AMPs and TACs communication systems. The traffic in this model was transmitted by the FDMA multiplexing technique. During this period, the frequency spectrum was not shared among many users as most of the users were the military and the government. The second generation succeeded the 1G. Newer multiple access techniques such as the time division multiple access (TDMA), and the code division multiple access, (CDMA) were designed to improve traffic flow. During this period, the GSM services developed the GPRS along with the GSM. The third generation demonstrated remarkable improvements in the data traffic transmission and reception through the air-interface technology for UMTS. The 3G networks are used by the network operators to develop wider range of advanced services which generate a greater network capacity based on improved spectral efficiency[3]. NTT launched the initial commercial 3G network which had higher data rates as compared to 2G and 2.5G networks. The 3G network improved the packet transmission efficiency in the circuit switch or PSTN environment as adopted in the 2G network.

The initial tests for the 4G network under the Long Term Evolution networks by 3GPP were carried out in Tokyo where the networks attained a speed of 1gbps in the real time packet transmission as well as having to select the target wireless systems. In the cellular network, the system uses the base stations to send the broadcasting signaling messages from different wireless technologies and access protocols. The 4G network infrastructure is based on data and the internet. The network is able to provide better wireless services as well as the local management of the network boundaries. The system is considered to run on the internet protocol. It is a heterogeneous system that offers services at a service subscription. The target peak data rates for the LTE are set to 30bps per Hertz and 15 bps per Hertz for the downlink and uplink traffic rates respectively. The 4G network incorporates the multi-input and multi-output (MIMO) systems for the channel transmission techniques based on the coordinated multipoint is the transmission or reception for the LTE techniques[4].

The 3GPP team has constantly researched on the area to determine the complete wireless communication without limitation for telecommunication networks with highly advanced standards. The 5G technology is released in phases through publications addressing different capabilities and innovations. There are a number of merits that can be anticipated for in this technology such as the smart transportation, home automation, security networks and systems, as well as the online books. The 5G technology focuses on the WiMax and RAT. The difference in 5G architectures is that the mobile system is all-IP and it is based on the wireless and mobile network interoperability.

PROBLEM STATEMENT

Most wireless communication networks have poor performance as a result of poor link quality and channel noise. On the other hand, the wireless technologies are evolving with an increase in the mobile users within a network. From the statistics on the mobile gadgets purchased in the last decade, there is an up scaling trend of increased mobile use. The use of mobile equipment implies an increased mobile traffic. The software engineers have come up with different applications which increase the mobile traffic especially those that use the internet to run. The LTE evolution technology has improved the performance of the communication network as well as the data throughput for the mobile traffic[5].

Some of the factors that are considered in the development and standardization of the 5G services is the focus on increased mobile users, management of mobile traffic, and the integration of Internet of Things and other innovative applications. The integration of the mobile broadband and the Internet of Things requires that the communication system is improved. The 5G services are supported by integrating the numerologies by having different sub-carriers being modulated together without inter-numerology interference. This is the key focus of the research work and the theoretical model seeks to perform inter-numerology interference cancellation.

AIMS & OBJECTIVES

To determine the 5G numerology and services in the evolution of mobile communication systems.
To implement the OFDMA with multiple, co-existing different frequency spacing using MATLAB Simulink and script.
To find the interference that arises from the different frequency spacing; compare it to the constant spacing of 15kHz, 30 kHz, and 60kHz.

LITERATURE REVIEW

Overview

It is no longer a myth or speculation that there is a tremendous increase in the mobile data traffic within the local communication systems. The 3GPP organization is responsible of the standardization of services provided within each evolution technology such that the communication system attains a higher data throughput, with wider bandwidth or carrier aggregation, and higher complexity for two contradicting evolution paths involved in the current age. The aim of the standardization targets is to focus on the current misgivings of the LTE technology and improve it to meet the current and future requirement of the communication systems. There are two systems running in the current technology, the mobile broadband which comprises the PLMN networks and WiMAX alongside the Internet of Things which integrates all devices wirelessly.

Previous evolution technologies focused on defining technology frameworks before defining a suitable use case. The 5G technology initially defines a use case and later it analyses the requirements before it defines the technology. It is quite a noble approach considering there is need to integrate the dense crowd of users and the internet of things which presents reliability and low latency requirements of the devices during communication. For instance, an IoT sensor network may have a massive number of devices which need long battery lifetime, or an IoT control network whose performance metric is reliability, resilience, high levels of security, and very low latency or delay during communication. On the other hand, the mobile broadband may require improved mobility and handing over, very high data rates and high capacity for the traffic[6].

