Abstract
The report discuses the concepts and importance of Near Field Communication (NFC) technology used in Smart Grid Communication Network (SGCN). A smart grid is wireless networks that can self capable to respond according to the alterations and requirements of the individual appliances. The report has also discussed the potential benefits of SCGN that can be used in developing reliable and fast communication systems. The report has discussed the working mechanism and application of NFC technology in detail. NFC is short range communication process that takes place between two NFC enabled devices. NFC is more secure, reliable and fast communication compared with Bluetooth and Wi-Fi communications. Due to these features, it is increasingly used in medical, military, cellular devices and social purposed such as in tourism. It is gaining popularity in mobile communication in the form of contactless payment options, creating smart tags and QR codes. This eliminates the use of user inputs and speeds up the communication between two devices securely. In addition, because of these endless possibilities a lot of research and development activities are being carried out to develop more robust and reliable communication technology and infrastructure is being developed to allow full scale integration of NFC in near future. The global market for NFC enabled technology is increasing at a huge pace due to simplicity of technology wide array of applications in diverse fields.
Introduction
The purpose of this report is to understand the concepts on new emerging technologies in the communication field. For the purpose of this report the emerging topic selected is Near Field Technology (NFC). NFC is a short range and wireless communication technology that takes place between NFC enabled devices. The unique aspect of this technology is that it is self capable of adjusting to the altercations and provides better monitoring of the individual devices. The report discusses the application of NFC technology, overview of the market of NFC technology and various research issues for future development in this field.
Research Issues
NFC is an emerging technology and because of diverse applications of it in varied sectors a lot of research is being undertaken in this field. Some of the research issues in this field are –
- Development of quality service mechanism in NFC context
- Full integration of NFC technology with different Operating Systems
- Development of dynamic NFC tags that enables dynamic data rather than static NFC tags
- Analysis of power saving and power consumption issues
- Design optimization to enable high bandwidth policy
- Development of user interface for cellular hardware and software integration
Annotated Bibliography
Ho, Q., Gao, Y., Rajalingham, G., & Le-Ngoc, T. (2014). Wireless communications networks for the smart grid.
The article highlights an inclusive evaluation of network architecture and communication technologies used in smart grid communication network (SGCN). A smart grid as discussed in the article comprises of a wireless networks, solar panels and a load controller. A smart grid is a computerized electricity delivery system illustrated by bi-directional flow of electricity and information that is self-capable to respond according to alterations in everything ranging from power plants to customer inclination to individual devices. The cordless communications networks for smart grid presents communication network architects and engineering components that provides with valuable and proved proposition to successfully implement the SGCN. The article has discussed the strengths, weaknesses and applications of two promising wireless mesh routing protocols that could be used to implement the SGCN. The articles has discussed in order to achieve potential benefits of smart grids is to develop successful SGCN. Packaged communication reliability, latency, and robustness of these two protocols are evaluated and compared by simulations in various practical SGCN situations. The article has also discussed the technical difficulties and available research opportunities of the SGCN are addressed. The article presents an insight into SGCN by discussing its layered architecture, representative types of traffics as well as various types of communication technologies that can be used for SGCN implementation. Further, the article also discusses networking problems that the Neighbor Area Network (NAN) segment of SGCN need to undertake by exploring characteristics and requirements of this network segment as well as identifying crucial gaps that existing wireless routing protocols need to cover for their applicability into NAN.
Gopichand, G., Chaitnaya, T., & Kumar, R. (2013). Near Field Communication and Its Applications in Various Fields. International Journal Of Engineering Trends And Technology, 4(4), 1305-1309.
The article has discussed the concepts of Near Field Communication (NFC) technology that is employed short-range communications and has its applications in diverse fields like military, medical, cellular handsets, cultural and tourism. The article has discussed NFC as standard for wireless communication that helps to set up short-range radio transmission connection between two compatible devices in a very short time. The connection using NFC is more secure and can be used for varied purposes, for instance, in contactless payment systems, credit cards, and mobile payment systems. The article has presented the example to understand the mechanism of NFC as it works on the principle of inductive coupling.
The article has further discussed the advantages and applications of NFC. The various advantages of NFC are summarized as; it is more secure as it allows communication only between two device when brought together in close proximity, thereby, eliminating the interference of third party. It also saves the time in communication, as there is no requirement of swiping cards, entering passwords and selecting from the menu making the process more flexible and accessible. Other advantages include speed of establishing connection, ability to work on versatile platforms, as it does not require battery or external electrical connection and flexibility of communication.
