Question : Task Environment
Self-driving car on a road: Continuous
The self-driving car works in a continuous environment because it needs to make decisions based on continuous data such as position, speed, and time. The car sensors receive inputs such as distances to other vehicles, traffic lights, pedestrians, all of which vary smoothly over time.
Game of basketball: Multi-agent
Basketball is a multi-agent environment because it involves multiple agents, that both play on the same team and the opposing team. The actions of other players have an impact on the outcome and the players must respond to these actions.
Cooking with a recipe with all ingredients available: Fully observable
When cooking with all ingredients available, the environment is fully observable since all the information (ingredients, tools, and recipe steps) are available to the cook at all times.
Empty house: Static
For an empty house, the environment is static as nothing about the surroundings is changed unless the agent (i.e. person or robot) performs something on the environment. The state of the house is not influenced by external factors.
Tic-Tac-Toe game: Sequential
Tic Tac Toe is a sequential environment since a move impacts the next state of the game and decisions taken in an earlier move have sequential effects on what is to follow.
Question 2: Iterative Deepening Search
Visited Order for Each Depth
Depth 0: A
Depth 1: A, B,C
Depth 2: A, B, C, D, E , F, G,
Depth 3: A, B, C, D, E , F, G, H, I (solution found at depth 3).
Tree search
Question 5: Ontology Development
a) Class Hierarchy and Class Descriptions
Class Hierarchy:
Country: Represents countries, e.g., “United Kingdom.”
City: Represents cities, e.g., “Edinburgh.”
Landmark: Represents famous landmarks, e.g., “Edinburgh Castle.”
Event: Represents major events, e.g., “Edinburgh Festival Fringe.”
Institution: Describes institutions based in Edinburgh for instance “University of Edinburgh.”
Neighborhood: Stands for other areas in Edinburgh, for example “Old town.”
Person: Referred to important people, for instance, “Charles Darwin.”
Profession: Symbolizes the status of certain persons, for instance, “Biologist.”
Location: A broader class that would encompass a place, including cities and landmarks or anything that can be a place.
Cultural Entity: The general class for events and institutions.
Class Descriptions:
Country: It is a geopolitical representative. It is people like “United Kingdom.”.
City: It contains names of major urban areas, such as “Edinburgh”, but is an individual.
Landmark: Features include ‘Edinburgh Castle, Holyrood Palace, Arthur’s seat.’
Event: Occur regularly as a cultural or a social activity (e.g. ‘Hogmanay’ and ‘Royal Edinburgh Military Tattoo’).
Institution: Educational or public service entity, e.g., ‘National Museum of Scotland.’
Neighborhood: It represents smaller administrative or cultural areas in the city such as ‘New Town’.
Person: For example, being something that represents a particular James Clerk Maxwell.
Profession: Includes these professions like “Physicist” and “Author.”
Location: A common hierarchy of both cities and landmarks to be used as a parent class.
Cultural Entity: It is a parent class for custom events and institutions in capturing culturally significance..
b) Object and Data Properties
Object Properties:
hasLandmark: Domain = City, Range = Landmark. This property links a city (e.g., Edinburgh) with its landmarks (e.g., Edinburgh Castle).
hasEvent: Domain = City, Range = Event. This property links a city to events that take place there (e.g., Edinburgh Festival Fringe).
hasInstitution: Domain = City, Range = Institution. This links a city to its institutions (e.g., University of Edinburgh).
hasNeighborhood: Domain = City, Range = Neighborhood. This property associates a city with its neighborhoods (e.g., Leith).
hasNotablePerson: Domain = City, Range = Person. This links a city to its notable people (e.g., Charles Darwin).
hasProfession: Domain = Person, Range = Profession. This connects a notable person to their profession (e.g., Charles Darwin to Biologist).
Data Properties:
name: Domain = City, Landmark, Event, Institution, Person, Neighborhood; Range = String. This property stores the names of individuals, places, and events.
yearEstablished: Domain = Institution, Event; Range = Integer. This property can be used to represent when an institution or event was established.
c) Asserted Individuals
The following individuals have been added to represent specific entities in the ontology:
Individuals:
Edinburgh:
Class: City
Relationships:
hasLandmark: Edinburgh Castle, Holyrood Palace, Arthur’s Seat
hasEvent: Edinburgh Festival Fringe, Hogmanay, Royal Edinburgh Military Tattoo
hasInstitution: University of Edinburgh, National Museum of Scotland, Edinburgh Public Library
hasNeighborhood: Old Town, New Town, Leith
hasNotablePerson: Charles Darwin, James Clerk Maxwell, J.K. Rowling
Edinburgh Castle:
Class: Landmark
Property: name = “Edinburgh Castle”
Charles Darwin:
Class: Person
Properties:
hasProfession: Biologist
J.K. Rowling:
Class: Person
Properties:
hasProfession: Author
Hogmanay:
Class: Event
Property: name = “Hogmanay”
Old Town:
Class: Neighborhood
Property: name = “Old Town”
These individuals are used to represent real-world entities, with relationships linking them back to Edinburgh through object properties.
Question 6: Propositional Logic
a)
Propositional Symbols:
Let p represent “The train is delayed.”
Let q represent “I will be on time.”
Propositional Logic:
pVq
(Either p or q is true.)
b)
Propositional Symbols:
Let p represent “I will go for a walk.”
Let q represent “It is raining.”
Propositional Logic:
p q
c)
Propositional Symbols:
Let p represent “I study hard.”
Let q represent “I will pass the exam.”
Let r represent “I will get a good grade.”
Propositional Logic:
p(pq)
(If p is true, then both q and r must be true.)
d) Invalid Inference:
pVq
This inference is invalid because from the disjunction (either p or q is true), you cannot conclude that both are true at the same time.
Example:
Let p represent “It is snowing.”
Let q represent “The sun is shining.”
Premises:
“Either it is snowing or the sun is shining” can be true if at least one of the conditions holds.
Conclusion:
The statement “It is snowing and the sun is shining” is false because both cannot be true simultaneously.
e) Invalid Inference:
pq
This inference is invalid because from the conditional (if p then q), you cannot conclude the disjunction
(either p or q is true).
Example:
Let p represent “It is hot outside.”
Let q represent “I will turn on the air conditioner.”
Premises:
The statement “If it is hot outside, I will turn on the air conditioner” can be true.
Conclusion:
The statement “It is hot outside or I will turn on the air conditioner” can be false, because it may not be hot outside and I still choose not to turn on the air conditioner. Therefore, the disjunction
does not necessarily follow.