5G services and requirements

Many innovations are focused on the internet and data services. As a result, many people wish to access these services via their mobile devices such as laptops, mobile phones, tablets, and GPS navigation systems. The third generation partnership project, 3GPP, group has been making advances towards ensuring commercially available wireless systems by the year 2020. The group of researchers and designers seeks to address a number of challenges in the current networks such as the ever increasing number of connected devices, the growth in traffic volume as well as the increased range of applications based on the different requirements and attributes. The improvement of networks from the first generation to LTE has opened several avenues for innovation and improved communication. For instance, the first generation allowed for circuit switched voice communication over a PSTN network or PLMN network. The second generation improved the idea by allowing a low data rate of traffic to be passed through the system. Further, more improvements were made with regards to the integration of the voice, data, and video over the internet.

Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing, OFDM

Message signals are transmitted over wired and wireless signals. The transmission channel can be wide-band or narrow-band. There are multiple sub-channels also known as the sub-carriers which transport the samples at lower rates where the bandwidth is similar with the wide-band channel. The sub-channels are affected by interferers or the multi-path effect. The previous technologies have implemented the frequency division especially in the early generations. This technique implements orthogonality in the frequency division multiplexing. It includes a guard band between the adjacent frequency bands to limit leakage interference from the adjacent sub-channels[7].The sole purpose of the guard band in this instance is to protect the communication systems from the leakage interference.

The orthogonal FDM does not implement the guard bands as the FDM systems do. The data is coded in the frequency domain and through and inverse Fast Fourier transform it is converted to time domain to form sinusoidal waveforms. The waveforms are then transmitted as channel frequency responses. In a communication channel, the following OFDM transmitter and receiver is obtained,

To encode a signal for transmission using the orthogonality of the subcarriers, the frequency domain samples are converted to the time domain samples using IFFT so that,

At the receiver section, the signal is decodes as it is transformed from the continuous time domain received to frequency domain samples from which the system performance can be analyzed (Chouinard, Wang, & Wu, ICASSP, 2005). The transformation is attributed to the Fast Fourier transform technique. The orthogonality of any two bins in the samples is given as,

Another key caveat encountered in frequency division multiplexing is the inter-symbol interference (ISI) which illustrates the delayed version of a symbol which seeks to overlap with the adjacent symbol. Usually, the introduction of a guard band helps solve the issue of inter-symbol interference. A cyclic prefix is introduced in the system as the delay spread is not exactly known and the symbol period may be longer based on the copying of the tail which is glued at the front. During the Fast Fourier transformation, the signal is periodic and the delay in the time domain corresponds to the rotation in the frequency domain. For instance, with a multipath signal, the signal is convolved as,

For a signal without the multipath, the original signal and the delayed version of the signal is obtained as,

The cyclic prefix introduces the merit that the signal can still be decoded while the packet is detected even after some delay. For the unoccupied edge sub-carriers, the frequency may be shifted with regards to the noise or instances of multi-path. The subcarriers are unused for the 48 of 64 bins of unoccupied carriers. Double sliding window packet detection and optimal threshold depends on the receiving power. The CP uses the cross-correlation technique to detect a preamble in the threshold as required for synchronization. In a nutshell, the OFDM technique in the LTE and 5G communication systems allows the carriers to overlap without having to implement a guard band. The overlap allows the communication system to save up more bandwidth as long as there is no case of inter-carrier interference, ICI. The frequency responses of the subcarriers tend to overlap at the zero crossing so as to avoid instances of ICI. The technique is more immune to the ISI as it has a high data rate which is distributed over a number of carriers which result in a lower symbol rate. The implementation of the technique permits higher data rates as compared to the standard FDM while provisioning for improved security and bandwidth efficiency in the communication system (Nemati & Arslan, 2018). There are a number of guard intervals which ensure that the system is quite robust for the implementation of the multipath effects.