The article has discussed the applications of NFC in medical field as various implantable medical devices, heart rate monitoring devices and biomedical monitoring. In military, it is used for cordless communication that is more secure and reliable than Bluetooth or Wi-Fi devices. Application of NFC technology with smart phone can be used for directing and providing information to tourists.
Holiday, E., Harrison, L., & Mcleod, S. (2009). Listening to children with communication impairment talking through their drawings. Journal Of Early Childhood Research, 7(3), 244-263.
The article has discussed the issues of communication for children with communication impairments. The article presents drawings as an alternative to communicate with such children; the critical aspects of the article are the application of drawings as a means of respectfully listening to children, approaches to understand and analyze children’s drawings and developing a communication with the help of drawings for children with communication impairments.
The article has discussed the importance of developing direct communication with the children to understand their perspective of the world and not relying on adult’s accounts for understanding children’s attitudes and experiences. The article further discusses that in order to understand children’s psyche listening to their ideas and experiences are important. However, getting the required narratives from children’s can be a difficult task and use of children friendly research techniques are required; one such method is the use of drawings a as communication medium to communicate with children.
The article has further discussed the importance of non-verbal communication over verbal communications as an effective way to understand children perspectives. The various approaches to analyze the children drawings are the developmental understanding of children’s drawings to determine their intellectual maturity, other approach is to comprehend psychological meanings portrayed in children’s drawings, and the third approach is to realize the how children make sense of world around them by visual representations.
The article describes use of drawings for children with communication impairments and applying right approaches to analyze their drawings and deriving meanings from their drawings. It is important to pay more attention to facial expressions, prominence of body parts, portrayal of talking/listening, colors used, conversational partners, and sense of self to derive correct meaning of their drawings and their view of the world around them.
Badurowicz, M. & Lukasik, E. (2014). NEAR FIELD COMMUNICATION IN MOBILE APPLICATIONS. ACTUAL PROBLEMS OF ECONOMIICS, 2(152), 450-453.
The article has discussed the important concepts of Near Field Communication (NFC) and its use in mobile applications. NFC is based on Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) tags and provides short range and bi directional communications used in different scenarios such as Bluetooth pairing devises, developing mobile based applications, and device to device connectivity activated through proximity of the devices.
The article also discusses the application of NFC in various platforms and devices such as Google, Blackberry, Apple, Microsoft’s operating systems and devices such as smart phones, tabs and laptops. The NFC is used increasingly in mobile payments by the use of specifically designed applications and insures integrity and security of information. The article also discusses the possibility of using NFC passive tags that is powered when the phone is being physically tapped with tag in smart posters as is used in QR codes. This can be used in special circumstances where minimum user input is required. On the other hand NFC can also be used in automatic configuration of mobile tags by changing device behavior when tapping or sending additional information from passive things from the world and finally sharing contents via NFC as one of the most interesting possibilities of this technology.
Sklovsky, V., & Buhot, T. (2012). U.S. Patent No. 8,229,354. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.
The article discussed the patent file submitted by Motorola Mobility Inc. to the Controller General of Patents, Designs & Trade Marks. The article discusses the invention that relates to electronic devices using Near Field Communication (NFC). Some mobiles today are equipped with NFC technology such as Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) circuits, infrared communication circuits and the like. With the help of devices powered by NFC technology, an individual can use virtual cards instead of traditional currency, cards or tickets. For instance use of virtual wallets for payments by the use of NFC based mobile applications.
The article has discussed the peculiarities of the patent application developed by Motorola and discusses the advantages of using NFC technology under the present invention. The application developed by Motorola termed as application discovery manager consists of a message forwarding module that transmit an application discovery message from the default execution environment to other one or more execution environments. The articles explains that the application discovery manager and the protocol discovery manager is designed in such a way to allow the device to transmit or switch configuration message to the NFC circuit controller to direct the interface from one application to other applications.