Some of the attributes that define the OFDM,

Spectral efficiency – OFDM depicts a high level of spectral efficiency so that it can meet the extreme data rates. The spectral efficiency is quite significant for the low carrier frequencies which have higher frequencies. The efficiency affects the UL and DL. One key application area is for the mobile or vehicular communication where the vehicle is in motion especially in a dense urban environment where many users are accessing the communication network. The signals from the vehicle are transmitted periodically in an asynchronous design.
MIMO compatibility – the implementation of Multiple input Multiple output technology for the carriers causes a carrier frequency where more antenna transmit within a given access node. It improves the spectral efficiency and allows for a larger coverage by ensuring that the signal is beam-forming. The signal seeks to perform the communication by having high propagation losses at high frequencies where there are coverage limitations.
Peak to average power ratio (PAPR) – when compared to other multi-carrier waveforms, the PAPR provides power efficient transmissions form the access nodes and to the user equipment. When the PAPR is involved in the OFDM it is reduced to compromise the performance. There are requirements for the PAPR in uplink and downlink to ensure that the low cost access nodes are able to transmit message signals using the high frequencies.
Robustness to channel time-selectivity – due to coverage limitations, the large cell deployments prefer the high speed scenarios to operate on the system. There are V2X services which are operated at high frequencies and they form the robustness of a channel with respect to the time selectivity. It forms a figure of merit in determining the performance indicators for the high frequencies.
Robustness to channel frequency-selectivity – the attribute is relevant to the transmission of the large bandwidth signals which are transmissible over wireless channels. The OFDM technique demonstrates the strength of the frequency selective channels.

Other significant attributes considered in the design and implementation of the OFDM include the transceiver baseband complexity, the time and frequency localization, the robustness to synchronization errors, the flexibility and scalability of the communication networks as well as the robustness of the network with regards to the phase noise.

Related work: 5G inter-numerology Interference

5G is quite flexible as it offers the supporting different services and communication cases. The 3GPP has flexibility providing the multi-numerology system to obtain the cost of the increasing interference. It is referred to as the inter-numerology interference (INI). The 5G integrates different kinds of services on the communication platform and it advances the wireless connectivity of these services. Some of the services defined in the evolution are enhanced mobile broadband, massive machine type communications, and the ultra-reliable and low latency communication. To achieve the required flexibility with the 5G New Radio umbrella, the multi-numerology concept is adopted. Some of the parameters referenced for the multi-numerology concept are the subcarrier spacing, the implementation of symbol length, and the utilization of cyclic prefix for the OFDM. The implementation of these multiple numerologies has a great impact on the performance of the system (Abusabah, & Arslan, 2018). The effects of the system are such as the improved scheduling complexity, the signaling overhead, and the computational complexity, as well as the spectral efficiency. The use of multiple numerologies in the 5G platform introduces the non-orthogonality of signals into a communication system. The non-orthogonality causes the interference between the users who belong to different numerologies. The interference in these multi-numerology systems is denoted as the inter-numerology interference (INI).

The research paper on the inter-numerology interference analysis for 5G and beyond seeks to develop an INI model. The model obtains the frequency response of the system with regards to the frequency offset between victim subcarriers and the interfering subcarriers. It determines the overlap in the transmission system as well as the receiver windows for the interfering and victim subcarriers. The model focuses on the windowed-OFDM systems. [A1] The system implements an adaptive windowing that minimizes the interference and tries to optimize the guard band for time keeping within the power offset and the requirements of the users (Bala, Li, & Yang, 2013). The multi-numerology focuses on 5G-NR frame structure. The system is implemented as illustrated in the block diagram below,

There are multi-numerology implementations blocks used in the system which are made of up the different user equipment (UEs). These UEs are non-overlapping in the frequency domain. The paper has a gap that can be filled by conducting a study to determine the factors that contribute to INI. The study would enable to establishment of an efficient interference cancellation technique for the multi-numerology system for 5G and beyond.

The research work on mixed numerologies interference analysis and inter-numerology interference cancellation for windowed OFDM systems discusses the diverse service requirements of the 5G radio access technologies (Pekoz, Kose, & Arslan, IEEE, 2017). The mixed numerologies transmission proposes that a new radio air interface is assigned to the different numerologies based on the different sub-bands. The inter-numerology interferences is induced as a result of the implementation of multiple numerologies which may deteriorate the performance of the communication system. This paper defines a theoretical model for the INI power and it is obtained as a function of the channel frequency response of interfering subcarrier, the alternate spectral distance that separates the victim sub-carrier from the aggressor as wel as the overlapping windows formed from the interferer’s transmitter windows of the victim’s receiver window. The paper proposes a soft-output ordered successive interference cancellation algorithm that seeks to cancel the dominant interference as well as the residual interference power. The system utilizes the effective noise variance which computes the logarithmic likelihood ratios for the transmitted or received bits. The paper performs a numerical analysis that demonstrates the implementation of the INI theoretical model, the simulation results, and the interference cancellation algorithm application on the system. The paper demonstrates the mitigation of the INI in the communication system with the aim of out-performing the state-of-the-art W-OFDM receiver algorithms.

In the development of the waveform and numerology with the aim of supporting the 5G services and requirements, the 3GPP group seeks to standardize the 5G services and wireless system that are meant for commercialization by the year 2020. The researchers have identified three key caveats in the 5G radio access system such as the massive growth in the number of connected devices, the increased traffic volume transmitted over the communication systems as well as the increase in the applications whose requirements and attributes vary from device to device. The 5G technology is an improvement of the previous technologies such that it uses the carrier frequencies and deployment options that are defined by the system use cases and requirements. The paper proposes a flexible physical layer that meets the 5G requirements. The frequency bands within the range of 1GHz to 100GHz are eligible for 5G service provision. These 5G services have different bandwidths which support the massive machine connectivity for the low bandwidths as envisioned.

The 3GPP developed and standardized the components of the implemented 5G services alongside the new Radio Access Technology, RAT, which operate at frequency band of 1GHz to 100 GHz. It is denoted as NR. The paper proposes that the LTE systems that are currently implemented need to evolve to meet the 5G requirements. The UEs are not, necessarily, required to camp on the NR carrier. The system supports a wide range of frequencies with different bandwidths and deployment options. They support eh eMBB, URLLC, and the mMTC. It supports applications that demonstrate low latency and as a result, these systems or applications have very short sub-frames. The 5G requirements to be met are the flexible waveforms, numerology, and an improved frame structure.

The thesis seeks to determine the most suitable technique to implement in the design of the inter-numerology system with the aim of cancelling out the inter-numerology interference. The system seeks to determine if different subcarriers can be transmitted within a given numerology without encountering inter-numerology interference. It compares the spacing between the subcarriers and its impact on the inter-numerology interference. The numerology seeks to have a channel transmit different carriers and the implementation of a guard band reduces the effect of the INI with a tradeoff in the spectral efficiency system.

THEORETICAL MODEL – INI CANCELLATION

The spacing of the sub-carriers is quite crucial in determining the multi-numerology concept. There are four different options of the change in frequency that are given [A2] . The numerology is allowed to utilize the standardized value of frequency which suits the requirements. For a system with mixed numerologies being transmitted using a system bandwidth divided into several sub-bands which are assigned to one numerology. The numerology and subcarrier spacing and CP length is defined in the system model. The subcarrier spacing is modeled based on the i^th numerology as,

The model aligns the sub frame structures for the different numerologies for different symbols such as,

The transmitted signal is obtained from different sub bands which are summed together and sent to a demodulated from the received signal such that,

The additive white Gaussian noise is associated with the received signal as it defines the noise picked by the signal during transmission. The signal performs a power adjusting factor for the i^th sub band. There two sub bands as defined above are set to have the same transmit power such that,

Assumption: The sub channel of the carriers within the numerology is flat fading within this use case scenario [A3] .

The total interference power is obtained at the k^th subcarrier of the m^th symbol given as,

The orthogonality of the OFDM is based on the different sub-carriers. Considering two signals are integrated over a time period, then these two signals are orthogonal to each other. The orthogonality of the system is given by,

The following algorithm is used to analyze the INI cancellation in the implementation of inter-numerology for 5G systems,

The input data is generated and encoded for BER tests
The system parameters are defined such that there is a convolutional coding of data, 64 sub carriers are implemented, 96 bits for the single frame size are used and the modulation implemented is the OFDM. In place of the frame guard bands, the cyclic extension is chosen as 25% (16).
The data input is coded using convolution and the coded data is interleaving in matrix notation.
The data is converted from the binary to decimal numbering system. The discrete samples of input data are transformed to time domain using the IFFT technique.
A cyclic prefix or extension is added to the data to avoid implementing a frame guard band. This allows for the use of sub-carriers which may overlap and not cause zero- crossing error such as INI or ICI.
The signal to noise ratio is computed and 5 different values of SNR are compared to each other and results are obtained in that regard for the OFDM signal output considering the channel noise, AWGN, added during transmission or from the electrical equipment.
The sub-carrier signals are synchronized before being demodulated at the receiver point after transmission. The final process requires the message signals to compute the performance of the communication network or transmission and reception channels by comparing the BER against the SNR.

SYSTEM DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION

System design software

The system design is performed using MATLAB R2018a software under the LTE toolbox.