Research, M., Equipment, H., Trends, W., & Near Field Communication Market (Products; Applications) Global Industry Analysis, 2. (2016). Near Field Communication Market (By Products; By Applications) Global Industry Analysis, Size, Share, Growth, Trends and Forecast, 2013 – 2019 – market research report. Reportlinker.com. Retrieved 26 April 2016, from http://www.reportlinker.com/p02294110-summary/Near-Field-Communication-NFC-Market-By-Products-NFC-Controller-ICs-chips-NFC-Tags-NFC-Readers-and-NFC-Secure-Elements-By-Applications-Payments-Ticketing-Booking-Data-Sharing-Services-Authentication-and-Access-Control-Healthcare-Games-an.html
The article has discussed the concepts of Near Field Communication (NFC) that is a cordless technology and primarily used in cellular phones and personal computers for data transfer and transactions in short range. It is based on RFID technology and emerged as a more power method for short range communication methods like Bluetooth, Wi-Fi and radio protocols. Other advantage of NFC is that it is more secure and flexible over other short-range wireless communication technologies.
The article has discussed global industry analysis of near field communication market in context of size, share, growth, trends and forecasts for a period of 2013 to 2019. The market of NFC is continuously growing due simplicity of using NFC technology and broad array of applications in diverse sectors. The market of NFC is classified into NFC controller chip sets, NFC tags, NFC readers, and NFC secure elements. The rise of various NFC based products is increasing due to increasing popularity of contactless payments across the globe and in the near future the NFC technology is expected to replace physical payments cards.
As per the data presented in the article the shipment for NFC supported cellular device was 254.5 million units in 2013 and expected to grow in the coming years. In addition, the use of NFC enabled devices at point of sale, transportation systems across the globe have increased. A lot of research is being undertaken, and infrastructure is being developed to allow full-scale integration of NFC in the near future. The report provides a complete insight on market data, including the size and growth of the NFC market. The report also provides meticulous analysis of emerging industry trends and current state of the market.
Qi, X. & Chen, G. (2012). METHOD AND NEAR FIELD COMMUNICATION NETWORK FOR SHARING DATA AND APPLICATIONS IN THE NEAR FIELD COMMUNICATION NETWORK. HT Media Ltd.
The article has discussed the method and near field communication network for data sharing and its application strategies. The method of data sharing in near field comprises of interaction between client end and a server end that has established short range near field communication. The client end collects and displays the information from the server end supported data files. As soon as server end authenticates client’s identification and established secure connection, the client’s request is processed and desired data is transmitted to the client’s end. The article further discuses the flexibility of the near field communication network that can be expanded and replicated by other platforms and devices.
Sarmenta, L. F. (2014). U.S. Patent No. 8,764,571. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.
The article has discussed the method, apparatus, and computer program developed using Near Field Communication technology on a communication device. The article discusses the use of Near Field technology in mobile gaming and development of applications for virtual worlds. Additionally, with the adoption of NFC technology a game kit can be developed that allows non expert players to easily play a number of games without having to buy new hardware or NFC cards.
Further, the article has discussed that with the help of NFC a user can develop an understanding of virtual world of an electronic game or application by tapping the communication device within the proximity of one or more NFC tags. One of the main aspect of utilizing NFC based communication is the detection of previously detected data via NFC. The method may further include translating the received data to relate to at least one item of virtual data corresponding to electronic game. The article has also discussed that the invention may provide gaming users with better experience and by utilizing NFC to quickly, securely, and reliably customize electronic games and interactive applications in order to enhance customer experience.
Naniyat, A., Arunan, T., & Won, E. T. (2014). U.S. Patent Application No. 14/229,112.
The article discusses the patent developed for the Samsung, utilizing Near Field Communication (NFC) technology. The patent allows the management of data in short range communication; in particular, the patent allows management of data across multiple devices and applications in NFC. The article has discussed the mobiles, laptops and other electronic devices uses short-range communication either through wired networks or through wireless networks. However, these devices can utilize NFC to meet its short-range communication needs that is more secure, fast and flexible.
The article has discussed the short range communication can be established by electronic devices as soon as they are placed in close proximity to each other. NFC enabled communication devices can operate in different operating systems. NFC communication device can work on three different modes. The major parts of NFC communication device operation include NFC Controller, Devise Host, and removable entities. The main aspect of this patent is to provide a method and system to efficiently manage operations associated with multiple applications in NFC Controllers.
Brown, A. (2011). Chattering Voices: Activating Stories in Riverina Museum Collections (Doctoral dissertation, Charles Sturt University).