System block diagram

The block diagram with OFDM and the ADC, DAC, and RF- front ends to capture amplification, RF up conversion and down conversion. The system configuration and parameters require the OFDM parameters such as the input file, IFFT size, number of carriers, digital modulation method, signal peak power clipping in dB, and signal to noise ratio in decibels. The following is the OFDM block diagram,

The channel noise, additive white Gaussian noise, is defined as,

Using the cyclic prefix in the OFDM over symbol duration using the length of the concatenated symbols hence,

The duration is obtained as,

SYSTEM ANALYSIS

The following form part of the system parameters implemented during the design and implementation of an OFDM while implementing the inter-numerology for the 5G services and performance indicators,

Inter-numerology subcarrier spacing offset (15kHz and 30kHz).
Number of subcarriers (64).
Power offset (computed).
Windowing (depending on the modulation technique implemented in the MATLAB simulation).
Guard band (not needed because of the zero-crossing interchange of the sub-carriers).

The frame guards and modulators are the core of the transmitter based on OFDM. The data is divided into frames depending on the symbols in the data. The data is set up as the symbols per frame per carrier. The symbols are defined close to the carrier count and there is an interval defined to separate the carriers. In this case, the 15kHz, 30kHz, and 60kHz, frequency spacing is used. For different signal to noise ratios, the OFDM signals for different sub-carriers are obtained with respect to the channel noise, AWGN.

The message signals are used to compute the performance of the communication network or transmission and reception channels by comparing the BER against the SNR.

DISCUSSION

The numerology is allowed to implement any of the four options of the subcarrier spacing as standardized by 3GPP. The MATLAB implementation seeks to determine how the choice of the subcarrier spacing affects the efficiency of the multi-numerology system implementations in communication networks. The MATLAB system focuses on determining if the signal-to-interference ratio, SIR, performance of the two adjacent numerologies is possible. In the paper, the focus is on the subcarrier spacing of 15 kHz and 30 kHz. The output is obtained based on different cases of the cyclic prefix utilized in the design and modeling stage. Based on the results of the implementation in MATLAB, it is observed that NUM₂ has better performance or efficiency than NUM₁. The numerology that has lower subcarrier spacing tends to be more exposed to encountering the inter-numerology interference as compared to other larger spacing modes selected for implementation [A4] .

An increase in the subcarrier spacing offset degrades the SIR performance. For instance in this implementation, the numerology case I:

The more subcarriers involved in a particular numerology implies an increased throughput over the communication network as well as a tremendous growth in PAPR. The different sub carriers are involved in the out of band emissions that cause the interference of the adjacent numerology. The system investigated the impact of subcarriers on the numerology using the information below,

A power different in the case of uses who implement the orthogonality conditions are maintained and the power offset between the users and adjacent numerologies presents the amount of interference on the numerology. The amount of interference felt by the network users is dependent on the spectral distance of the user from the interfering numerology as well as the power offset for the interfering numerology. There are proper offsets and optimization performance of the users in the multi-numerology systems once proper scheduling of the carriers is implemented. Smoothing the edges of the rectangular pulse may reduce, significantly, the large out of band emission produced from the OFDM waveforms. [A5]

CONCLUSION

In a nutshell, design of the inter-numerology system with the aim of cancelling out the inter-numerology interference was achieved by implementing the system on MATLAB Software. The data was divided into frames depending on the symbols to be transmitted over the communication network. The integration of the mobile broadband and the Internet of Things requires that the communication system is improved. The 5G services are supported by integrating the numerologies by having different sub-carriers being modulated together without inter-numerology interference.

REFERENCES

3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP, Aug. 2017), “Study on scenarios and requirements for next generation access technologies; (release 14),” Technical Specification 38.913, ver 14.3.0.

E. Dahlman, S. Parkvall, and J. Skold, (September 2016) 4G, LTE-advanced Pro and the Road to 5G. Academic Press.

3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP, April 2018). “NR: Physical channels and modulation (Release 15)”. Technical Specification 38.211, ver 15.1.0.

3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP, April 2018), “NR; Base Station (BS) radio transmission and reception (Release 15) ,” Technical Specification 38.104, ver 15.1.0.

A. Yazar and H. Arslan, (5G optimization, Aug 2018) “A Flexibility Metric and Optimization Methods for Mixed Numerologies in 5G and Beyond,” IEEE Access, vol. 6, pp. 3755–3764.