This article has expressed the concepts of museum objects and collections in storytelling techniques. The Riverina museum has been examined in relation with the objects and the collections dating back from the mid 19th century to the late 20th century. The Riverina museum has used agriculture, commerce, transport, education, entertainment and World War I and II as theme. The research has been conducted for gathering and reconnecting the relevant artifacts and collections. The dialogue of local history has been exposed due to the examination of those artifacts and their associated stories. It has been observed that the similar collections have been spread across the Australia. The Riverina counterparts have been spread across Australia and settlement has been made in those regions.
In addition, the article has also discussed the narratives of Australian scholar and historian Christopher Healy in near field communication of local places, events and key industries. It has been highlighted in the article that the small town of Silverton is an example of such communication system. The reconnections of historical stories and objectives have been made by the older people. The old members of the society have been considered as living treasurers. In reality, the contribution of artifacts, official texts, unofficial texts, and both oral and written reminiscences would reconstruct the lives of ordinary people.
Finkenzeller, K. (2003). Fundamental Operating Principles. RFID Handbook: Fundamentals and Applications in Contactless Smart Cards, Radio Frequency Identification and near-Field Communication, Third Edition, 29-59.
This article has discussed the issues of the contactless communication system such as smart cards, radio frequency identification and near field communication. The basic interaction generally takes place between transponder and reader. In the Half Duplex process (HDX), the transfer of the data from transponder to the reader alternates with the transfer of data from the reader to transponder. It has been observed that the transponder to the reader is considered as an up-link and it took place in the transferring process of data.
On the other hand, the Full Duplex process( FDX), is a process of transfer of data from the transponder to the reader which takes place at the same time as the data transfer from the reader to the transponder (down link). It has been noticed that the transmission of data and power from the reader to the data carrier alternatives with data transfer from the transponder to the reader. The data have been arranged in a sequential procedure.
Conclusion
From the above discussion, it can be concluded that NFC is an emerging technology that has wide range of applications in diverse sectors such as medical, tourism, cellular communication and military. NFC is based on the peer to peer communication that takes place between two devices when placed in close proximity to each other. The future of this technology is promising and the market is growing rapidly. In addition, various researches are being undertaken in this field to enable the technology to be used in various sectors where data security, reliability and speed of communication are required.
References
Badurowicz, M. & Lukasik, E. (2014). NEAR FIELD COMMUNICATION IN MOBILE APPLICATIONS. ACTUAL PROBLEMS OF ECONOMIICS, 2(152), 450-453.
Brown, A. (2011). Chattering Voices: Activating Stories in Riverina Museum Collections (Doctoral dissertation, Charles Sturt University).
Finkenzeller, K. (2003). Fundamental Operating Principles. RFID Handbook: Fundamentals and Applications in Contactless Smart Cards, Radio Frequency Identification and near-Field Communication, Third Edition, 29-59.
Gopichand, G., Chaitnaya, T., & Kumar, R. (2013). Near Field Communication and Its Applications in Various Fields. International Journal Of Engineering Trends And Technology, 4(4), 1305-1309.
Ho, Q., Gao, Y., Rajalingham, G., & Le-Ngoc, T. (2014). Wireless communications networks for the smart grid.
Holiday, E., Harrison, L., & Mcleod, S. (2009). Listening to children with communication impairment talking through their drawings. Journal Of Early Childhood Research, 7(3), 244-263.
Naniyat, A., Arunan, T., & Won, E. T. (2014). U.S. Patent Application No. 14/229,112.
Qi, X. & Chen, G. (2012). METHOD AND NEAR FIELD COMMUNICATION NETWORK FOR SHARING DATA AND APPLICATIONS IN THE NEAR FIELD COMMUNICATION NETWORK. HT Media Ltd.
Research, M., Equipment, H., Trends, W., & Near Field Communication Market (Products; Applications) Global Industry Analysis, 2. (2016). Near Field Communication Market (By Products; By Applications) Global Industry Analysis, Size, Share, Growth, Trends and Forecast, 2013 – 2019 – market research report. Reportlinker.com. Retrieved 26 April 2016, from http://www.reportlinker.com/p02294110-summary/Near-Field-Communication-NFC-Market-By-Products-NFC-Controller-ICs-chips-NFC-Tags-NFC-Readers-and-NFC-Secure-Elements-By-Applications-Payments-Ticketing-Booking-Data-Sharing-Services-Authentication-and-Access-Control-Healthcare-Games-an.html
Sarmenta, L. F. (2014). U.S. Patent No. 8,764,571. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.
Sklovsky, V., & Buhot, T. (2012). U.S. Patent No. 8,229,354. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.