X. Zhang, L. Zhang, P. Xiao, D. Ma, J. Wei, and Y. Xin, (Numerologies, May 2018). “Mixed Numerologies Interference Analysis and Inter-Numerology Interference Cancellation for Windowed OFDM Systems,” IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology.

A. F. Demir and H. Arslan, (PIMRC, 2017). “The Impact of Adaptive Guards for 5G and Beyond,” in Personal, Indoor, and Mobile Radio Communications (PIMRC), 2017 IEEE 28th Annual International Symposium on. IEEE, pp. 1–5.

A. Yazar, B. Pekoz, and H. Arslan, (2018). “Flexible Multi-Numerology Systems ¨ for 5G New Radio,” arXiv preprint arXiv: 1805.02842.

L. Zhang, A. Ijaz, P. Xiao, A. Quddus, and R. Tafazolli, (2017). “Sub-band Filtered Multi-carrier Systems for Multi-service Wireless Communications,” IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications, vol. 16, no. 3, pp. 1893–1907.

J.-Y. Chouinard, X. Wang, and Y. Wu, (IEEE ICASSP, 2005). “MSE-OFDM: A new OFDM transmission technique with improved system performance.” In Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing, 2005. Proceedings.(ICASSP’05). IEEE International Conference on, vol. 3. Pp. (iii)–865.

M. Nemati and H. Arslan, (2018). “Low ICI Symbol Boundary Alignment for 5G Numerology Design,” IEEE Access, vol. 6, pp. 2356–2366.

A. T. Abusabah and H. Arslan, (2018) “NOMA for Multi-numerology OFDM Systems,” Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing, vol. 2.

H. Ochiai and H. Imai, (2001) “On the Distribution of the Peak-to-average Power Ratio in OFDM Signals,” IEEE transactions on communications, vol. 49, no. 2, pp. 282–289.

A. Yazar and H. Arslan, (2018) “Fairness-Aware Scheduling in Multi-Numerology Based 5G New Radio,” arXiv preprint arXiv:1806.04072.

E. Bala, J. Li, and R. Yang, (2013) “Shaping Spectral Leakage: A Novel Low-complexity Transceiver Architecture for Cognitive Radio,” IEEE Vehicular Technology Magazine, vol. 8, no. 3, pp. 38–46.

B. Pekoz, S. Kose, and H. Arslan, (IEEE, 2017) “Adaptive Windowing of Insufficient ¨ CP for Joint Minimization of ISI and ACI Beyond 5G,” in Personal, Indoor, and Mobile Radio Communications (PIMRC), 2017 IEEE 28th Annual International Symposium on, pp. 1–5.

[1] 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP, Aug. 2017), “Study on scenarios and requirements for next generation access technologies; (release 14).”

[2] E. Dahlman, S. Parkvall, and J. Skold, (September 2016) 4G, LTE-advanced Pro and the Road to 5G.

[3] A. Yazar and H. Arslan, (5G optimization, Aug 2018) “A Flexibility Metric and Optimization Methods for Mixed Numerologies in 5G and Beyond,” IEEE Access, vol. 6

[4] X. Zhang, L. Zhang, P. Xiao, D. Ma, J. Wei, and Y. Xin, (Numerologies, May 2018). “Mixed Numerologies Interference Analysis and Inter-Numerology Interference Cancellation for Windowed OFDM Systems.

[5] A. F. Demir and H. Arslan, (PIMRC, 2017). “The Impact of Adaptive Guards for 5G and Beyond,” in Personal, Indoor, and Mobile Radio Communications (PIMRC)

[6] A. Yazar, B. Pekoz, and H. Arslan, (2018). “Flexible Multi-Numerology Systems ¨ for 5G New Radio.”

[7] L. Zhang, A. Ijaz, P. Xiao, A. Quddus, and R. Tafazolli, (2017). “Sub-band Filtered Multi-carrier Systems for Multi-service Wireless Communications.”

[A1]The model is based on the windowed OFDM to perform the inter-numerology interference analysis for the 5G systems

[A2] Dear student, This section defines how I implemented the windowed-OFDM model to perform the INI cancellation. Using the subcarrier spacing options in the third objective. I focused on the 15kHz and the 30kHz

[A3]Consider this assumption was made hence the reason the output was obtained using the windowed OFDM.

[A4]This section discusses the results obtained from the MATLAB simulation

[A5]Continued discussion on the INI cancellation.

5G Inter-numerology Interference: 881402